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THE 



ECLECTIC HISTORY 



OF THE 



UNITED STATES 



M. E. THALHEIMER 

Author of "A Manual of Ancient History," "A Manual of Mediceval and Modern 
History," "An Outline of General History," "A History of England," etc. 




VAN ANTWERP, BRAGG & CO., PUBLISHERS 

CINCINNATI AND NEW YORK 






THALHEIMER'S HISTORICAL SERIES. 



Eclectic History of the United States. 
History of England. 
General History. 
Ancient History. 
Eastern Empires {separate). 
History of Greece {separate). 
History of Rome {separate). 
Mcditzval and Modern History. 



i 
5^ 



Copyright, 

1880, 

by Van Antwerp, Bragg & Co. 



PREFACE. 



The present time seems eminently fitting for a new recital 
of the facts and principles of American History. 

Increased attention of jurists and historians has been 
drawn to the Federal Constitution by the events of the last 
twenty years, and its features have been more thoroughly 
discussed than at any previous time since its adoption. 
Especially Mr. E. A. Freeman, in his elaborate "History 
of Federal Government," has set forth the true relation be- 
tween our Constitution and those of the ancient common- 
wealths. It seems desirable that the children of the Repub- 
lic should share, as far as may be, in the result of these dis- 
cussions. 

The writer has endeavored very briefly, but with clear- 
ness, to indicate the state of affairs in Europe from which the 
first colonization and subsequent reinforcement of our nation 
proceeded, to mark the growth of institutions from the de- 
mands of new circumstances, and, without too much med- 
dling with abstractions, to let the moral lessons in which our 
history abounds be apparent from a plain recital of events. 
At the same time the book is occupied with facts, not with 
arguments. As good men have differed from the beginning, 
so they will doubtless continue to differ concerning the best 
policy of the Government, and those who are most loyal to 
their own convictions are not necessarily least tolerant of 
the opinions of others. 

Respect for individual rights and opinions, and a generous 
confidence in every man's reason and capacity for self-control, 
have been distinguishing features of American society almost 
from its beginning, and have resulted in a degree of personal 

(iii) 



IV PREFACE. 

freedom unknown under older governments. Twenty years 
ago the doubt was often expressed whether this great experi- 
ment had not been tried too soon; — whether mankind had 
yet risen high enough in the moral scale to respect the 
common good when it chanced to conflict with individual 
passion or convenience, or with sectional interests. The very 
existence of a government like ours must depend on the 
moral worth of its people; and this, it was felt, had not 
been sufficiently tested. 

Now that the strength of the Republic has been proved by 
storms that have shaken it to its foundations, it is regarded 
with increased confidence at home and respect abroad, and the 
new light of experience that has been thrown upon its Consti- 
tution may be used for the benefit of its future administrators. 

It has been a constant effort not to encumber the student's 
mind with a mass of details, but to sketch events with a few 
strokes easily remembered. Paragraph headings in heavier 
type will serve as topics for recitation, and the teacher is 
further aided by Review Questions at the end of each Part. 
A series of questions on the Constitution will, it is hoped, 
help to make clearer the most important features of that 
document and thus simplify the teacher's task. 

The Publishers have spared neither expense nor effort in 
promoting the beauty as well as the practical usefulness of 
the book. The author's thanks are due to Mr. J. T. Stew- 
art, whose intelligent supervision of details has secured so 
remarkable a degree of accuracy. 

The maps by Mr. Russell Hinman, C. E., and the illus- 
trations by Mr. H. F. Farny, leave nothing to be desired 
in perfection of finish and adaptation to their purpose. 

Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 10, 1881. 



CONTENTS 



PART I. — Prehistoric Ages; Discoveries and Settlements. 



Chapter 

i. Ancient America .... 

2. Physical Features and Early Inhabitants 

3. Discoveries and settlements by Europeans 

4. English settlements — Virginia . 

5. Virginia and Maryland 

6. Plymouth, Portsmouth, and Dover . 

7. Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island 

8. New Netherlands, — The Middle States 

9. English Revolutions, — The Southern Colonies 



PART II. — Growth of the Colonies. 

Parliamentary Rule ..... 

French Colonies ...... 

Intercolonial Wars ...... 

Literature and General Progress 



10. 
11. 
12. 
13- 



14. 

15- 
16. 

17- 
18. 
19. 



PART III. — War ok Independence. 

Causes of the Revolution .... 

Opening Scenes of the Revolution . 

Events of 1776 

Events of 1777 and 1778 .... 

Events of 1779-1781 

End of the -War ...... 



Page 

7 

13 
23 
35 
43 
49 
55 
65 
75 



85 

9i 

97 

109 



123 
133 
H3 
151 
161 
169 



PART IV. — Growth of the United States. 



20. Adoption of the Constitution ..... 

21. First and Second Administrations, — Geo. Washington, Pres 

22. Third Administration, — John Adams, Pres. . • . 

23. Fourth and Fifth Administrations, — Thos. Jefferson, Pres 

24. Sixth Administration, — James Madison, Pres. . 

25. Seventh Administration, — James Madison, Pres. 

26. Eighth and Ninth Administrations, — James Monroe, Pres 

27. Tenth Administration, — John Quincy Adams, Pres. 

28. Eleventh and Twelfth Administrations, — Andrew Jackson 

Pres 

29. Thirteenth Administration, — Martin Van Buren, Pres. 

30. Fourteenth Administration, — -William H. Harrison, Pres 

31. Fifteenth Administration, — James K. Polk, Pres. 

(v) 



181 
189 
199 
204 
213 

222 
229 

234 

237 
243 
247 
252 



CONTENTS. 



Chapter 

32. Sixteenth Administration, — Zachary Taylor, Pres. 

33. Seventeenth Administration,— Franklin Pierce, Pres. 

34. Eighteenth Administration, — James Buchanan, Pres. 

PART V. — The War of the States. 

35. Nineteenth Administration, — Abraham Lincoln, Pres. 

36. Nineteenth Administration, — Events of 1862 . 

37. Nineteenth Administration, — 'Events of 1862 (Continued) 

38. Nineteenth Administration, — Events of 1863 . 

39. Nineteenth Administration,- — Events of 1864 . 

40. Twentieth Administration, — Abraham Lincoln, Pres., 

Events of 1865 . 

41. Results of the Civil War ...... 



Page 

260 
264 
268 



275 
283 
289 
295 
3°4 

311 
316 



PART VI.— The Union Restored. 

42. Johnson's Administration . . . . . . 32} 

43. Twenty-first and Twenty-second Administrations, — Ulysses 

S. Grant, Pres. ........ 329 

44. Twenty-third Administration, — Rutherford B. Hayes, Pits. 339 

45. Progress of the Republic . . . 344 

Transfers of Territory in the United States . . 353 

Synopsis of Twenty-three Administrations . . 356 

Appendix. 

The Declaration of Independence ..... 360 

Constitution of the United States of America . . . 363 

General Index ......... 374 



Map 

Map 

Map 

Map 

Map 

Map 

Map 

Map 8 

Map 9 



List of Maps. 

Routes of Discoverers 

North America .... 

The Colonies .... 

Revolutionary War 

Lake Champlain and Hudson River 

War of 1812 .... 

Mexican War .... 

The Civil War .... 

Growth of the United States 

List of Tables-. 



Table of Human Progress, . 

Thirteen English Colonies ..... 
English Sovereigns during First Colonial Period . 
English Sovereigns during Second Colonial Period 



Betwee-n Pages 
16 and 17/ 
32 



64 
128 
144 
224 
256 
288 
352 



33" 

65 
129 . 

145. 

225 
257 
289 1 
353 



Page 

22 

82 

82 

I20 



A HISTORY 



THE UNITED STATES. 




CHAPTER I. 



ANCIENT AMERICA. 



i. A Lonely Land. — Four hundred years ago the 
American continent was unknown to the civilized world. 
A few tribes of dark-skinned hunters roamed through its 
forests; a few villages of wigwams dotted the fertile banks 
of its rivers; but in the whole area east of the Mississippi 
and south of the Great Lakes, there were probably not 

(7) 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



i ii|p§iif 





An Ancient Mound. 

more people than are gathered to-day in a 
single city like Boston, Chicago, Cincinnati, 
or New Orleans. Far away to the south- 
ward, where maize grew without cultivation 
and where bananas and other tropical fruits 
were native, the villages of Mexico and Yu- 
catan contained a larger population; but with 
these exceptions America might be called "an empty con- 
tinent, — a desert-land awaiting its inhabitants." 

2. The Mound Builders. — The central part of North 
America had not always been so solitary. The basins of 
the Mississippi and the Great Lakes contain traces of a nu- 
merous and busy people who tilled the soil, worked the 
copper mines, and built great houses for habitation and de- 
fense. Not a word of their speech is known to us; the 
name we give them is derived from the huge and singular 
elevations of earth which they left behind them. Probably 
these were usually surmounted by houses, which were ap- 
proachable only by ladders, and were thus secure against 
attack; but many were burial-mounds, and others may have 



THE MOUND BUILDERS. 



served as foundations for watch-towers and signal-stations. 
Still others bear evidence of having been used as places for 
worship and sacrifice. Figures of men and animals were 
often imitated in the shape of these mounds. One of them, 
in Adams County, Ohio, represents an enormous serpent 
which seems about to swallow an egg-shaped figure 164 feet 
long. One of the largest villages of the Mound Builders, 
near the present site of Marietta, Ohio, must have been the 
home of at least 5,000 people. 

3. Wares from Ancient Workshops. — Knives, chisels, 
and axes, both of flint and copper, carved pipes, beads, 
bracelets, and vases of glazed earthenware are found in the 
burial-mounds, and all are of finer workmanship than any 
thing made by the Indians of the coast. When Frenchmen 
first visited the Mississippi Valley, the homes of the Mound 
Builders had been deserted for hundreds of years, if we 
judge from the age of forest-trees which were growing upon 
the summit of their earth-works; and the relics which the 
mounds contained were as much a mystery to the savage 
natives as they are to us. 

4. The Indians knew nothing of their history earlier than 
the memory of their oldest living men. Perhaps the Mound 
Builders had been conquered and exterminated by the an- 
cestors of those Indians themselves; perhaps the struggle for 




Relics from the Mounds. 



io HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

existence in so cold a climate was too hard for them, and 
they returned to the warmer regions of Mexico and Central 
America, whence they had come; but these a/e only guesses: 
the beginning and the end of their history are equally un- 
known to us. 

5. Whence came the early inhabitants of Amer- 
ica? is a question that can not be positively answered. A 
tradition still preserved in China, says that a company of 
sailors, driven off shore by westerly winds, sailed many 
weeks until they came to a great continent where grew the 
aloe and other plants that were strange to them, but which 
we recognize as natives of Mexico. Even within the last 
hundred years, fifteen vessels have been driven across the 
Pacific to our western shores; and during all the previous 
ages we may believe that many similar accidents had oc- 
curred. Doubtless, also, Greek and Phoenician sailors may 
have crossed the narrower and more stormy Atlantic; but if 
they reached this continent, they never returned to tell their 
story. The first white visitors of America, of whom we 
have any trustworthy record, came from Iceland. 

6. Northmen in Greenland. — Iceland, that island of 
frost and flame, had been occupied about a hundred years by 
a hardy, sea-faring race from Norway, when, in A. D. 985, 
Eric the Red, an Icelandic chief, discovered Greenland, and 
planted a colony of his countrymen on its south-west shore. 
This settlement grew prosperous through its trade with the 
Esquimaux, and paid 2,600 pounds of walrus-teeth for a 
yearly tribute to the Pope. One of Eric's comrades, driven 
out of his way by adverse winds, descried the mainland of 
North America stretching far away to the south-west. 

7. Leif in New England. — In A. D. 1000, Eric's son, 
Leif the Fortunate, undertook, with thirty-five brave com- 
panions, to examine this more fertile and attractive shore. 
They saw the flat rocks of Newfoundland, the white banks 



THE NORTHMEN IN AMERICA. 



of Nova Scotia, and the long sandy beach of Cape Cod. 
From its abundance of wild grapes, the Rhode Island coast 
was called Good Vinland. Leif's party wintered in New 
England, and in the spring carried home news of their great 
discovery. 

8. "White-man's land." — Subsequent parties of Ice- 
landers are supposed to have visited the shores of what are 
now South Carolina and Georgia. The northern natives had 
told them of a "white-man's land" to the southward, where 
fair-faced processions marched in white robes, with banners 
at their heads, to the music of hymns. 
Though they never found this abode of 
pale-faces, the Northmen named it by 
anticipation, Great Ireland; and some 
wise men believe that Irish fisher- 
men had indeed arrived on this conti- 
nent. 




Northmen in Rhode Island. 



12 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

9. Thorfinn Karlsefne, a famous sea-king, reconnoitered 
*the bays and harbors of the New England coast. Icelandic 

settlements were made, and a brisk trade was 

A. T>. 1007. . . . ,j 

carried on with the natives, who were glad to ex- 
change their furs for bright-colored cloth, knives, and trink- 
ets. At least one little Northman was born on the Ameri- 
can continent. His name was Snorri, and from him, in our 
day, the great sculptor, Thorwaldsen, and the learned phi- 
lologist, Finn Magnusson, traced their descent. 

10. In time, however, the people of Iceland ceased to 
hear from their brethren in America. The settlers, if any 
remained alive, became so mingled with the previous inhab- 
itants that, when white men came again, their descendants 
were not to be distinguished from other barbarians on the 
coast. 

Point out on Map No. I, Iceland. Greenland. The route of the 
Northmen. The Mississippi Valley. The Great Lakes. 

Read Baldwin's "Ancient America;" Squier and Davis's "Amer- 
ican Antiquities" and "Discoveries in the West." L. H. Morgan's 
"Ancient Society," Part II., Chapter vii ; his article in the "North 
American Review" for 1876, and one in "Johnson's Cyclopaedia" 
on the "Architecture of the American Aborigines;" Leland's " Fu- 
sang; " Sinding's "History of Scandinavia ; " Beamish's " Discovery 
of America by the Northmen." 



CHAPTER II. 

PHYSICAL FEATURES AND EARLY INHABITANTS. 

ii. While North America is again hidden from the rest 
of the world, let us take a view of the lonely continent and 
its savage people, learning if we can what is its fitness for 
a home of civilized men. As before, for the sake of clear- 
ness, we shall use names which were given by white ex- 
plorers long after the time of which we write. 

12. Two great mountain systems form the rocky 
framework of the continent. The eastern or Appalachian 
system, extending in a direction nearly parallel with the 
Atlantic coast, is divided by several river-valleys into the 
White Mountains of New Hampshire, the Green Mountains 
of Vermont, the Adirondacks of New York, the Alleghanies 
of Pennsylvania and Virginia, the Blue Ridge and Cumber- 
land Mountains of the southern states. The gentle slope 
and frequent divisions of these mountains permit the naviga- 
tion of many rivers far from the sea; and the two thousand 
miles of coast which now form the eastern and part of the 
southern limit of the United States, are broken by bays, 
inlets, and fine harbors large enough to shelter the shipping 
of all the world. 

13. The Cordilleras of the western part of the conti- 
nent form a grand mountain-system 1,100 miles across at its 
greatest width, consisting of elevated table-lands cut by 
narrow canons and bounded by still higher ridges and peaks. 
The Coast Range descends abruptly to the Pacific, and its 
westward-flowing rivers are short and rapid. It is broken in 
the north by the gorges, or dalles, of Columbia River, and 
farther south by San Francisco Bay, which extends so far 

(13) 



14 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

into the interior as to receive the Sacramento and San 
Joaquin rivers from the eastern slope. 

14. On the various elevations west of the Sierra Nevada, 
nearly all the grains and fruits of the world can be made to 
grow; but the date-palm, most bounteous of the gifts of 
nature, has been found best adapted to the river-valleys of 
Arizona. The greatest growth of the soil is the gigantic 
Sequoia of California, whose trunk, twenty feet or more in 
diameter near the base, rises often to a height of 300 feet. 

15. The continuous mountain-wall of the Sierra Nevada 
arrests the moist winds from the Pacific; and the Great 
Interior Basin, extending from the Sierra on the west to 
the Wahsatch and Bear River mountains on the east, — with 
its alkaline plains and salt lakes — resembles the sandy 
deserts of western Asia. Sage-brush is the only fuel; the 
largest quadruped is the prairie wolf. The Digger Indians, 
most wretched of the human inhabitants of the continent, live 
on roots and insects. A few tribes near the lakes are better 
fed with fish. The few rivers of the Great Basin lose them- 
selves in the sands, or in salt lakes which have no outlet. 

16. Four rivers have their rise in the mountains north- 
east of the Great Basin. The Columbia begins its long 
course to the Pacific, the Colorado to the Gulf of California; 
the Yellowstone and the Nebraska, or Platte, to their union 
with the Missouri. The Roeky Mountains form the eastern 
barrier of the Cordilleras, and from their eastern slope many 
rivers descend to the great central valley. 

17. The Mississippi Valley. —North and south through 
the interior of the continent stretches an immense plain, 
1,200 miles in width, browsed over in ancient times by 
countless herds of bison. Through the center of this plain 
flows the longest river in the world, measuring from the head 
of its longest branch to its end in the Mexican Gulf, 4,194 
miles, and receiving fifty-seven other rivers from the east 



PHYSICAL FEATURES. 15 

and west. The natives called it Miche Sepe, — the Father of 
Waters. The soil of its valley is of inexhaustible fertility, 
and a distinguished French writer has pronounced it "upon 
the whole the most magnificent dwelling-place prepared by 
God for man's abode." 

18. Northeastward from the central valley is a chain of 
Five Great Lakes, containing collectively nearly half the 
fresh water in the world. Before reaching the last of the 
lakes, the mass of water plunges over a precipice 160 feet 
in height, making the great cataract of Niagara. After pass- 
ing through Lake Ontario, it flows away through a broad 
and rapid river to the Atlantic. By means of the Great 
Lakes, and canals which now connect them with navigable 
rivers, ships from Europe can unload their cargoes a thou- 
sand miles inland on the docks of our western cities. 

19. Physical Divisions. — With reference to the uses 
of man, the lands of the United States may be viewed in 
four chief divisions: (1) The eastern sea-board, bounded by 
the Appalachian range, is best adapted to manufactures and 
commerce; (2) the great central valley, to agriculture; (3) 
the plains east of the Rocky Mountains, to grazing; and (4) 
the Cordilleras, to mining. No region of the earth is more 
richly adapted to all human wants, and to intercourse with 
other lands. 

20. Three Regions. — Before men learned to cultivate 
the soil, fish and edible roots were their chief food; and 
there were only three regions in North America that could 
sustain any great number of people at that grade of sav- 
agery. (See Table, p. 22.) These were, first and chief, the 
valley of the Columbia, "the most extraordinary region on 
the face of the earth in the variety and amount of subsist- 
ence it afforded prior to the cultivation of maize and other 
plants." Its rivers swarmed with salmon, its forests with 
game; and, beside the shell-fish on the coast, there were a 



1 6 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

species of bread-root and an abundance of berries on the 
prairies. From this land of plenty, successive bands of 
emigrants may have moved out to occupy various regions 
of North and South America. The second center of popu- 
lation was the lake-region of Minnesota, the nursery 7 land of 
the Dakotas; and the third was on the south shore of Lake 
Superior, whose abundant fisheries afforded food to the 
Ojibways and many kindred tribes. Thus bountifully sup- 
plied by Nature, the natives of the North-west had no in- 
centive to learn new arts. They had no pottery, and they 
dressed their game or fish with knives of flint, and cooked 
it, if at all, in ovens dug in the ground. 

21. The River-tribes of the interior had risen above 
savagery to the lower grade of barbarism: they cultivated 
corn, beans, squashes, and melons, and laid up a store of 
dried berries and grain for winter use. But they had no 
domestic animals, no knowledge of the metals, and their 
earthenware was of the rudest and coarsest kind. Their 
houses were wigwams or lodges, made of saplings joined at 
the top and covered with sheets of bark, or sometimes with 
woven mats or skins. 

Occupations. — The entire labor of wigwam and garden 
was performed by the women, who dug up the soil with 
clam-shells or sharp sticks; planted, tended, and harvested 
the crops; concealed the next year's seed-grain in vessels un- 
derground from the hungry hunters; made clothing of deer- 
skin and sometimes embroidered it with beads; wove the 
mats and baskets which were their only household furniture; 
and, on a march, carried all burdens, including perhaps the 
whole covering of their houses, or at least a papoose bound 
upon a board and hung at the mother's back. The men, 
meanwhile, made their canoes of birch-bark, carved their 
war-clubs and pointed their arrows with bone or flint, and 
ranged the forest in quest of food. 

22. The Village Indians of the far south-west were in 



EARL Y INHABITANTS. 



17 



the middle period of barbarism. They built houses of 
adobes (sun-dried bricks) or stone; they made bronze tools, 
and hardened copper into a very good substitute for steel. 
The Peruvians tamed the llama to serve them as a beast of 
burden. In the size and shape of their skulls and in their 
modes of building, the Village Indians resembled the 
Mound Builders. Their descendants in Arizona and New 
Mexico live in the same pueblos, or villages, an honest, 
industrious, and law-obeying people. Their great stone 





Pueblo Building. 

houses, often four or five stories high, 
contain several hundred persons. Each 
story is smaller than the one below it, leaving a long flat 
terrace or roof through which alone the house is entered, 
by means of ladders. 

23. East of the Mississippi the lands were divided 
among three great families: (1) The Algonquin extended 
from Hudson Bay to the Tennessee and Roanoke rivers, 
and from the Mississippi to the Atlantic, excepting the 
region of the lower lakes which had been wrested from 
them by the (2) Huron- Iroquois ; (3) the Afobilians, whose 
lands were bounded by the Mississippi, the Atlantic, and 
the Gulf, included the Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and 
Seminoles. 

West of the Mississippi were the Dakofas, or Sioux, 
u. s. h.— 2. 



18 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

and their kindred tribes. These included the Minnitaree, 
of the upper Missouri, whose fine appearance and superior 
houses and gardens have led to a conjecture that they may- 
be descendants of the Mound Builders. The Shoshones of 
the south-west, and the Village Indians already mentioned, 
were of a different race. 

24. The Iroquois excelled all the northern Indians in 
the arts of war, government, and agriculture. Knowing well 
the advantages of their position on the great water-ways 
which led to the interior of the continent, they made them- 
selves feared by all their race. From Canada to the Caro- 
linas, and from Maine to the Mississippi, Indian women 
shuddered at the name of the Ho-de-no-san' nee * while even 
.the bravest warriors of other tribes went far out of their way 
in the wintry forests to avoid an encounter with them. 

Within sixty years from their first acquaintance with white 
men, the Iroquois had exterminated the Hurons, — their own 
nearest kindred and bitterest foes, — the Eries and Neutrals 
about Lake Erie, and the Andastes of the upper Susque- 
hanna; while they had forced a humiliating peace upon the 
Lenape, or Delawares, the most powerful of the Algonquins, 
and had driven the Ottawas from their home upon the river 
which bears their name. Though now at the height of their 
power, they numbered only 1,200 fighting men of their own 
race; but they had adopted a thousand young warriors from 
their captives to fill the vacancies made by war. 

25. Clans. — Throughout the continent families were 
grouped into gen'tes, or clans, which took their names from 
various animals supposed to be their ancestors. Thus the 
Mohawks, on the upper Hudson, included the three clans of 
the Wolf, the Bear, and the Turtle. The Senecas had these 



*Or "People of the Long House," the name by which the Iroquois 
called themselves. The English called them "The Five Nations," 
and later "The Six Nations." See §172. 



INDIAN RULERS AND RELIGION. 19 

three and five more: the Beaver, the Deer, the Snipe, the 
Heron, and the Hawk. All the members of the same clan, 
in whatever tribe, regarded each other as brothers and sisters, 
and marriage was not permitted within the limits of the clan. 
Some believed that after death they would resume the shape 
of the ancestral bird, beast, or reptile whose form, rudely 
drawn on bark, was placed over the door of their lodge. 

Sachems. — Each tribe had a sachem, or chief coun- 
selor in matters of peace, whose place was filled on his 
death by the election of another member of his family, usu- 
ally his brother or his sister's son. Women, as well as men, 
voted in these elections. In time of war, or other emergen- 
cies, chiefs were chosen who continued in office as long as 
they lived. Being chosen for personal qualities, such as 
wisdom, eloquence, or bravery, these chiefs were often very 
able men. The sorcerers, called powwows or medicine men, 
had still greater power, owing to the superstitions of the 
people. They really had some skill in healing sick persons 
by vapor baths and decoctions of roots and herbs; but to 
these rational remedies they added howlings and incanta- 
tions, which were supposed to frighten away the evil spirits 
that occasioned disease. 

26. Religion. — According to the dark notions of barba- 
rians, the Indians were a very religious people. They be- 
lieved in a Great Spirit, the Master of Life, who had made 
the world, and whose bounty they celebrated by six annual 
thanksgivings, — at the first flowing of maple-sap, at planting, 
at the ripening of berries, when their green corn was ready 
for eating, at harvest, and at New Year. They believed, 
also, in an Evil Spirit, who might bring upon them famine, 
pestilence, or defeat in war, and whom they sought to 
appease by fastings and sacrifices. They expected another 
life after death, and desired to have their weapons, and 
sometimes a favorite dog, buried with them for use in the 
"happy hunting grounds." The Natchez, on the lower 



20 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Mississippi, were sun-worshipers, and kept a perpetual, 
sacred fire in their temples. 

27. Dancing and Singing were important parts of 
every religious observance. No sick person could be cured, 
no war planned, and no treaty made without a dance, which 
often continued several days. Their musical instruments 
were drums, rattles, and a rude kind of flute. The war- 
dance was common to all the tribes, but each clan had pe- 
culiar dances of its own, sometimes numbering thirty or more. 




Indian Dancing. 

Though they had neither books nor letters, some Indian 
tribes practiced picture-writing, which answered all their pur- 
poses. They had even a sort of musical notation, by 
which a leader could read off his song from a piece of 
birch-bark marked with a stick. Beads made of shells or 
stones served them for money. 

28. Communism was the social law of the whole conti- 
nent. In some of the "long houses" of the Iroquois, 
twenty families were fed daily from the common kettle of 



INDIAN CHARACTER. 



boiled corn and beans. Hunters left their game to be 
carried home by other members of their clan, while they 
pushed on for fresh supplies. The salmon of the Columbia 
River was speared, dried, and kept in common store-houses 
for the benefit of the whole tribe. Most of the Mexican 
pueblos consisted of three or four "joint tenement houses," 
in each of which a hundred or more families lived together. 

29. Appearance and Character. — The natives of 
America were of an almost uniform dark-brown color, with 
straight, shining black hair and high cheek-bones. With 
but few exceptions they were treacherous, cruel, and re- 
vengeful. Often hospitable and friendly when at peace, 
they were merciless and brutal in war. Prisoners were tor- 
tured with fiendish barbarity. It was thought an ill-omen 
for the conquerors if they failed to make their victim cry out 
with pain; therefore though they tore out bits of his flesh 
with teeth or pincers, night after night, and at last roasted 
him in a slow fire, he continued to sing his death-song with 
a calm, unwavering voice until his last breath released him 
from their torments. 

War, famine, and pestilence destroyed so many In- 
dians every year, that we may doubt whether many would 
now be living but for the interference of the whites, whose 
cruelties and frauds — though they can never be remembered 
without shame — were mercy compared with the tortures 
which the barbarians inflicted on each other. Indians are 
more numerous now within the limits of the United States 
than they are supposed to have been when Englishmen first 
landed on our coasts; and the only tribes which can look 
forward to continued existence are those which, like the 
Cherokees, have adopted the thrifty habits of civilized life. 

Map No. 2. Name the chief ranges of the Cordilleras. Point out 
the Great Basin. The Great Salt Lake. The several branches of the 
Columbia ; the Missouri. The course of the Colorado ; the Sacra- 
mento; the San Joaquin. The longest river in the world. The outlet 



22 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

of the Great Lakes. The country of the Algonquins ; the Huron- 
Iroquois; the Mobilians; the Athabascas ; the Pueblos; the Dakotas; 
the Shoshones; and the Apaches. 

Consult Walker's "Statistical Atlas of the United States;" Ray- 
mond's "Mining Statistics; " Fremont's " Explorations in the Rocky- 
Mountains ; " Hayden's "Reports." Read Chapter I of Parkman's 
"Conspiracy of Pontiac," and the Introduction to his "Jesuits in 
North America;" Morgan's "League of the Iroquois" and "Ancient 
Society;" Schoolcraft's " Algic Researches" and other works; Cat- 
lin's "North American Indians." 

The following Table exhibits seven steps in human progress : 

I. Lowest Grade of Savagery. — Mankind lived on fruit and 
nuts ; had no houses, no fire, no agriculture, no animal food. 

II. Middle Grade of Savagery. — Began with the use of fish for 
food, and of fire for cooking ; ended with invention of the bow and 
arrow. 

III. Upper Grade of Savagery. — Began with use of bow and 
arrows for hunting, and ended with invention of pottery ; included 
basket-making and use of knives of flint and stone. 

IV. Lowest Grade of Barbarism. — Began with manufacture of 
pottery, proceeded with cultivation of corn and other plants, and ended 
with use of sun-dried brick and stone for building. 

V. Middle Grade of Barbarism. — Began in Eastern Hemisphere 
with domestication of animals; in Western, with irrigation of land for 
tillage. Included use of copper, — which in some cases was hardened 
like steel, — and building with brick and dressed stone, and ended with 
the working of iron. 

VI. Highest Grade of Barbarism. — Began with iron manufact- 
ure, and ended with the invention of the alphabet. 

VII. Civilization. — Began with written language, includes gun- 
powder, the mariner's compass, printing, steam in manufactures and 
locomotion, illuminating gas, the electric telegraph, etc., etc. 

Of these seven grades, only the third, fourth, and fifth were repre- 
sented in America at the time of its discovery by white people. 

— Condensed from Morgan's "Ancient Society" 



CHAPTER III. 

DISCOVERIES AND SETTLEMENTS BY EUROPEANS. 

30. The fifteenth century was a great age in Europe. 
The art of printing, then newly invented, by diffusing the 
thoughts of old writers, stirred men's minds to speculation 
concerning the world they lived in. Improvements in the 
mariner's compass made navigation safer. Spaniards dis- 
covered and colonized the Canary Islands; Portuguese sail- 
ors reached the Madeiras, Azores, and Cape Verdes, and, 
far more important than all, found a sea-route to India. 1 

31. A few bold thinkers had long believed that the earth 
was a globe instead of the oblong plain which the ancients 
imagined; but Christopher Columbus, 2 a Genoese sailor, 
was the first to act upon this belief and resolve to sail west- 
ward to China and Japan. The means for such a voyage 
had first to be secured; and Columbus spent many years in 
begging the various governments of Europe for men, money, 
and ships. At length the good queen, Isabella of Spain, 
exclaimed: "I will undertake the enterprise for mine own 
crown of Castile; and if it be necessary I will pawn my 
jewels to defray the cost." 

32. On Friday, the third of August, 1492, Columbus set 
sail from Palos, in Spain, with three small ships manned by 
120 sailors. He followed first the well-known route to the 
Canaries, where he took in fresh supplies of food and water, 
and then stood away forty days westward into the unknown 
sea, which the imaginations of his men peopled with inde- 
scribable horrors. Just as they had resolved to throw their 
commander overboard, and turn their prows toward Spain, 

(23) 



24 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




Christopher Columbus. 



a' gun from one of the smaller vessels announced a dis- 
covery, and the glad ciy "Land ahead!" was soon heard 
from the mast-head of the Pinta. (See Map i . ) 

33. The Discovery by Columbus. — On the far horizon 
the low, green shore of one of the Bahamas was seen by the 
early morning light. Terror arid discontent suddenly gave 
way to exultant joy. At sunrise of October 12, 1492, the 
great Admiral landed, and, kneeling on the beach, gave 
thanks to heaven. He then assumed possession of the 



COLUMBUS. 25 



country in the name of the sovereigns of Spain, calling it 
San Salvador (Holy Savior). 

34. The people, who were gentle and friendly in ap- 
pearance, came running to the shore bringing gifts of fruit 
to conciliate their visitors, whom they supposed to be mes- 
sengers from heaven. Isabella and Columbus had indeed 
hoped to convey a message of heavenly grace to these un- 
taught heathen; but the cruelty of most of their representa- 
tives defeated their high purpose. Not knowing that a great 
continent still barred his passage to the eastern seas, Colum- 
bus called the people " Indians" and their islands " Indies." 
With the adjective "West" prefixed, this name has con- 
tinued in use, while the original natives of the whole conti- 
nent are known as "Indians." 

35. Having visited Hayti and Cuba, Columbus returned 
to Spain, bearing with him specimens of the people and 
products of the newly-discovered lands. He was received 
with a truly royal welcome, and now hundreds of the rich 
and the great were eager to enlist in his company of advent- 
urers. Knowing nothing, men imagined whatever they most 
desired concerning the new wonder-land, which was soon 
said to contain walled cities built of gold and pearls, and to 
hold, deep in its enchanted forests, a fountain of perpetual 
youth! But precisely because they were looking for these 
impossible things, the early adventurers failed. No man 
came to stay; each hoped to become immensely rich by one 
fortunate discovery, and return to dazzle his countrymen 
with a blaze of jewels and rich equipage. The poor natives, 
who were to help them to this sudden wealth, died by 
thousands, of unwonted labors, and station after station of 
the Spaniards was abandoned to solitude. 

36. In three subsequent voyages, Columbus discov- 
ered Jamaica and others of the West India Islands, and in 
1498, touched the continent near the mouth of the Orinoco. 



26 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

But the great Admiral died in 1506, believing that he had 
only found a new route to Asia; and the New World, which 
he had discovered, received its name, almost by accident, 
from his friend Amerigo Vespucci, 3 whose description first 
made it known to central Europe. 

37. English Discovery of North America. — When 
the kings who had refused aid to Columbus heard of his 
great success, they hastened to seize a part of the newly- 
discovered lands. Henry VII. of England sent John Cabot* 
and his sons to take possession in the king's name of any 
"islands or regions inhabited by infidels" which they could 
find, — they taking all the risk and expense of the voyage, to 
be repaid, if at all, by the profits of trade with the "infi- 
dels." Sebastian Cabot,* one of the sons, was the first to 
visit the North American continent. In company with his 
father he descried the coast of Labrador fourteen months 
before Columbus touched South America (§36). The next 
year he discovered Newfoundland, and extended his voyage 
to Chesapeake Bay. 

38. The Portuguese, Cabral, discovered, in A. D. 1500, 
the rich forests of Brazil; while his countryman, Cortereal, 
following the Cabots, explored the North American coasts, 
and carried off fifty or more of the unoffending natives to be 
sold as slaves in Europe. A third Portuguese, Magellan,*' 
found at last a southwest passage to the Pacific Ocean 
through the strait which bears his name, while the notion of 
a north-west passage is as yet neither realized nor aban- 
doned. For more than a hundred years sailors from all 
parts of western Europe were sailing into the bays and 
rivers of the American coast, hoping that each might lead 
to the Pacific. 

39. Spaniards, following Columbus, examined all the 
coasts and islands of the Caribbean Sea. Diego Columbus 
conquered and colonized Cuba, having inherited his father's 



DISCO J 'EEIES B Y SPAN I A EDS. 2 7 

title, "Viceroy of the New World." Ponce de Leon, a com- 
rade of the great Admiral, but now an old man of damaged 
fame and fortune, hoped to regain all that he had lost, and 
more, by finding that fabled fountain (§35) which could re- 
store youth and the vigor of life. On Easter 

. . A. D. 1513. 

Day, which the Spaniards called Pascua Florida, 
he came in sight of a beautiful country, bright with spring 
flowers; and, after exploring its coasts, gave to the whole 
peninsula the name of Florida. But he never found the 
Fountain of Youth. In his attempt to gain possession of 
the country, a few years later, he received a mortal wound, 
and died in Cuba disappointed in all his hopes. Another 
Spaniard, Nunez de Balboa* was the first European who 
crossed the Isthmus of Darien. Advancing waist-deep into 
the waters of the Pacific Ocean, he drew his sword and 
swore, as a true knight, that he would defend it, with its 
coasts, islands, and all that it contained, for his master, the 
king of Spain ! 

40. Vasquez de Ayllon, in 1520, visited the coasts of 
South Carolina, and carried away two ship-loads of natives 
to toil in the mines of Hayti, or Hispaniola. One ship sank 
on the return-voyage; the other arrived with only a part of 
its wretched freight, numbers having perished of suffocation 
and the barbarities of their captors. Naturally, a later 
attempt of De Ayllon to plant a colony in the country he 
had thus despoiled, ended in failure and disgrace. Mean- 
while a troop of Spaniards, under Cortez, conquered the rich 
and populous villages of the Valley of Mexico; but neither 
this event, nor the subsequent Spanish conquest of Peru, be- 
longs to the history of the United States. 

41. Narvaez, in A. D. 1528, landed with 300 men in 
Tampa Bay, and, marching inland, penetrated through dense 
pine woods and sickly swamps to Appalachee Bay. Many of 
his company died of fever and by the arrows of the savages, 
and neither conquest nor settlement was made. His coun- 



28 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



A. D. 1542. 



tryman, Hernando de Soto, 1 with a gallant company of 600 
men, marched northward and westward into the interior, 
and during the third year of his wanderings 
reached the Mississippi near the present city of 
Memphis. After a winter of untold hardships he died in 
the wilderness, and was buried beneath the turbid waters 
_„-... of the great river which 

WJA he had discovered. 



42. Coronado, another 
Spaniard, explored the 
western shores of Mexico 
about the same time, as- 
cended the river Gila, 







March of De Soto. 

visited the magnificent gorges of the upper Colorado, and 
penetrated probably to the head-waters of the Arkansas. 
He was seeking the "Seven Cities of Cibola," which the 
excited fancy of his countrymen had pictured as full of 
sumptuous palaces blazing with gold and jewels. He found 
only some village Indians (§22) who offered him a share of 



DISCOVERIES BY THE FRENCH. 29 

their corn, and were amazed by being violently attacked 
and plundered by the disappointed Spaniards. If Coro- 
nado had expected less he would doubtless have admired 
the fine buildings of dressed stone, whose ruins still attest 
the industry of the Pueblos. 8 

43. French fishermen were the first to discover the 
immense shoals of cod-fish on the banks of Newfoundland, 
and their industry drew thence a steady gain, while the 
Spaniards were wasting life and fortune in their search for 
cities of gold. In A. D. 1524, Verrazzano, a Florentine in 
the service of Francis I., king of France, visited the harbors 
of New York and Newport, and, after exploring the Atlantic 
coast from Carolina to Newfoundland, wrote the first de- 
tailed account of the country, which he called New France. 
Ten or fifteen years later, Jacques Carrier 9 explored the gulf 
and river St. Lawrence above the sites of Quebec and Mon- 
treal, both of which contained a large Indian population. 

44. No settlement so far had been made within the 
present limits of the United States. In A. D. 1562, the 
French Admiral Coligny, 10 a wiser man than most of his 
countrymen of that day, undertook to establish a home of 
perfect religious freedom in the American forests. Under 
his patronage a company of Frenchmen landed on the coast 
of South Carolina, and built a fort, which they called Caro- 
line in honor of King Charles. The harbor was named Port 
Royal; the land seemed to them "the fairest, fruitfulest, and 
pleasantest of all the world." Unhappily they expected the 
fruitful land to give them harvests unsown. The Indians, 
who had been friendly at first, grew tired of feeding such 
lazy guests. Ribault, 11 the French captain, returned home 
for supplies. Hunger and home-sickness conquered the res- 
olution of those who were left, and, building a rude ship, 
they followed him. 

45. Two years later another company of Frenchmen, 



3° 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



under Captain Laudonniere, " built a second Fort Caroline, 
on the St. John's River, farther south. Among them were 
many lawless spirits, who, in defiance of their commander, 
seized the ships and set off on a plundering cruise among 
the Spanish West Indies. The Spaniards, who claimed the 
whole North American continent, and especially Florida, 
owing to Ponce de Leon's discovery (§39), were made still 
more angry at the French intrusion by these piracies. 

46. Pedro Menendez, in 1565, with nearly 3,000 Span- 
iards, selected a site for St. Augustine, which still exists as 




Old Gate at St. Augustine. 

the oldest town in the United States. Ribault, who had 
just come from France, no sooner heard of their arrival 
than he sailed with a squadron to attack the Spaniards; but 
Menendez at the same time marched overland to the French 
fort, and murdered all its occupants. As France and Spain 
were at peace, he excused the act by an inscription which 
he nailed to a tree: "Not as French, but as heretics." 

When the news of this massacre reached France, the king 
took no notice of it ; but a private gentleman, Dominique de 
Gourgues, resolved upon vengeance. Selling all his lands, 



SETTLEMENTS BY THE FRENCH. 



3 1 




Champlain among the Indians. 



he spent the avails in ships, and with 150 men sailed to 

Florida. Aided by the Indians, who had learned to dread 

and hate the Spaniards, he took and demolished 

Fort Caroline and two other forts at the mouth 

of the river, hanged all the men who were not killed in 

fighting, and wrote over their heads this inscription: "Not 

as Spaniards, but as traitors, robbers, and murderers." 

47. The French in Canada.— Frenchmen were more 
successful in gaining and keeping a foothold near the St. 
Lawrence. Samuel de Champlain n was the "Father of 
New France." In 1608 he laid the foundations of Quebec. 
The next summer he joined a war-party of Algonquins 
(§23), explored with them the beautiful lake which bears 



32 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

his name, and gave them a victory over the Iroquois by 
means of fire-arms, which those astonished warriors had 
never seen nor heard before. Champlain was followed by 
missionaries, who were the first to discover the salt-springs 
of Onondaga and the beautiful lakes of central New York. 
Several of these good men suffered brutal tortures and death 
from the savages whom they had come to convert. 

48. Spaniards in the South-west. — Not only St. Au- 
gustine, but Santa Fe, n the next oldest town in the United 
States, owes its origin to the Spaniards. Antonio de Es- 
pejo," starting in 1582 from northern Mexico, explored the 
upper course of the Rio Grande. He found the people well 
clothed in cotton and leather, living in houses four stories 
high, strongly built of stone and lime and with fire-places 
for winter use. In consequence of Espejo's discovery of 
rich veins of silver, colonies were sent in 1595 to New 
Mexico, and a town was built near Santa Fe. Late in the 
following century, Jesuit Fathers established missions in Ari- 
zona and California. All the "Mission Indians" were sup- 
plied with food and clothing, the former of which they were 
gradually taught to produce from their fields. Wine, grains, 
flax, hemp, and wool were among the exports from the Mis- 
sions; and but for occasional brief relapses into their old 
wild manners, the people kept for nearly a hundred years 
the aspect of civilized communities. Then the Fathers left 
them, and they soon went back into barbarism. 

Trace on Map No. 1 the several routes of Columbus. Of Cabot, 
Cabral, and Magellan. On Map No. 2 the routes of Ponce de Leon, 
Balboa, De Ayllon, Narvaez, De Soto, Coronado, Verrazzano, Cartier, 
Champlain, Espejo. Point out the sites of the two French settlements 
on the Atlantic coast. St. Augustine. 

Read living's "Life of Columbus" and "Companions of Colum- 
bus;" Hakluyt's "Voyages;" Major's "Life of Prince Henry the 
Navigator;" Parkman's "Pioneers of France in the New World" and 
"Jesuits in North America." 



NOTES. 



NOTES. 



33 



1. Prince Henry the Navigator (b. 1394, d. 1460) was the fourth son of 
King John I. of Portugal. He established a school of navigation, and in- 
troduced the use of the compass and the astrolabe. The discovery of the 
Madeira Islands and the coast of Africa southward as far as Sierra Leone, 
was due to his aid and encouragement. The impulse to navigation given 
by him, caused Portuguese sailors for a time to lead in explorations. The 
entire western coast of Africa became known when Bartholomew Diaz 
discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1486; but this route to Asia was not 
used for commerce until after 1500. 

2. Christopher Columbus, the eldest son of a wool-comber, was born at 
Genoa, Italy, in 1436. He obtained his education at the University of 
Pavia, but at the early age of fifteen became a sailor. His experiences at 
sea embraced all that was then known of seamanship. After his mar- 
riage with the daughter of an old sea-captain, he earned his living for 
some years at the Madeiras by making maps and marine charts. Be- 
fore he was thirty-eight years of age, he had conceived his grand ideas of 
the form of the earth and the possibility of reaching Asia by sailing 
westward from Europe. Columbus was an intensely religious man, and 
his purpose in seeking unknown shores was "to carry the true faith to 
the uttermost parts of the earth." Before sailing he was created admiral, 
and viceroy of the regions he should discover. The incidents of his sev- 
eral voyages are given in the text. His remains are now, alter three re- 
movals, deposited in the cathedral at Havana, Cuba. 

3. Amerigo Vespucci was a native of Florence. In 1499 he was agent of 
a commercial house in Seville, and that year sailed as a pilot in tire fleet 
of Alonzo de Ojeda on an expedition to the " Indies of the West," which 
had been discovered by Columbus. Vespucci had often talked with Co- 
lumbus, and the stirring accounts of his travels, related by the great 
Genoese, had aroused in his own breast the spirit of adventure. Ojeda's 
caravels reached the island of Trinidad after a smooth voyage, and', sail- 
ing through the Gulf of Paria, the mainland was first sighted. In 1501 
Vespucci sailed from Spain on his second expedition, this time in charge. 
He landed on the coast of Brazil, and cruised north and south from the 
Florida peninsula to 54° south latitude. His account of this voyage, pub- 
lished at Augsburg, Bavaria, in 1504, was the first printed announcement 
of the discovery of a western continent, and the zeal of his friends led them 
to name the new found land " Amerige " (America) in his honor. 

4. John Cabot and Sebastian Cabot.— Very little is known of the lives 
of the two men on whose discoveries England based her claim to a lame 
part of the New World. It is known that they discovered the mainland 
of America in June, 1497. John Cabot died before Sebastian's second 
voyage in 1498. During this voyage the coast was explored 1800 miles. 
Sebastian Cabot is supposed to have died in 1557, at the age of eighty. 

5. Fernando Magellan left Seville, Spain, in August, 1519, and entered 
the straits between South America and the island of Terra del Fuego, 
October, 1520. He kept on his westward course, and in April, 1521, was 
killed in an encounter with natives of one of the Philippine Islands. 
One of his ships again reached Spain in September, 1522. This was the 
first circumnavigation of the globe. 

6. Vasco Nunez de Balboa was a freebooter, who, to escape from his 
creditors in Spain, hid himself in the hold of a vessel bound for the Car- 
ibbean Sea. When the ship was several days out, he came forth from his 
hiding place, and implored the commander on his knees to spare his life 
and to give him some food. Afterwards the vessel was wrecked on the 
Darien coast, and Balboa with most of the crew were cast on shore. By 
his force of character he assumed command of the party, and started to 
explore the country. They were attacked by hostile Indians, and reduced 
by starvation ; but, pushing boldly into the interior, they came in a few 
days to the crest of a mountain range, from which the vast expanse of the 
Pacific burst upon their astonished gaze. This discovery was made by 
Balboa in September, 15i:i. At the sight he prostrated himself upon the 
ground; then, rising to his knees, he thanked God "it had pleased his 
divine majesty to reserve unto that day the victory and praise of so great 
a thing unto him." 

U. S. H.— 3. 



34 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



7. Hernando de Soto was horn in Estremadura, Spain, in 1496. He was 
of a noble family, and was distinguished for his excellence in scholarship 
and athletic sports. He accompanied an expedition to America in 1519, 
and again in 1527. In 1528 he explored the coasts of Yucatan and Guate- 
mala for 700 miles, believing he would find a strait that connected the 
Atlantic and Pacific oceans. He went with Pizarro to Peru in 1532, and 
took a prominent part in the conquest of that country. Returning to 
Spain with an immense fortune, he was received at the court of Charles 
V. with high honors, and asked of the emperor permission to possess 
Florida, which was looked upon as a land abounding in native wealth. 
This being granted, De Soto fitted out a fleet of nine vessels at his own ex- 
pense, and sailed by way of Havana, in 1539. He had on board, besides his 
GOO followers, 300 horses, many hogs, and a number of bloodhounds. The 
exploring party landed at Tampa Bay, in jubilant spirits, on the 30th of 
May. Their three years perilous wanderings in southern forests, and De 
Soto's untimely death, arc described in the text. 

8. The finest existing specimens of the ancient Pueblo architecture in 
New Mexico are the villages of Santo Domingo, San Felipe, Isleta, 
Acoma, and others in the valley of the Rio Grande, and Zufli, near the 
western border of the territory. These are still occupied by the Pueblo 
Indians, and many of the houses are in an excellent state of preservation. 
The ruins of seven great buildings in the valley of the Rio Chaco, 100 
miles north-west of Santa Fe, probably mark the sites of the "Seven 
Cities of Cibola" (§42) which Corouado sought. Each edifice contained 
from 100 to 600 apartments, and was occupied by from 1,000 to 4,000 persons. 

9. When Jacques Cartier, in 1535, anchored his ships in the mouth of 
the St. Lawrence, he felt confident, from the great width and depth of 
the river, that he had discovered at last the long sought passage to the 
Indian Ocean. 

10. Admiral Gaspard de Coligny was a noted leader of the French 
Huguenots, and fell the first victim in the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 
August 24th, 1572. 

11. The expedition of Ribault first landed on the Florida coast at the 
mouth of the St. John's River, which they named the "River of May." 
On the south bank they erected a stone column, on which were inscribed 
the arms of France. Laudonniere's party were rejoiced to find this me- 
morial column when they visited the spot two years later. 

12. Samuel de Champlain was born at Brouage, France, in 1567. His 
father was a sea-captain, and the son was early skilled in navigation. He 
visited Canada several times before his appointment as lieutenant- 
general. He effected the first permanent French settlement in the New 
World. His expedition against the Iroquois provoked the enmity of that 
tribe, and the French were compelled to seek lines of exploration and 
trade to the north of lakes Ontario and Erie, and from thence to the 
valley of the Ohio and the Mississippi. He died in Canada in 1635. 

13. Santa Fe.— Old Spanish records have recently been discovered in 
Santa Fe which seem to prove a greater antiquity for the place than has 
been generally accepted. They indicate that the Catholic chapel of San 
Miguel, which is still in a fair state of preservation, was originally built as 
early as 1565. If this be true, Santa F6 was undoubtedly a permanent 
mission station from that time, and this would make the Spanish settle- 
ment as early as that at St. Augustine. 

14. Prior to Espejo's exploration of the Rio Grande valley, several par- 
ties of Spanish adventurers had been over the same region,— notably one 
under Cabeza de Vaea in 1537, another under Marco di Niza in 1539, that 
of Coronado (§ 42) the following year, and one led by Francisco de Bonillo 
in 1581. Between the years 1595 and 1599, Juan de Onate was sent by the 
viceroy of Mexico to take formal possession of the country in the name 
of his Spanish sovereign. 



CHAPTER IV. 

ENGLISH SETTLEMENTS. — VIRGINIA. 

49. The Partition of America. — Spain, Portugal, 
France, and England were for centuries rival claimants to 
the New World; while Holland and Sweden kept each a 
foothold upon its shores, long enough to impress something 
of their character upon its future inhabitants. But as there 
was really far more land than either or all of them could 
use,, the dispute settled itself at last upon 

"The simple plan 
That they should take who have the power, 
And they should keep who can." 

50. Eighty years had passed since the discoveries by the 
Cabots before Englishmen made any serious effort to es- 
tablish homes in North America. English sailors had 
indeed had their full share in the exploration of the conti- 
nent. Frobisher* went beyond all previous mariners into the 
icy regions west of Greenland; Davis, advancing yet farther 
to the northward, entered the strait which bears his name; 
Drake, 2 in quest of Spanish treasure-ships, explored the 
Pacific coast as far as Oregon, wintered near San Francisco, 
and returned to Europe by way of Asia and Africa. 

51. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, seeing the failure and misery 
which had resulted from the eager search for gold, planned 
a colony for fisheries and regular trade. But his 

two expeditions failed, and their brave leader 
was lost at sea. His half-brother, Sir Walter Raleigh* was 
among the greatest and most unfortunate of English advent- 
urers. Under a patent from Queen Elizabeth, 4 in 1585, he 

(35) 



36 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



sent 1 08 colonists to occupy the fruitful region from which 
the French had been expelled (§§44, 46).. 

52. Virginia. — Delighted with the accounts which 
reached her of the beauty and wealth of the country, Eliz- 
abeth named it Virginia, in honor of her own state as a 
maiden queen. A site was chosen for the colony on Ro- 
anoke Island, and a profitable trade was carried on with the 

friendly Indians. But the 
misconduct of the white 
men soon turned these into 
foes; the situation of the 
colonists then became un- 
endurable, and they seized 
an opportunity to return 
to England. 

53. A second colony, 5 
including some women and 
children, arrived at Roan- 
oke in 1587. But war was 
now breaking out between 
England and Spain. Ships 
which Raleigh sent with 
fresh supplies for the colo- 
nists, went in chase of 
Spanish prizes, and were themselves taken. When English- 
men revisited Roanoke three years later, no white face was 
found on the island. Whether the settlers had perished or 
had taken refuge with some friendly tribe in the interior, 
can not be known. 

54. Though Raleigh derived no benefit from the expendi- 
ture of all his fortune, yet his generous efforts had spread 
through England a knowledge of America, and had given a 
great impulse to colonization. The voyages of Gosnold, 6 
Weymouth, and Pring made known the islands, capes, and 
noble harbors on the coasts of Maine and Massachusetts; 




Sir Walter Raleigh. 



ENGLISH SETTLEMENTS— VIRGINIA. 37 



and fleets of English vessels repaired thither for trade and 
fishing, though for many years no permanent settlement was 
formed. 

55. Colonial Companies. — In 1606 King James I. 7 
gave charters to two English companies "for planting and 
ruling New England in America." The London Company 
might establish a colony anywhere between Cape Fear and 
the east end of Long Island; the Plymouth Company, any- 
where between Delaware Bay and Halifax, provided that 
neither should begin a settlement within a hundred miles of 
one already made by the other. The king reserved to him- 
self the right to make all laws and appoint all officers for 
the colonies; and was, moreover, to receive one fifth of all 
gold and silver, and one fifteenth of all copper obtained 
from them. For five years every man was to labor, not for 
himself, but for a common fund. 

56. First English Settlement. — The London Com- 
pany soon dispatched three ship-loads of emigrants, com- 
manded by Christopher Newport, to select and settle lands 
in Virginia. Of the 105 men who enlisted in the enterprise, 
48 were "gentlemen," according to the notions of the 
times; that is, they despised work, and expected to grow 
rich either by accident or by the toil of others. The most 
sensible man in the colony was Captain John Smith, 8 who 
had gained wisdom by much hard experience; and he was 
imprisoned on the voyage out, under a foolish charge that 
he intended to murder the Council and make himself king 
of Virginia! This accusation sprang from President Wing- 
field's envy of the superior ability and influence of Smith. 
Upon trial, the latter was honorably acquitted and restored 
to his place in the Council. 

57. It was the spring of 1607, when the three vessels en- 
tered Chesapeake Bay. Glad to be protected from the 
storms that were raging without, the adventurers named 
their first anchorage Point Comfort. They called the two 



38 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



capes which guard the entrance of the bay, Charles and 
Henry, after their king's two sons; and the noble stream 
which they soon afterwards ascended, James or King's River, 
from the king himself. Fifty miles up the river they chose 
the site for their first settlement, which bore the name of 
Jamestown. 

58. Wingfield's dishonesty soon brought him into dis- 
grace, and Smith became the real head of the colony. He 
enforced the primitive rule that he who would not work 







Settlement of Jamestown. 

should not eat; he put an end to quarreling and profanity, 
and in time he taught the "gentlemen" to swing their axes 
with the rest. Meanwhile he explored Chesapeake Bay and 
all its tributary rivers; cultivated friendship with the Indians, 
of whom a powerful confederacy of forty tribes, called Pow- 
hatans, occupied the region, and secured from them needed 
supplies of corn. 

59. The "Starving Time." — Compelled by a severe 
wound to return to England, Smith left about five hundred 



LABOR IN VIRGINIA. 39 

colonists in Virginia, well supplied with all that was needful 
for their comfort. Nevertheless, the period following his de- 
parture is called the "Starving Time," for the men gave 
themselves up to idleness and riot, and in six months there 
were only sixty persons alive in the colony. These resolved 
to join the fishermen in Newfoundland; but on their way 
down the river they met Lord Delaware, the new governor, 
with hundreds of colonists and a fresh supply of stores. 

60. A new era soon dawned upon Virginia. Gold- 
seeking was abandoned after a ship-load of earth containing 
specks of yellow mica had been sent to England and found 
worthless. The soil was now perceived to be the true source 
of wealth, and the allotment of a few acres to each man gave 
each an interest in his own labor. Unhappily the high price 
of tobacco in England — where it had been lately introduced 
and was very fashionable — led most of the planters to raise 
it to the exclusion of food-products. And though the price 
soon fell to two-pence a pound, tobacco long continued to 
be the medium of exchange as well as the chief export of 
the colony. Ministers' salaries, lawyers' fees, and landlords' 
rents were all paid in tobacco. But the crop exhausted the 
soil, and in many cases short-lived wealth was followed by 
bankruptcy, ruin, and poverty. 

61. New Laws. — In 161 1 the Company sent out a new 
code of laws of almost incredible strictness. Theft and dis- 
respectful mention of the king were punishable with death 
at the first offense. Profane swearing and absence from 
public worship received the same punishment after two trials 
of lighter penalties. 

62. Introduction of Slavery. — Hitherto there had 
been very few women in the colony. In 161 9, beside nearly 
twelve hundred other settlers, ninety honest girls came from 
England and became wives of planters. Another cargo 
followed, and many colonists now enjoyed the comfort of 



40 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

settled homes. A less valuable acquisition was a company 
of "jail-birds," who were sold as indentured servants for a 
limited number of years. Still more serious in its ultimate 
consequences was an importation of negroes from the 
African coast who became slaves for life. The first cargo 
of negroes was brought to Jamestown in a Dutch ship in 
1619. 

Trace on Map No. 2 the voyages of Frobisher, Davis, Drake. Point 
out capes Charles and Henry. The site of Raleigh's two colonies. On 
Map No. 3, point out the site of Jamestown. Point Comfort. The 
principal rivers that flow into Chesapeake Bay. 

Read Smith's "True Relation" and "General History." For this 
and all following chapters to the end of Part III: Bancroft's "History 
of the United States;" Bryant's "Popular History;" Hildreth's "His- 
tory of the United States." 

NOTES. 

1. Martin Frobisher for fifteen years cherished the idea that he could 
sail direct to the coveted " north-west passage," but. he was too poor to fit 
out a ship. He said " it was the only thing of the world that was yet left 
undone, by which a notable minde might be made famous and fortunate." 
At length, the Earl of Warwick provided him with means sufficient to 
equip two small barks, and he set sail from the mouth of the Thames in 
the summer of 1576. One vessel deserted him at the first storm, but he 
fearlessly pressed forward with the other to theeoastsof Labrador. Upon 
entering an inlet north of Hudson Strait, he firmly believed the aim of 
his journey across the sea was achieved ; for he argued that the land on 
his right was Asia, while that on his left was the continent of America. 
A short sail convinced him of his error. The next year Frobisher came 
with a fleet of several vessels to the same forbidding region, and returned 
to England laden with worthless dirt and stones which were believed to 
contain rich traces of gold. In 1578 he commanded a third expedition, 
this time under the immediate patronage of C&ueen Elizabeth. It was 
composed of fifteen well appointed ships, and carried out many sons of 
noble English families, besides one hundred persons to form a permanent 
colony on the inhospitable shores of Greenland. When the flag ship of 
the Admiral sailed into Hudson Strait, "Now, surely," thought he, "I 
will go through to the Pacific." But after going sixty miles lie concluded 
that he was upon the wrong course, and turned back with his fleet. With 
the. approach of winter his ships were nearly overwhelmed by icebergs, 
and the intense cold created mutiny among his men ; so that all were glad 
to gel away from these polar regions with their lives, and back to their 
homes without either glory or gold. Frobisher was knighted for bravery 
at the defeat of the Spanish Armada, and died from a wound received in 
an attack on Brest in 1594. 

2. Sir Francis Drake (b. 1545, d. 1595) was one of the most renowned of 
British admirals. In 1572, having crossed the Isthmus of Panama from 
the east, he flrst saw the Pacific < »cean from the top of a tree which he had 
climbed : and then and there he resolved " to sail an English ship in these 
seas." Five years later he left England with live small vessels and nearly 
two hundred men, to carry out this resolution. In eight months he en- 



NOTES. 41 



tered the straits of Magellan with his own ship only, the " Golden Hind ; " 
and, sailing through, followed the western coast of America. He chris- 
tened its northern part New Albion, and took possession of it in the name 
of Queen Elizabeth. Steering westward into the broad, unknown Pacific, 
he successfully circumnavigated the world, entering once more the harbor 
of Plymouth two years and ten months after his departure. He was the 
first Englishman, and the second of all navigators, to accomplish this 
feat. A chair was eventually made of wood taken from the "Golden 
Hind," and presented by Charles II. to the University of Oxford. 

3. Sir Walter Raleigh, born in Devonshire, England, 1552, was beheaded 
on the charge of conspiracy against the throne in 1618. He was a man of 
genius and eminent attainments,— distinguished as author, explore]', and 
courtier. Queen Elizabeth knighted him because of the successful issue 
of the first expedition which he fitted out to the coast of North Carolina. 
He became member of Parliament, and was commander of a vessel in 
the English fleet that annihilated the Spanish " invincible Armada " in 
1588. He explored the coasts of Guiana, in South America, and upon his 
return to Europe published an account of the expedition. While im- 
prisoned in the Tower of London for a period of thirteen years, he wrote 
his " History of the World." Raleigh's American colonists have the 
credit of introducing tobacco and potatoes into Europe. 

Concerning Raleigh's execution, his biographer writes that "approach- 
ing the edge of the scaffold and kneeling down, he prayed in a very 
earnest manner, and begged for the prayers of all who heard him. The 
executioner theli kneeled to him for the forgiveness of his office. Raleigh 
placed both his hands on the man's shoulders, and assured him that he 
forgave him with all his heart. He then examined the block and fitted 
himself to it, and asked the executioner to show him the ax. The latter 
hesitated, but Raleigh repeated the request. Touching the knife-edge 
with his finger, and then kissing the blade, he said, 'This gives me no 
fear. It is a sharp and fair medicine to cure me of all my diseases.' He 
added, 'When I stretch forth my hands, dispatch me.' Kneeling for his 
last prayer, he laid his head upon the block, calmly stretched forth his 
hands, and awaited the death-blow. The headsman again hesitated. 
'Strike, man, strike! what dost thou fear?' cried Raleigh. Two terrible 
blows severed the head from the body, and to the last his lips were seen 
to move in prayer." 

4. Queen Elizabeth, the daughter of Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn, was 
born in 15*5, and ruled over England from 1558 until her death in L603. 
She became deeply interested in the marine enterprises of her subjects. 
Elizabeth was especially jealous of the achievements of Spanish explorers 
in the New World. When Sir Humphrey Gilbert set out on his unfortu- 
nate expedition, she wished him " as great goodhap and safety to his ship 
as if herself were there in person," and presented him with a golden 
anchor as a token of her regard. Her friendship for Raleigh was mani- 
fested in the special patent and licenses granted him, as well as in the 
marked honors conferred upon him at her court. She showed her ap- 
proval of Frobisher's tirst voyage by waving an adieu with her hand from 
the shore, and sending him a personal message; and of his second and 
third expeditions by defraying a large share of the expenses. 

5. Simon Ferdinando was admiral of this expedition, and John White 
was appointed governor of the colony. Soon after their arrival at Ro- 
anoke Island, Mrs. Dare, the daughter of Governor White, gave birth to a 
little girl, who was christened Virginia. This was the first English child 
born within the present territory of the United States. 

6. Bartholomew Gosnold, in May, 1002, discovered and named Cape Cod. 
He landed there with four men, and these were the first Englishmen who 
ever set foot upon the shores of New England. Doubling the cape they 
sailed around Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard islands into Buzzard's 
Bay (which they called " Gosnold 's Hope "), and anchored off the western- 
most of the Elizabeth Islands. On this they built a fort and storehouse, 
purposing to establish a permanent colony, but through fear of the In- 
dians and lack of provisions tin- party soon returned to England. Until 
Gosnold 's expedition, no English voyager since the Cabots had undertaken 
the northern or direct course across the Atlantic. His predecessors had 
followed in the track of Columbus, by the way of the Canary Islands and 



42 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



the "West Indies. The distance saved by the new route was be1 ween 2,C00 
and 3,000 miles, and naturally this gave a fresh impulse to colonizing and 
trading schemes. Gosnold was one of the leaders in the company which 
found imI Jamestown in 1607, and died in the fall of that year from the hard- 
ships and exposures of pioneer life. He ranks with Sir Walter Raleigh as 
one of the wisest and greatest of the founders of American colonies. 

7. King James, who, in 1603, succeeded Queen Elizabeth on the English 
throne, was the only son of Mary, Queen of Scots. He was born in 1566, 
and was crowned King of Scotland when still an infant. Janus was a 
weak, cowardly, cruel man. He was constantly under the influence of 
unworthy favorites, some of whose followers were the royal governors of 
American colonies. 

8. Capt. John Smith was born in England in 1579 and died in 1631. Ac- 
cording to his own account of his life he served as a soldier in the Neth- 
erlands, and in the wars against the Turks in Hungary and Austria, 
where he was taken prisoner and sold as a slave at Constantinople. He 
slew his master and escaped through Russia. He was also for a time in 
northern Africa. On his return to England Gosnold persuaded him to 
join the colony for Virginia. After his return to England from Virginia 
in 160S», he made a voyage to New England and constructed a map of the 
coast from Cape Cod to the mouth of the Penobscot. He published several 
books relating to America. 



CHAPTER V. 



VIRGINIA AND MARYLAND. 



63. Council of Burgesses. — With the governorship of 
Sir George Yeardley, the true life of Virginia began. The 
"cruel laws" were repealed, and, "that the planters might 
have a hand in the governing of themselves, it was granted 
that a general assembly should be held yearly once, whereat 
were to be present the governor and council, with two bur- 
gesses from each plantation, freely to be elected by the in- 
habitants thereof, — this assembly to have power to make and 
ordain whatsoever laws should by them be thought good 
and profitable for their subsistence." The "Council of 
Burgesses," which met at Jamestown, in July, 1619, was the 
first law-making body in America which was chosen by the 
people. 

64. Indian Hostilities. — While Powhatan lived, — the 
chief of that confederacy with which Smith had made 
friendship, — white men and savages were at peace. His 
daughter, Pocahontas, 1 married John Rolfe, a young En- 
glishman, and several famous Virginian families are proud 
to number themselves among her descendants. But Pow- 
hatan's successor was hostile to the English. Living in 
careless security upon their scattered plantations, the colo- 
nists had even sold powder and guns to the Indians, who 
seemed friendly, but who were silently planning the com- 
plete extermination of the white intruders. Suddenly at 
noon of March 22, 1622, every village was attacked. A 
fierce war followed, in which nearly two thousand colonists 
perished, and of eighty settlements only eight remained. 

65. Changes in Government. — In 1624 King James 

(43) 



44 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

dissolved the London Company, and made Virginia a royal 
province; but though the governor and council were ap- 
pointed by the king, the laws were still made by the repre- 
sentatives of the people. Virginia was strongly attached to 
both the king and the Church of England. During the 
changes in the home government, hereafter to be noticed 
(§125), many royalists found refuge in the colony; and 
though the Council of Burgesses submitted to Parliament, 
to avoid the ruin of the tobacco trade, there was great re- 
joicing when monarchy was restored, A. D. 1660. 

66. Condition of Virginia. — Virginia numbered at this 
time about 30,000 inhabitants. Richmond, in its magnifi- 
cent position at the falls of the James River, and Williams- 
burg, on the peninsula between the Rappahannock and the 
York, were already flourishing settlements. The mildness, 
beauty, and fertility of the region made it "the best poor 
man's country in the world." The people wanted only 
schools for their children to make them perfectly contented. 
Though "every man instructed his children according to his 
own ability,'' this increased the contrast between the families 
of the educated gentry and the untaught workmen, a dis- 
tinction which was contrary to the best interests of the col- 
ony. The settlers were so scattered that it is said, "no 
man could see his neighbor without a telescope, or be heard 
by him without firing a gun." 

67. Governor Berkeley. — The joy which attended the 
restoration of King Charles II. was soon changed- to grief 
and resentment. The right to vote was taken from the mass 
of freemen to be exercised only by land-owners, taxes were 
imposed without their consent, and even the settlers of re- 
mote and lonely places were not permitted to assemble in 
arms against the savages, who were murdering their wives 
and children. Governor Berkeley, 2 an avaricious, selfish, 
and arbitrary man, was supposed to be selling powder and 



BACON'S REBELLION. 45 

shot to the Indians contrary to law. Being sent to England 
to plead the cause of the colony, Berkeley only enriched 
himself by robbing it of a portion of its lands (§132), which 
the king was induced to give to a company to which he 
belonged. In 1673 the same king, in a transient caprice, 
bestowed "all the dominion of land and water called Vir- 
ginia" upon lords Culpepper and Arlington for a period of 
thirty-one years. 

68. Bacon's Rebellion. — All this might not have cured 
the people of their submissive loyalty, but when the gov- 
ernor refused to send troops to oppose a large force of 
Indians who were coming down the James, they took up 
arms and chose for their leader Nathaniel Bacon, 3 a gentle- 
man of fortune and influence, who had lately arrived in Vir- 
ginia. Bacon's little army routed the savages, while the 
governor was proclaiming him a rebel and traitor, and rais- 
ing a troop to oppose him. An insurrection in Jamestown 
compelled Berkeley, however, to disband his army, dissolve 
his aristocratic council, and call a more popular assembly, 
of which Bacon was a member. 

69. The governor, weak and violent by turns, broke all 
his promises. Civil war followed, in which Jamestown was 
burnt, and only a ruined church-tower remains to mark its 
site. Bacon died suddenly of disease, and his party, for 
want of a leader, was soon subdued. Berkeley disgraced 
his victory by the most insolent cruelty. Twenty-two 
patriots were hanged, and three died from the hardships of 
their prison. "The old fool," said Charles II., "has taken 
away more lives than I, for the murder of my father." 
Berkeley was recalled, 4 and Lord Culpepper/ one of the 
new proprietors, became governor of the Old Dominion. 

70. Maryland. — From lands originally belonging to Vir- 
ginia, a new colony had been formed with a more liberal 
constitution both as to civil and religious rights. George Cal- 



4 6 



HISTORY OF THE VXITED STATES. 



vert, the first Lord Baltimore, obtained from Charles I., in 
1629, a grant of lands north of the Potomac, where all per- 
sons, but especially members like himself of the Catholic 
Church, might enjoy freedom of worship. The country was 

called Maryland in honor of the queen, Henrietta 
A. D. 1634. L ' 

Maria ; and the first settlement, near the mouth 

of the Potomac, received the name of Sf. Man's. 

71. Lord Baltimore died before he could revisit Amer- 
ica, and the charter was "published and confirmed" in the 

name of his son, Cecil Cal- 




vert, who for forty-three 
years watched over the 
prosperity of Maryland. 
Virginia did not willingly 
submit to the dismember- 
ment of her territory. 
William Clayborne, formerly 
her secretary of state, had 
occupied the Isle of Kent, 
in the Chesapeake, with a 
trading settlement. He 
considered himself as within 
the limits of Virginia, and 
made armed resistance to 
Lord Baltimore's demand 
for his allegiance. Three Virginians and one Marylander 
were killed in battle. Clayborne was sent to England to be 
tried for treason, but was acquitted, though the right of 
Maryland to Kent Island was confirmed. 

72. Clayborne' s Rebellion. — Some years later Clay- 
borne returned and raised another insurrection in the district 
which he had once governed. Gov. Leonard Calvert, 
brother of the proprietor, was forced to retire, but he soon 
reappeared with superior numbers and put an end to 
" Clayborne's Rebellion." 



Lord Baltimore. 



NOTES. 47 

73. The Calverts. — The liberal charter granted by 
Lord Baltimore drew crowds of settlers to the banks of the 
Potomac. Puritans expelled from Virginia, prelatists from 
Massachusetts, and refugees from all parts of Europe lived 
together on equal terms. We regret to record that one party 
of Protestants made an ungenerous use of their privileges. 
Resisting both the policy and the rights of the Calverts, they 
succeeded in banishing all Catholics from the Assembly. 
Many years of tumult followed. In 1691 the proprietary 
charter was revoked, and for twenty-four years Maryland 
was a royal province. In 17 15 the Calvert family regained 
their lands, which they continued to govern until the Revo- 
lution. 

Point out on Map No. 3, Richmond. Williamsburg. St. Mary's. 
The Isle of Kent. 

NOTES. 

1. Pocahontas was born about the year 1505. The long accepted story, 
that she saved the life of C'apt. John Smith by interposing her body be- 
tween him and the war-clubs of the savages who were about to beat him 
to death, is now discredited. This was one of Smith's wonderful stories 
in his "General History." That she was much attached to Capt. Smith 
there is no doubt, for in 1609 she made a long and fatiguing journey by 
night through the forest to inform him of a plot by her father to murder 
him. Her marriage with Rolfe, at Jamestown, in 1613, secured many 
years of peace between the colonists and the Indians. Professing Chris- 
tianity, she was baptized as " Lady Rebecca." In 1610 she accompanied 
her husband to England, and was duly presented at court. She was re- 
garded with great interest and curiosity. Pocahontas died in March, 1617, 
leaving one son, Thomas Rolfe, who in later years removed to Virginia. 

2. Sir William Berkeley was appointed Governor of Virginia in 1641, 
and arrived at Jamestown early in 1642. Being a royalist, he was removed 
from power by Cromwell in 1651; but, after the Restoration, he again be- 
came governor, which position he held until 1677. Berkeley demanded 
strict loyalty to the civil powers, and conformity to the Established 
Church. He " thanked God there are no free schools, nor printing, in his 
colony," and " hoped there would not be for a hundred years ; for learning 
has brought disobedience into the world, and printing has divulged them 
and libels against the best governments." His leniency towards the 
Indians, who had been committing all sorts of barbarities, and his se- 
verity with Bacon and others, who opposed his Indian policy, have led 
many to believe that Governor Berkeley was in collusion with the sav- 
ages. Being relieved from office by Sir Herbert Jeffreys in 1677, he re- 
turned to England under a sense of disgrace, and died in a few weeks after 
his arrival. (See Note 4.) 

3. Nathaniel Bacon and Governor Berkeley had many bitter personal 
conflicts, and Bacon was usually more than a match lor the governor. 
At the head of 206 or 300 followers he marched into Jamestown, halted in 
front of the state-house, where the assembly was in session, and de- 



HIST OR V OF THE UNITED ST A TES. 



manded to see the governor. Berkeley came out, white with rage, and 
fearlessly went between the lines of soldiers to where Bacon was stand- 
ing ; he looked defiant, and cried, " Here— shoot me ! Fore God, fair 
mark! Shoot!" But Bacon replied calmly, "No, may it please your 
honor,— we will not hurt a hair of your head, nor of any other man's; we 
are come for a commission to save our lives from the Indians, which you 
have so often promised; and now we will have it before we go!" And 
he not only got the desired commission, but the assembly passed an act 
of amnesty towards himself and his band of rebels. They continued, 
however, to oppose the policy of the governor, and engaged in a vigorous 
campaign against the Indians. Berkeley once more declared Bacon an 
outlaw, and led forth his militia to attack the insurgents ; but, on ap- 
proaching their camp, he was dismayed to rind most of his men crying, 
" Bacon ! Bacon ! Bacon ! " and then going over to the enemy. 

Bacon said " that it vexed him to the heart that while he was hunting 
wolves which were destroying innocent lambs,- the governor should seek 
to put him like corn between two mill-stones." 

His death occured in 1676, and the place of his burial was kept secret 
because Berkeley had threatened to hang his skeleton in chains upon a 
public gibbet. 

4. After Governor Berkeley's removal, Sir Herbert Jeffreys and Sir 
Henry Chicheley were the successive lieutenant-governors of Virginia, 
and had the entire control of affairs from 1677 to 1680, when Lord Cul- 
pepper assumed the duties of his office. 

5. Lord Culpepper was pronounced by a writer of his time, "one of the 
most cunning and covetous men in England." He was a man of positive 
character and violent measures. In 1681 the planters in Virginia became 
dissatisfied with the extremely low prices paid for their tobacco ; and, in 
order to create a scarcity of supply, and enhance the value of the remain- 
ing crop, an organized band went from plantation to plantation, hacking 
and destroying the growing plants. Returning from England in the 
midst of this "strike," Governor Culpepper immediately ordered the 
leading "plant-cutters" to be hung. 



CHAPTER VI. 

PLYMOUTH, PORTSMOUTH, AND DOVER. 

74. Great religious differences now existed in En- 
gland. King James, who thought himself at least as wise as 
Solomon, required all his subjects to believe and worship 
precisely as he did. A very large party in the nation dis- 
approved some observances of the Established Church, and 
were especially shocked at the Sunday sports which were 
recommended and even enjoined by the king himself. 

75. Many hundreds of these Puritans, 1 finding that there 
was no toleration for their views in England, separated them- 
selves from the Church, and as many as were able sought an 
asylum in Holland. They were then called Separatists or 
Independents, while the great mass of the Puritans remained 
in the Church, though protesting against some of its prac- 
tices. 

76. The Separatists in Holland were still English at 
heart, and were grieved to have their children grow up 
ignorant of the language and customs of their native land. 
They resolved, therefore, to seek homes in the American 
wilderness, where, under English laws, they might have free- 
dom to worship God in the way which seemed to them right. 
From a thousand pilgrims in Holland, a hundred were se- 
lected to be founders of the new state; and, after several 
disasters and delays, they set sail in September, 1620, from 
Plymouth, in England. 

77. The Mayflower. — Though a patent had been se- 
cured from the London Company, it proved useless because 
the person in whose name it was issued did not go with the 

u. s. H.-4. (49) 



50 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

colonists; so that the little ship Mayflower set forth on her 
voyage without warrant or charter from King, Parliament, 
or Company. Unlike the Virginian adventurers (§62), the 
"Pilgrims"-' were accompanied by their wives and children, 
and expected to live and die in America. 

78. Founding of the Plymouth Colony. — Their aim 
was the Hudson River; but after a stormy and perilous pas- 
sage of two months, they came to anchor near Cape Cod. 8 
Five weeks were spent in looking for a suitable place for a 




Pilgrims Landing. 

new home. At last they came to a safe though shallow har- 
bor, to which Captain Smith had already given the name of 
Plymouth. This they chose, and in remembrance 

Dec. 11, 1620. 4 . . 

of kindness received at Plymouth, in England, 
they retained the name. Before going on shore, the forty- 
one heads of families solemnly combined themselves into a 
"civil body politic" to "enact such just and equal laws" 
as should be thought "convenient for the general good." 
It was the first embodiment, in fact, of the American idea 
that "governments derive their just powers from the con- 



PL YMO UTH COL ON Y. 5 1 

sent of the governed." John Carver was chosen by his as- 
sociates to be the first governor of Plymouth. 

79. The First Winter. — Then came a winter of bitter 
suffering, bravely borne. Wolves howled about the wretched 
cabins, and hunger was kept away only by hunting and fish- 
ing, which were not always successful. Governor Carver 
and half the little company died; but of the survivors no 
man nor woman thought of returning with the Mayflower. 
Early in the spring a strange voice was heard in the village, 
crying "Welcome, Englishmen!" It was that of Samoset, 
an Indian from beyond the Kennebec, who had learned 
some words of English from fishermen who visited the coast 
(§82). A neighboring chief, Massasoit, soon came, and 
made a treaty of peace which lasted fifty years. 

80. The powerful Narragansetts were enemies of Mas-, 
sasoit, and a rattlesnake skin, stuffed with arrows, was sent 
as a challenge to the colonists. But when Governor Brad- 
ford, Carver's successor, filled the skin with gunpowder and 
sent it back, Canonicus changed his mind and begged for 
peace. Before the coming of the Pilgrims, a pestilence had 
swept away many hundreds of the Indians near Plymouth, 
so that the tribes, reduced to weakness and poverty, gave no 
trouble to the colonists. 

81. For several winters food was scarce; but when, in 
1623, each settler began to work for his own family instead 
of putting his earnings into the common stock, plenty came, 
and the white men were soon able to sell corn to the Indians. 
Though only forty miles distant from the richer and stronger 
settlements about Boston, and possessing no charter of its 
own, Plyinouth remained independent until 1692, when it 
became part of the colony of Massachusetts Bay. 

82. Maine. — Sir Ferdinando Gorges, governor of Plym- 
outh in England, was a man of great wealth and influence, 
and a chief promoter of colonization in New England. In 



52 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

partnership with John Mason, former governor in Newfound- 
land, he obtained a tract of land extending from the St. 
Lawrence to the ocean, and from the Merrimac to the Ken- 
nebec River; 5 and, in 1623, sent out companies of emigrants 
to find homes where now stand the flourishing cities of 
Portsmouth and Dover, in New Hampshire. 6 But though 
among the oldest towns in the United States, these places 
were little more than fishing stations for many years from 
their foundation; and, in 1642, the people between the Mer- 
rimac and Piscataqua annexed themselves by a free vote to 
the colony of Massachusetts Bay. 

83. Conflicting Grants. — Many scattered settlements 
were formed along the coast of Maine, and so many con- 
flicting grants were made by the crown that no lawyer could 
reconcile them. The noble rivers and safe harbors had 
attracted attention, as promising wealth through commerce. 
Few attempts were made at farming, for titles were insecure, 
and the nearness of the French threatened frequent hostil- 
ities. Moreover, furs could be taken from the forest and 
fish from the sea without leave asked of any company. So 
it happened that the English settlers were little more than 
scattered companies of adventurers. The "first court ever 
duly organized on the soil of Maine " was held at Saco, in 
1636, by William Gorges, nephew of the proprietor. The 
land between the St. Croix and the St. Lawrence had been 
given by James I. to Sir William Alexander, 7 a Scottish 
poet, and it was called Nova Scotia, from his native land; 
but the French already occupied the same region, to the 
southern part of which they gave the name of Acadia, 9 and 
it did not become a British possession until a much later 
date. 

Point out on Map No. 3, Cape Cod. Plymouth. Portsmouth. Dover. 
The boundaries of Gorges and Mason's patent' $82). Saco. Casco 
Bay. The Penobscot. The Kennebec. The original boundaries of 
Nova Scotia $83). 



NOTES. 53 



NOTES. 

1. The Puritans.— The term " Puritans " was first applied by way of de- 
rision, in 1564, to a large body of non-conformists in England who were 
not satisfied with the extent of the reformation in church affairs brought 
about by Henry VIII. They insisted upon a still further departure from 
the Church of Rome, and the introduction of purer forms of worship in 
the Established Church. They were loyal to the throne, and always had 
at heart the best interests of the Protestants. But they were rigid Calvin- 
ists,— men of austere morality yet strong integrity,— and no civil power 
could make them yield a tithe of their convictions. They willingly suf- 
fered death at the stake for their principles. During the reigns of 
Edward VI., Elizabeth, James I., and Charles I., the Puritans gradually 
increased in numbers and influence. With Cromwell and the Common- 
wealth, they came into complete control of the government. 

2. Pilgrims.— This name has been applied to such of the Puritans or Sep- 
aratists as could no longer endure the interference of the national church 
in their spiritual affairs, and who for conscience' sake left their homes in 
England to seek lands where they might worship God after their own 
manner. Their wanderings give them their distinguishing name. They 
had been told that in Holland there was " freedom for all men." The first 
band of Pilgrims, under the direction of John Robinson and William 
Brewster, reached Amsterdam in 1608. The next year they removed to 
Leyden, and many followed them from various parts of England. Ban- 
croft says of the Pilgrims: "They were Englishmen, Protestants, exiles 
for conscience, men disciplined by misfortune, cultivated by opportuni- 
ties of extensive observation, equal in rank as in rights, and bound by no 
code but that of religion or the public will." 

3. The first landing of the " Mayflower " Pilgrims was November 11th, 
on Cape Cod, near the site of the present Provincetown. Captain Miles 
Standish, with sixteen men, went on shore and explored the dreary, 
narrow strip of sand. Some distance inland they had their first sight of 
Indians. On December 11th an exploring party of seventeen men landed 
at Plymouth, but it was two weeks later before the passengers generally 
disembarked upon " Forefather's Rock." Indeed, most of the women 
and children remained on board the vessel until a rude shelter was pro- 
vided for them on the land. 

4. This was December 21st according to our present calendar. In the 
seventeenth century the difference between Old Style and New Style was 
ten days. In England, however, the old style method of reckoning dates 
was continued until 1752, when, by act of Parliament, the error was cor- 
rected. By adding ten days to the dates given in the text regarding the 
movements of the Pilgrims, we get the true dates, new style. 

5. This tract probably took its name, Maine (or the main-land), to dis- 
tinguish it from the many islands along the coast. 

6. New Hampshire was so named by Mason in remembrance of his 
old home, Hampshire, in England. 

7. Sir 'William Alexander gained little, beside the subject of a rather 
dull poem, from his vast domain; his family afterward settled in New 
York, and his descendant and namesake, William Alexander,' Lord Stir- 
ling, bore an honorable part in the war of American Independence. 

8. Acadia was granted by King Henry IV. to the Huguenot, De Moots, 
iu 1604. Besides the peninsula of Nova Scotia, it included all of New 
Brunswick and a part of Maine. De Monts was made lieutenant-general 
of the country, and at once sailed with a company to colonize his new 
possessions. Champlain and the Baron de Poutrincourt accompanied the 
expedition. They settled first upon the little island of St. Croix, in Passa- 
maquoddy Bay, but a few weeks residence served to show the disadvan- 
tages of the location. Cruising along the coast of Maine they entered 
many of its noble bays and rivers, and were delighted with the land ; but 
at all points they found the Indians hostile, and reluctantly returned to 
St. Croix. Thence, in a short time, they crossed the Bay of Fundy, and 
chose a place of settlement, to which the name Port Royal was given. 
The site was the same as the present town of Annapolis, Nova Scotia. 



54 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



The opening lines of Longfellow's beautiful poem, "Evangeline," are 
descriptive of the region of Acadia: 

"This is the forest primeval. The murmuring pines and the hemlocks, 
Bearded with moss, and in garments green, indistinct in the twilight, 
stand like druids of eld, with voices sad and prophetic, 
Stand like harpers hoar, with beards that rest on their bosoms. 
Loud from its rocky caverns, the deep-voiced neighboring ocean 
Speaks, and in accents disconsolate answers the wail of the forest. 

In the Acadian land, on the shores of the Basin of Minas, 
Distant, secluded, still, the little village of Grand-Pre 
Lay in the fruitful valley. Vast meadows stretched to the eastward, 
Giving the village its name, and pasture to flocks without number. 
Idkes, that the hands of the farmers had raised with labor incessant, 
Shut out the turbulent tides ; hut at stated seasons the flood-gates 
Opened, and welcomed the sea to wander at will o'er the meadows. 
West and south there were fields of flax, and orchards and cornfields 
Spreading afar and unfenced o'er the plain ; and away to the northward 
Blomidon rose, and the forests old, and aloft on the mountains 
Sea-fogs pitched their tents, and mists from the mighty Atlantic 
Looked on the happy valley, but ne'er from their station descended." 



CHAPTER VII. 

MASSACHUSETTS, CONNECTICUT, AND RHODE ISLAND. 

84. Salem Colony. — Eight years and more after the 
settlement at Plymouth, five vessels, bearing two hundred 
English emigrants, entered the harbor of Salem, 1 in Massa- 
chusetts Bav. Their governor, John Endicott? 

3 to ' J ' A. D. 1629. 

had preceded them, and had selected a place for 
their settlement a year before. The new-comers were Pu- 
ritans, but not Separatists: they believed in the union of 
Church and State, and the authority of the civil govern- 
ment in matters of religion; but they availed themselves of 
their freedom to drop the usages of the Church of England, 
and there was little apparent difference between them and 
their neighbors at Plymouth. 

85. The Charter. — The next year seventeen ships 
brought a thousand more emigrants, with horses, cattle, and 
whatever was needed for prosperous farming. A royal char- 
ter 3 for all the new settlements on Massachusetts Bay gave 
them leave to make their own laws and choose their own 
rulers, so long as they did nothing contrary to the statutes 
of England. Among them were men of wealth, influence, 
and high education, who, distrusting their king, thought to 
build up better homes for their children in the New World. 
Their chosen leader was John Winthrop, a man of noble char- 
acter, who continued to be either governor or deputy-gov- 
ernor of the whole colony for twenty years, until his death. 

86. Towns about Boston. — Reports of the peace and 
order to be enjoyed in Massachusetts, drew increasing crowds 
of colonists. Before 1640 many towns were planted: Rox- 
bury, Dorchester, Lynn, Charlestown, Watertown, and others. 

(55) 



56 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Shawmut, or Boston, 4 was chosen, for its "fountain of sweet 
waters " and its admirable harbor, to be the capital of the 
colony. Each separate settlement had its town meeting, in 
which every "freeman" voted for magistrates and delegates 
to the General Court. Every township was required to 
maintain a school for reading and writing; every town of a 
hundred householders must also have a Latin and Grammar 
School; and heads of families were subject to fines if they 
failed to have their children and apprentices taught. 

87. Harvard College. — A college, 5 the first in the 
United States, was established at Newtown, whose name was 

now altered to Cambridge, in memory of the En- 
glish university-town, where most of the educated 
men in the colony had spent their years of study. To en- 
dow the new college, all the people brought such things as 
they had. Those who could do no more, gave a peck of 
corn yearly. Many gave pieces of silver plate, and one rich 
man gave a flock of sheep. The Reverend John Harvard 
bequeathed to it all his books and half his estate, and it has 
ever since borne his name. The first printing-press 6 within 
the present limits of the United States was set up in the 
president's house in 1639. Its first publications were the 
"Freeman's Oath" and a "New England Almanac." 

88. Settlements on Connecticut River. — Reports of 
the rich lands in the Connecticut Valley soon reached the 
settlers on the coast. As early as 1633 a company from 
Plymouth built a fort at Windsor, on that river, and com- 
menced a fur trade with the Indians. Two years later, 
parties of emigrants from Massachusetts Bay laid the foun- 
dations of Hartford, Wethersfield, and Springfield. In June 
of 1636, a hundred persons, led by Rev. Thomas Hooker, 7 
whose sick wife was carried on a litter beside him, marched 
through the woods, driving their cattle and flocks to these 
far western settlements. 



RELIGIOUS DIFFERENCES. 57 

89. Settlements on Long Island Sound. — Two En- 
glish noblemen, Lord Say and Lord Brook, who had them- 
selves thought of settling in America, sent the younger 
Winthrop, son of the Massachusetts governor, to establish a 
fort and garrison at the mouth of the Connecticut. (A. D. 
1635.) It was ca -h e d Saybrook. Guilford, Milfard, Stratford, 
and other towns with English names were soon scattered 
along the Sound. New Haven* was founded in 1638 by a 
company of Puritans from England. John Davenport/' their 
pastor, preached to them under a spreading oak. The Bible 
was their only law-book, and members of the church their 
only freemen. 

90. Religious Intolerance. — Having crossed the ocean 
at great cost and sacrifice for the sake of enjoying a perfect 
and peaceful society, the rulers of Massachusetts Bay had no 
tolerance for opinions different from their own — less, indeed, 
than had the Pilgrims of Plymouth, who had suffered yet 
more for conscience' sake, and knew the hearts of strangers 
and exiles from their own experience in Holland (§£75, 76). 

91. The magistrates of Massachusetts Bay held themselves 
responsible, not only for the orderly conduct, but for the 
right belief and character of every soul in the colony. 
They believed that they had gone just far enough in their 
withdrawal from the English Church. Those who lagged 
behind them were regarded with suspicion ; but their heav- 
iest penalties were reserved for those who went beyond them 
in the direction of "soul-liberty." 

92. Roger Williams, 10 the eloquent and faithful young 
minister of Salem, taught that every man is answerable for 
his belief to God alone, and that governments have no right 
to interfere in matters of religion. He insisted, moreover, 
on the payment of the Indians for their lands, while the 
rulers claimed that their charter from King Charles was a 
sufficient title. For these and other differences of opinion, 



58 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Williams was exiled from the colony, and, having wandered 
fourteen weeks in cold and hunger through the wintry forests, 
^ D he reached the lands of the Narragansetts (§80). 

Their chief, Canonicus, received him with affec- 
tion, and gave him a tract of land ; here, with five compan- 
ions, he began the settlement of Providence, 11 and "desired 
it might be a shelter for persons distressed for conscience." 

93. Rhode Island. — Many such persons lived in those 
days, and of them Mrs. Anne Hutchinson, 1 ' 2 a woman of 
great gifts and independent spirit, an exile, like Williams, 
from Massachusetts Bay; William Coddington, a former 
magistrate of that colony, but a steady opponent of persecu- 
tion; John Clarke, William Aspinwall, and many others re- 
paired to the Narragansett country. They bought the 
beautiful island of Rhode Island for "forty fathoms of 
white beads," and there, in 1638, Newport was founded. 

94. The Pequod War. — Roger Williams had an early 
opportunity to do good to those who had wronged him. 
The settlers in Connecticut had for neighbors the Pequods, 
the most powerful and hostile of New England savages, who, 
enraged by the intrusion of the white men, tried to engage 
the Narragansetts and Mohegans in a league for their de- 
struction. The governor and council of Massachusetts 
wrote to Williams, who lost not a moment, but, crossing 
Narragansett Bay during a tempest in an open boat, met the 
Pequod chiefs in the wigwam of Canonicus, and, after three 
days and nights of violent discussion, persuaded the latter 
not to grant their request. 

95. The Pequods had to fight the English without aid; 
and in May, 1637, the destruction of their fort at Stoning- 
ton by only sixty men from Hartford, led to the extermina- 
tion of their tribe. The few who surrendered themselves 
were made slaves, and for forty years no serious war 
troubled the New England settlements. 



UNION OF COLONIES. 59 

96. The State of Connecticut. — In 1639, Hartford, 
Windsor, and Wethersfield joined themselves in one state 
under the first written constitution which was ever framed in 
America. In 1641 Massachusetts also adopted a "body of 
liberties," — a code of well-tried laws, securing to every per- 
son, whether resident or stranger, prompt and equal justice 
in the courts. The education of all children, the training of 
young men in military exercises, and the security of town 
meetings were among the chief cares of the law-makers. 

97. In 1643 a league of the four governments, — Mas- 
sachusetts, Connecticut, New Haven, and Plymouth — was 
formed under the name of the United Colonies of New 
England. Providence and the neighboring settlement on 
Rhode Island were not admitted, because they refused to be 
subject to Plymouth. But the League lasted forty years, and 
was of great importance as a precedent for a more extensive 
Union. 

98. The Charter of Rhode Island. — In 1644, Roger 
Williams, visiting England, obtained from Parliament a 
"free and absolute charter of civil government for the plan- 
tations on Narragansett Bay," with full power to rule them- 
selves ' ' by such laws as they should find most suitable to 
their estate and condition." The system chosen was a pure 
democracy; farmers and shepherds met on the sea-shore or 
under some spreading tree, and diseased plans for the gen- 
eral good; and though all shades of opinion were represented 
in the colony, and debate was often violent, the result was 
one of the most wise, liberal, and merciful governments that 
the world has seen. No person was ever disquieted or called 
in question for his religion; the best men were elected to 
office; and the seal of the new state expressed the principle 
of its constitution, — "Love will conquer all things." 

99. Society of Friends. — In 1656 the first "Friends" 
or "Quakers," 1 '' arrived at Boston, a people who, notwith- 



60 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

standing their pure, peaceful, and upright characters, were 
destined to be the occasion of great disturbances. They 
thought it their duty to protest against a paid ministry, civil 
oaths, military service, and several other established customs 
of society. Their consciences were, if possible, more exact- 
ing than those of the Puritan rulers, and on these points 
they were directly opposed to them. When they refused to 
leave the colony peaceably, they were publicly whipped and 
sent away; some were imprisoned; four, who persisted in 
returning after exile, were hanged on Boston Common. 
Two children, whose parents had been banished, were fined 
for non-attendance at meeting; being too poor to pay the 
fine, they were ordered to be sold as slaves in the Barba- 
does. We are glad to find that no ship-master could be 
induced to execute the commission, so that the order was 
never enforced. A large number in every community dis- 
approved, and sometimes protested against acts of intoler- 
ance, so that the sin of persecution can not be charged upon 
the mass of the people. 

ioo. John Eliot. — The people of New England were, 
as a rule, both just and merciful toward the Indians. Never 
a bushel of corn was taken from them without payment; 
and offenses against them were punished by the courts, if 
possible with greater seventy than if the victims had been 
whites. Many good ministers were at great pains to teach 
them the truths of religion: among these the most celebrated 
was the Reverend John Eliot, 11 the "Apostle of the In- 
dians. " 

101. Praying Indians. — He translated the whole Bible, 
as well as other books, into their native language. As the 
number of his disciples increased, he gathered them into the 
villages of Nonantum, Natick, and Neponset, where he taught 
them to support themselves by useful labor, and to live under 
civilized laws which he wrote for them out of the Bible. 



KING PHILIP'S WAR. 61 



These "praying Indians" numbered at one time four thou- 
sand souls. They were never fully trusted, however, by the 
whites, while they were regarded with suspicion and hatred 
by their own people. 

102. King Philip's War. — Metacom, commonly called 
Philip, chief of the Pokanokets, did not share his father, 
Massassoit's, friendship for the whites. He saw them en- 
croaching more and more upon the lands of his people, and 
in 1674, fourteen years after his accession, the smothered 
flames of his revenge burst forth. Most of the savage 
tribes joined him in a grand effort to destroy the English. 
Terror spread along all the borders of the white settlements 
from Connecticut to Maine. Farm-houses were surprised, 
women and little children murdered, and of all the men in 
the colonies one in twenty fell in battle. The Christian 
Indians were faithful to their teachers, and warned them re- 
peatedly of the coming danger. But in spite of their in- 
valuable services, it is sad to relate that they were treated 
with suspicion and contempt, and even murdered by white 
women who were filled with rage at the sight of a dark 
face. Eliot and his friend Daniel Gookin, for thirty years 
Indian superintendent in the Massachusetts colony, plead 
for reason and justice against the popular fury. 

103. On the part of the heathen Indians, it was a war of 
desperation without hope. Canonchet, chief of the Narra- 
gansetts, an ally of Philip, was taken and put to death. 
Philip was driven from his lands; his wife and son were 
captives. "My heart breaks; now I am ready to die," 
cried the chief, when he heard of their fate. His own 
people plotted against him, and he fell by a traitor's bullet. 
His only son was sold as a slave in the Bermudas. Peace 
was not restored until 1678, when two thousand Indians had 
been destroyed, 15 and the scattered remnants of the tribes 
were unable longer to resist the whites. 



62 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Point, on Map Xo. 3, to the several towns near Massachusetts Bay. 
The site of Harvard College. Eight towns in Connecticut. 

Read Palfrey's "History of New England;" Neal's "History of 
the Puritans." 

NOTES. 

1. Salem is a Hebrew word meaning peaceful. The Indian name for the 
same locality was Naumkeag. Roger Conant and three companions, 
" religious, sober, and well affected persons," left the Plymouth colony in 
1625, and, stopping for awhile on Nantasket beach, finally settled at 
Naumkeag in 1627. Conant was disposed to dispute the authority of En- 
dicott upon his arrival, but a peaceful adjustment of the controversy was 
effected ; hence the name, Salem, was chosen. 

2. "Governor Endicbtt," says Bancroft, "was a man of dauntless 
courage, and that cheerfulness which accompanies courage; benevolent, 
though austere; firm, though choleric; of a rugged nature, which his 
stern principles of non-conformity had not served to mellow." For forty 
years he played a prominent part in the colonial history ot New England. 

3. This royal charter created a corporation styled " The Governor and 
Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England," and by this instru- 
ment the Massachusetts colony regulated its affairs for more than half a 
century. The granting of this charter was regarded by the Puritans 
throughout England as a providential call to them to escape the religious 
fetters by which they were bound, and to seek new homes in that free land 
of the west, where they could worship God without restraint. Massachu- 
setts began to be talked about in every Puritan household, and plans were 
quietly laid by the heads of families to join the tide of emigration at an 
early day. These resolute men saw that their long struggle for freedom in 
England had been a failure, and now their grievances were greater than 
ever under the tyrannies of Archbishop Laud. Even closer conformity 
to the Established Church was required; Puritan clergymen were ejected 
from their livings, and persecution met them at every turn. These things 
easily account for the rapid accessions to the Salem colony, and to the 
others that soon sprang up around the shores of Massachusetts Bay. 
Within ten years from the arrival of Winthrop's expedition, it is thought 
no less than 20,000 Englishmen came to America. 

4. Boston.— The earliest settlement was made in the fall of 1630 X>y some 
of John Winthrop's party, who had first located at Mishawum (now 
( harlestown). William Blackstone had lived in the vicinity of Shawmut 
since 1623, and two other Englishmen had for some time occupied a couple 
of islands in the harbor; but these were the only white men in the region 
before Winthrop came. The settlement was called "Boston," in compli- 
ment to the Rev. John Cotton, who had been vicar in Boston, Lincoln- 
shire, England, from which locality many of the leading colonists had 
come. 

5. Harvard College.— In 1636 the general court of the colony of Mas- 
sachusetts Bay voted "the sum of four hundred pounds to form a school 
or college." One half the amount was not to be paid until the building 
was completed. The management of the institution was intrusted to a 
Board of Overseers. The Jesuit Fathers at Quebec began a structure for a 
seminary and college in 1637, one year before the foundations of Harvard 
were laid. 

6. This was not the first printing-press in America. As early as 1535, 
Catholic priests set. up a press in the city of Mexico; a second one was 
in operation at Lima, Peru, in 1586. 

7. Thomas Hooker, " the light of the Western Churches," was born in 
Leicestershire, England, in 1586. He was a cousin of the celebrated divine, 
Richard Hooker. His sermons being offensive to Archbishop Laud, he 

was compelled to stop preaching in England, and commen 1 teaching. 

For three years he preached with great power to the Puritan refugees at 



NOTES. 63 



Delft and Rotterdam. In 1630 he emigrated to New England with his 
fellow pastors, Cotton and Stone. He and Rev. Mr. Stone were associ- 
ated in their work for several years, both at Newtown (now Cambridge) 
and Hartford. Hooker died at Hartford in 1647. We cite a few lines from 
Bancroft touching the pilgrimage of Hooker and his one hundred com- 
panions to their new homes : " Traversing on foot the pathless forest, the5 r 
drove before them numerous herds of cattle ; advancing hardly ten miles 
a day through tangled woods, across the valleys, swamps, and numerous 
streams, and over the intervening highlands; subsisting on the milk of 
the kine, which browsed on the fresh leaves and early shoots ; having no 
guide through the pathless wild but the compass, and no pillow for their 
nightly rest but heaps of stones. How did the hills echo with the un- 
wonted lowing of herds! .... Never again was there such a pilgrim- 
age from the seaside to ' the delightful banks ' of the Connecticut." 

8. New Haven.— The Indian village at this point was Quinnipiack. 
The colonists paid the natives for a large tract, " twelve coats of English 
cloth, twelve alchemy spoons, twelve hatchets, twelve hoes, two dozen 
knives, twelve porringers, and four cases of French knives and scissors.'' 

9. John Davenport (b. 1598, d. 1670) preached at New Haven for thirty 
years, and then removed to Boston. He had been a noted Puritan minis- 
ter in London, and because of the success of his labors in behalf of poor 
congregations he met with the opposition of Archbishop Laud, and was 
obliged to nee to Holland. After four years residence there he came to 
America. He exerted a strong influence in the civil as well as the re- 
ligious affairs of his community. Davenport was an intense contro- 
versialist, but his integrity and ability are conceded by all who were 
familiar with his life. 

10. Roger "Williams was born in Wales, about 1606, passed with honors 
through Oxford University, England, was for a time minister in the Es- 
tablished Church, but soon joined the ranks of the Puritans. He was a 
fine -linguist, being versed in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, besides several 
modern languages. This bent of his mind led him, soon after his arrival in 
New England, to study the dialects of the neighboring Indian tribes. He 
became a master of the speech of the Narragansetts, whose language was 
understood by all of the Massachusetts Indians and by most of the tribes 
to the west aud south. Williams reached Boston early in 1631, and in a 
few weeks was called as pastor over the church at Salem. Being a Sepa- 
ratist of most decided views, he had refused to join the church at Boston 
unless it would publicly repent of having held communion in the past 
with the Church of England. This defiant stand provoked at once the 
ire of the council, and the magistrates made it so uncomfortable for him 
that he concluded to remove to the Plymouth Colony, where he had 
reason to believe the right of individual opinion was upheld. Williams 
remained in Plymouth only two years, however, and then returned to 
Salem. In 1635 he was banished from the colony by sentence of the Gen- 
eral Court for teaching: 

1st. That the title ot the Massachusetts Company, from the king, to its 
lands, was not valid, but that the Indians were the true owners. 

2d. That it was " not lawful to call a wicked person to swear, [or] to pray, 
as being actions of God's worship." 

3d. That it was wrong to listen to any of the ministers of the Parish 
Assemblies in England. 

4th. That the civil power had no authority over the opinions of men. 

A warrant was issued to seize Mr. Williams and convey him to England 
for trial, but when the officer reached Salem the offending pastor had fled. 
He went directly among his old friends, the Indians, and was received 
with kindness by the chiefs. Although Canonicus freely offered him the 
tract of land on which the colony of Providence was planted, Williams 
insisted upon paying a fair price for it. He was president of the colony 
from 1654 to 1657, and from its foundation had been the inspiring genius 
of its good fortunes. He was independent in spirit, wise in counsel, bold 
in action, forgiving in disposition, and upright in principle. A writer of 
his day judges Roger Williams from " the whole course and tenor of his 
life and conduct to have been one of the most disinterested men that ever 
lived, — a most pious and heavenly-minded soul." 

His death occurred at Providence, in 1683. 



6 4 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



11. Providence was so called by Roger Williams in recognition of the 
sustaining Providence that had preserved him amidst so many dangers 
and trials, and guided him at last to this selected spot. The incorporated 
name of the colony, according to the royal charter, was "Providence 
Plantations in Narragansctt Pay in New England." 

12. Anne Hutchinson removed from Rhode Island, in 1(542, to New 
Netherlands, and the next year, with all her family but one child, was 
murdered by the Indians. She was a second-cousin of the poet Dryden. 

13. The Quakers, or Religious Society of Friends, had their origin in 
the preaching of George Fox, of Leicestershire, England, who was born 
in 1624 and died in 1691. They were called "Quakers" because Fox ad- 
monished them to tremble at the word of God. Like the Puritans, they 
were the outgrowth of the independent religious movements of the sev- 
enteenth century. But in their departure from the prescribed worship 
of the state they were not, like the Puritans, intolerant towards those 
who did not exactly agree with them. Fox, the founder of the sect, twice 
visited America, and preached among his followers in this country two 
years with marked success. The first Quakers who came to Boston were 
two ladies, Mary Fisher and Ann Austin. Their baggage was broken 
open and examined, their religious books burned, their persons searched 
for signs of witchcraft, and both were thrown into prison, although "no 
token could be found on them but of innocence." For five weeks they 
were kept shut up in jail, and then banished from t lie colony. A law 
was enacted prohibiting the admission of Quakers, and a heavy fine im- 
posed upon any who should keep in his house one of " this accursed 
sect." A Quaker who should return after banishment was to be "im- 
prisoned, wdiipped, and otherwise punished ; " should he return again, he 
was to " lose one ear ; for the next offense, his other ear ; alter the third, 
to have his tongue bored with a red-hot iron." Notwithstanding these 
barbarous laws, the Quakers continued to come in considerable numbers, 
although some were executed. They were not afraid of persecutions. At 

.length, under the leadership of William Penn, they established one of 
the most successful of American colonies. 

14. Many anecdotes are related of John Eliot connected with his mis- 
sionary work among the Indians. He learned the Indian language from 
a servant in his family. When he first attempted to address the savages, 
and to teach them concerning God and the Bible, he was asked by one, 
"How can God understand prayers in the Indian language?" and by 
another, "How came the world so full of people if they were all once 
drowned in the flood?" He received a salary of but $250 a year, and 
nearly all of this he gave to Indians whom he found in want. Know- 
ing the extent of his generosity, the parish treasurer when paying him 
money would tie it up in his handkerchief with a dozen hard-knots, 
to prevent Mr. Eliot from giving it away before he got home. On one 
occasion, just after receiving his pay, he called upon a sick family to 
share with them his funds, and began to untie the knots successively. 
But before getting to the money he grew impatient at the delay, and 
handed over the handkerchief to the mother just as it was, saying, 
" Here, my dear, take it : I believe the Lord designs it all for you." 

15. "King Philip's War had lasted for more than a year. Thirteen 
towns had been destroyed, six hundred buildings burned, countless num- 
bers of stock of all kinds were lost, six hundred men killed in rights or 
murdered, and great numbers disabled by wounds. There was hardly a 
family without its scar of sorrow. But the power of the Indians in all 
southern New England was destroyed forever. Some escaped by flight 
into the western wilds where the white man had not penetrated ; out 
many small tribes were obliterated ; whole families had perished ; many 
who were captured were sent to the West Indies, and dragged out the re- 
mainder of their miserable lives as slaves." — Bryant. 






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CHAPTER VTTT. 



NEW NETHERLANDS. THE MIDDLE STATES. 




Hudson on the River. 



104. The Dutch Republic, 1 lately freed from Spain, 
was during the seventeenth century the foremost maritime 
nation on the globe. Its trading stations were scattered 
along the islands and coasts of Asia, and its ships pene- 
trated the remotest seas. In A. D. 1609, the Dutch East 
India Company 2 commissioned Henry Hudson, 3 an English 
captain, to seek for it a nearer passage to Asia than was yet 
known. Having visited many points on the American coast 
between Penobscot and Chesapeake bays, Hudson entered 
what is now the harbor of New York, and found himself 
at the mouth of a great river flowing between wooded 
heights to the sea. This he ascended beyond Albany, hop- 
ing to find an entrance to the Pacific Ocean. 

U.S. H.-O. (65) 



66 HISTOR V OF THE UNITED ST A TES. 

105. Five years later Adrian Block built on Manhattan 
Island a small ship called the Unrest, with which he cruised 
through Long Island Sound, discovered the Housatonic and 
Connecticut rivers, gave his name to the island which 
guards the eastern entrance of the Sound, and followed the 
coast as far as Nahant. By reason of all these discoveries, 
the land between Delaware Bay and Cape Cod was called 
New Netherlands, while the noble river which Hudson ex- 
plored has ever since borne his name. 

106. A little trading-post, called New Amsterdam, 

was soon established on Manhattan, where now 

A. D. 1613. 

stands the greatest city of the western continent. 
Another arose, in 16 14, upon the present site of Albany, and 
thither came Mohawks and other Indians to exchange the 
skins of otter, beaver, and mink for knives, beads, looking- 
glasses, and, later, the coveted fire-arms. In 1621 a Dutch 
West India Company 4 was formed, and emigration to New 
Netherlands was encouraged for purposes of trade. 

107. Like their mother country, the Dutch settlements in 
America were thrown freely open to persons of all nations 
and religions ; and before long, eighteen languages were 
spoken in New Amsterdam. The Company especially de- 
sired to secure ' ' farmers and laborers, foreigners and exiles, 
men inured to toil and penury." A free passage from 
Europe was granted to skilled mechanics. Large tracts of 
land with many privileges were offered to rich men who 
would bring out whole colonies at their own expense. Such 
persons were called patroons? and in time some of them had 
thousands of tenants on their estates. 

108. Forts and trading-houses were erected on the 
Delaware and Connecticut rivers, where Camden and Hart- 
ford now stand. But the English refused to rec- 

A. D. 1627. . . . 

Ognize any Dutch title in America; though some 
civilities were exchanged between the rulers of Plymouth 



NEW SWEDEN. 67 




"^ 



m£ 



New Amsterdam. 

and New Amsterdam, the latter were advised to obtain a 
title to their lands from King Charles I.; and not only the 
valley of the Connecticut, but a large part of Long Island 
was ultimately settled by pilgrims from Massachusetts. 

. 109. Swedes in America. — King Gustavus Adolphus, 
the greatest and best of Swedish kings, resolved to open for 
his people a refuge in America from the wars and oppres- 
sions of the Old World. His untimely death on the battle- 
field of Liitzen 6 delayed the execution of his purpose; but 
the plan was taken up by his chancellor, Oxenstiern, "one 
of the great men of all time." In the spring of 1638, two 
vessels bearing a company of Swedes and Finns entered 
Delaware Bay. 

no. All the lands bordering upon the bay and river, 
from Cape Henlopen to the falls near Trenton, were bought 
from the Indians, and named New Sweden.' A fort was 
built within the present limits of Delaware, which received 
the name of the little queen Christiana. The fame of the 
mild climate and fertile soil drew fresh arrivals of hardy 
and industrious people from the frozen shores of the Baltic. 



68 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




In 1643 Governor Printz 7 removed his residence to Tinicum 
Island, near the confluence of the Schuylkill ; and neat 

cottages and" gardens were 
soon seen within what are 
now the suburbs of Phila- 
delphia. 

in. Indian Troubles. 

— The people of New Am- 
sterdam and its neighbor- 
hood had much to fear from 
the Indians, to whom they 
first sold gin, muskets, and 
gunpowder, and then treated 
them so unjustly that they 
might be sure the weapons 
would be turned against 
themselves. Governor Kieft, 
the third of the Dutch chief 
magistrates, punished the poor savages with wanton cruelty 
for offenses which his own crimes had provoked. He was 
recalled in 1647, and Peter Stuyvesant, 8 a better man and 
a brave soldier, was sent in his place. 

112. Governor Stuyvesant visited Hartford and made 
a treaty with the English settlers, which fixed the eastern 
limit of New Netherlands on the mainland, not far from the 
present boundary of New York and Connecticut. Half of 

Long Island was ceded to the English. He 
made peace with the Indians, and to protect the 
beaver-trade on the Delaware he built a fort on the present 
site of Newcastle, near the mouth of the Brandywine. 

113. End of New Sweden, — The Swedes resented 
this intrusion, and in 1654, their governor, Rising, over- 
powered the garrison and seized the fort. But Sweden was 
not strong enough to protect her colony. Stuyvesant soon 



Peter Stuyvesant. 



THE ENGLISH IN NEW YORK. 69 

appeared with six hundred men, and, sailing up the Dela- 
ware, received the surrender of all the forts without the de- 
struction of a life. The people submitted to Dutch rule, 
and remained peaceably on their farms. New Sweden had 
existed seventeen years. 

114. Discontent in the Dutch Colony. — Though 
consciences were free in New Netherlands, the people had 
no share in the government. Citizenship meant ' ' not much 
more than a license to trade." Taxes were often oppressive. 
The Director was haughty and obstinate, replying to all re- 
monstrances, that he derived his "authority from God and 
the West India Company, not from the pleasure of a few 

-ignorant subjects." The English, who were now numerous 
in the colony, envied the greater freedom of their brethren 
in Massachusetts ; and there were few of any race who 
would not rather be subjects of England than servants of a 
trading company. 

115. English Conquest of New Netherlands. — 

During a war between England and Holland, an English 
fleet entered the harbor of New Amsterdam, and demanded 
a surrender. Stuy vesant had no power to resist ; the citizens 
had no disposition to aid him. New Amsterdam became 
New York, and Fort Orange, on the upper Hudson, was 
named Albany, from the English king's brother, 
the Duke of York and Albany, to whom the 
whole region between the Connecticut and the Delaware 
had been given. 

116. New Jersey. — The Duke in his turn bestowed the 
land between the lower Hudson and the Delaware upon 
Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. It received its 
present name from the island in the English Channel, of 
which Carteret had been governor. Eastern New Jersey, 
which fell to Carteret's share, was already settled in part by 
English Puritans. To attract immigrants, perfect freedom 



70 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



of conscience was guaranteed ; and the fertile river banks, so 
easy of access, were soon occupied by industrious and 
worthy people. 

117. Reconquest by the Dutch. — The hope of En- 
glish liberty was not immediately fulfilled to the people of 
New York. The Duke of York was a tyrant, and the groom 
of his bed-chamber, Richard Nicolls, whom he appointed to 
govern the colony, levied taxes at his own will. The people 
of Long Island complained that they were ' ' deprived of the 

privileges of Englishmen." No one was sorry 
when a Dutch fleet reappeared in New York 
Harbor, and the city was quietly surrendered after nine 
years' occupation by the English. The second Dutch rule- 
lasted, however, only fifteen months; for by the treaty of 
peace between Holland and England, the New Netherlands 
were permanently ceded to the latter. 

118. England now ruled all the Atlantic coast be- 
tween New France and New Spain; /. e., between Acadia 
and Florida. Berkeley and Carteret resumed their posses- 
sion of New Jersey. The former, now a very old man, 
soon sold his half of the territory for $5,000 to an English 
Quaker, and in 1674 John Fenwick sailed with a large com- 
pany of "Friends'' to the eastern bank of the Delaware. 
A liberal government was established at Burlington, confid- 
ing all power to the people and securing equal rights to 
every man. East New Jersey was subsequently purchased 
from the heirs of Carteret by a company of English 
"Friends,'' of whom William Penn 9 was one. 

119. Pennsylvania. — In 1681 William Penn obtained 
from King Charles II. a tract of land west of Delaware 
River, instead of a large sum of money which the king owed 
Admiral Penn, his father. The owner of Pennsylvania was 
invested with sovereign rights; but the "Quaker King" 
desired only to make a "free colony for the good and op- 



W1I.IJAM PEXX, 



V 



pressed of all nations." He had suffered in his own person 
imprisonment and persecution for conscience' sake; and he 
wished, as he said, to make the "holy experiment" whether 
perfect justice and good will toward high and low, rich and 
poor, heathen and Christian, were not a safe and sufficient 
foundation for a state. 



A. D. 1683. 



120. Purchasing land of the Swedes, who had already 
bought it of the Indians (§110) he laid out 
Philadelphia, the "city of brotherly love." In 
August of that year it contained only three or four cottages; 
two years later it numbered 

six hundred houses, and 
had a school and a printing- 
press. The Lenni Lenape 
of the surrounding region 
had been so humbled by 
the Iroquois (§24) that they 
were incapable of making 
war : their hearts were 
touched, moreover, by the 
kind and just words of 
Perm ; and the treaty which 
they made with him under 
the great elm-tree at Shack- 
amaxon, was " the only In- 
dian treaty never sworn to 
and never broken." 

121. "English freedom" was bestowed upon the 
Swedes, Finns, and Dutch, who were already numerous in 
the region. News of the very liberal constitution granted 
by Penn, drew immigrants not only from Great Britain but 
from central Europe. "Friends" from Kirchheim, near 
Worms, settled on lands then six miles from Philadelphia, 
now forming Germantown. All forms of belief were free in 




72 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Pennsylvania; superstitions were met by that calm good 
sense which is their only antidote. Only one trial for witch- 
craft ever took place; the prisoner, a Swede, was acquitted 
of the charge, though censured for disorderly conduct. (See 
§141.) 

122. Delaware. — The Duke of York, an old friend and 
comrade of Penn's father, conferred upon the son the 

"three lower counties" on Delaware Bay. They 

A. I). 1682. . . . J , J 

were included for nine years in Pennsylvania; but 
in 1 69 1 a separate governor and assembly were chosen for 
the "Commonwealth of Delaware." 

123. Duke of York becomes King. — In 1685, the 
Duke of York became King James II. of England. Penn 
used all his influence with his royal friend to secure justice 
for the oppressed, and had the joy of liberating twelve hun- 
dred "Friends" from the noisome English dungeons, where 
some of them had suffered many years for no other crime 
than obedience to their consciences. 

124. Ingratitude towards Penn. — Though the colonies 
established by Penn flourished, their proprietor became poor. 
He had spent all his fortune in the prosecution of his great 
"experiment." Many settlers refused to pay the moderate 
rent which he asked, as some little return for all his ex- 
pense ; and the liberator of so many prisoners actually went 
to jail in his old age for debt. 

Trace on Map No. 3 the course of Hudson ; of Block. Point out two 
Dutch settlements on the Hudson. Two on the Delaware and Con- 
necticut (1 108). Long Island. Two Swedish settlements on the Dela- 
ware. The three principal rivers of New Netherlands. Penn's chief 
city. The capital n( West Jersey. The boundaries of Delaware. 

Read Brodhead's "History of New York;" Chapters xxii-.wiv of 
Bancroft's "History of the United States;" Mrs. Lamb's " History of 
the City of New York;" "Lives" of William Penn by Clarkson, 
Weems, and Ellis. 



NOTES. • 73 



NOTES. 

1. The Dutch Republic, or United Netherlands, in the seventeenth 
century, embraced tlie present kingdom of Holland, and a part of Bel- 
gium. ' The remainder of Belgium constituted the Spanish Netherlands. 

2. The Dutch East India Company was chartered in 1602, with " the 
exclusive right to commerce beyond the Cape of Good Hope on the one 
side, and beyond the Straits of Magellan on the other." it had almost 
unlimited powers in respect of "conquest, colonization, and govern- 
ment," and soon became the greatest trading corporation in the world. 

3. Hudson's first two voyages to the American coast (1607 and 1608) 
were under the auspices of a company of London merchants, and for the 
purpose of finding the long-sought north-west passage to Asia. He 
cruised farther north, along the eastern shores of Greenland, than any 
navigator before him, and, when his progress was stopped by ice, sailed 
across the polar seas to Spitzbergen, and vainly tried to reach China 
through the frozen channel between that arctic island and Nova Zcmbla. 
He was not discouraged by these repeated failures, but his countrymen 
refused the means to carry on other expeditions; so he offered to sail for the 
Dutch Company, and his services were accepted. His vessel, the "Half 
Moon," was a yacht of only eighty tons burthen, and with this small craft 
lie first essayed the " north-east passage " around Nova Zembla. Finding 
it blocked with ice, as he had the year before, he turned his prow west- 
ward, and, after a stormy voyage of nearly three months, sighted the 
foggy banks of Newfoundland. Cruising south, be landed first on the 
Maine coast, then on Cape Cod (which hi' railed New Holland), and, be- 
fore entering New York harbor, explored Delaware Bay. On the 4th of 
September (1609) a boat's crew from the "Half Moon" landed on Congu 
(Coney) Island. These were the first Europeans known to have been on 
the shores of New York Bay. In 1610 Hudson made his last voyage to 
America. He sailed through the straits and discovered the bay which 
bear his name. His ship, the " Discovery," was caught in the fields of ice. 
Dissensions and mutiny broke out among his sailors, and they cast Hud- 
son and his son, with seven others, into a small shallop, and set them 
adrift among the icebergs. Their sad fate was never known, but the 
entire party must have perished from cold or starvation. 

4. The Dutch "West India Company was almost as great a monopoly 
as the East India Company. Its patent prohibited any citizen of the 
United Netherlands, for the period of twenty-two yearsj from sailing to 
the coasts of Africa or America except in the company's service. It ex- 
ercised all governmental powers over the colonies it established. Besides 
an immense fleet of merchant vessels, this great company had under its 
control thirty-two war vessels and eighteen armed yachts'. One clause in 
its charter was that "they must advance the peopling of those fruitful 
and unsettled parts," and this important feature received the first atten- 
tion of the company. Early in 162:3 their first colonists were brought to 
the shores of Hudson River, called Mauritius River by the Dutch. 

5. The Patroons, or proprietary lords of the early Dutch settlements 
of New York and New Jersey, were granted remarkable privileges, and 
clothed with almost princely powers. Provided they would bring a 
colony of fifty persons to America, they were permitted to select lands 
having a frontage of sixteen miles along any river bank, and extending 
back " so far into the country as the situation of the occupiers would per- 
mit." They appointed officers and magistrates to govern the colony, and 
their sway over the people was absolute. No man or woman could quit 
the patroon's service until the time of contract had expired, whether 
treated well or not; and the only privilege which these tenants enjoyed 
was an exemption from taxation for ten years. 

6. Lutzen is a small town in Prussian Saxony. The battle in which 
Gustavus Adolphus lost his life, occurred in November, 16:12. The Swed- 
ish kins, with 20,000 men, was opposed by the great Austrian general, 
Wallenstein, with an army of 40,000; The tide of battle wavered for some 
time, when Gustavus Adolphus rode fearlessly to the front to inspirit his 



74 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



soldiery- He received a shot in the arm and one in the back; he fell 
from his saddle, and, his foot catching in the stirrup, he was thus dragged 
by his flying horse. It is thought that the fatal wound in the back was 
caused by a traitorous cousin in his own ranks. 

7. The first director of New Sweden was Peter Minuit, a Dutchman 
who had been discharged from office in the New Netherlands settlement. 

Governor Printz was a man of immense size, weighing over four hun- 
dred pounds, a generous liver, and of violent temper. His house, Print/. 
Hall, was an elegant mansion for the times. From his fort on Tinicum 
Island he stopped every passing vessel, and levied tribute for the priv- 
ilege of trading at any point on the Delaware or Schuylkill rivers. 

8. Peter Stuyvesant was warmly welcomed by the people of New 
Netherlands when, in 1047, he came as director-general to relieve them 
from the rule of the despotic Kieft. But it did not take them long to find 
out that he was as self-willed and violent in temper as his predecessor. 
He was, however, a man of better judgment and executive ability. He 
succeeded in making peace with the Indians, and in introducing system 
and good order in the affairs of government. Stuyvesant was born in 
Holland in 1602; he lost a leg in a naval attack on the island of St. Martin 
in 1644, and had it replaced by a wooden one, bound round with silver 
rings. On account of this he was called by some of his disrespectful sub- 
jects, "old Wooden Leg" or "Silver Leg." He delighted in pomp and in 
display of authority. As an instance, when he landed at New Amster- 
dam as the new 7 governor of the colony, one of the writers of the time 
says, he " strutted like a peacock, with great state and pomp ; " and, being 
met by a deputation of the leading citizens, who took off their hats as a 
mark of respect, the governor "let them wait bareheaded for several 
hours, he himself keeping on his hat as if he was the Czar of Muscovj : 
nobody was offered a chair, while he seated himself very comfortably on 
a chair, the better to give the welcomers an audience." 

Alter surrendering New Netherlands, Peter Stuyvesant lived quietly 
for eighteen years on his farm, which lay upon both sides of the street 
now called the Bowery, in New York City. He died at the age of eighty, 
and his remains are now in a vault in St. Marks Episcopal Church, N. Y. 

9. "William Penn was the son of a distinguished English admiral. 
He was born in London in 1644. From his father he inherited force of 
character and sprightliness of disposition ; and from his mother, a strong 
religious temperament. He entered Oxford University at the age of 
fifteen. During his first year there he heard the preaching of Thomas 
Lee, an eminent "Friend," and became impressed with his simple doc- 
trines. He grew more and more to dislike the forms and ceremonies of the 
Anglican Church, and rebelled against the conformity to them required 
in the University. He refused to wear a surplice himself, and incited a 
few of his comrades to join him in tearing off the surplices worn by other 
students. For this he was expelled. During the next few years he 
traveled in Holland, France, and Ireland, was often presented'at court, 
and led quite a gay life. But again falling in with the Quaker preacher, 
Lee, he became a convert to his views, and adopted the garb and the pro- 
fessions of the Society of Friends. He gave up his luxurious habits of 
living, and began zealously to speak and write in favor of the new doc- 
trines. He was thrown into prison for heresy, but improved the time 
passed in his cell by writing more vigorously than ever. He was a man 
of strong conscientious convictions, and without a particle of fear. On 
the death of his father in 1670, William Penn came into possession of a 
Large estate. The grant to Penn comprised 40,000 square miles in the wil- 
derness of America, which King Charles named Pennsylvania. Penn 
wished to call the territory New Wales or Sylvania, but the kins replied 
that he was " godfather to the country, and would bestow the name." 

When James II. was deposed and in exile (A. D. 1692), William Penn 
was accused of treasonable correspondence with him. On the strength 
of this charge, his title to Pennsylvania was annulled; lint a long and 
severe trial proved his innocence, and his flourishing province in the 
New World was restored to him. The business embarrassments of his 
later life affected his health and spirits. In 1712 a stroke of apoplexj 
greatly impaired his mind; though his death, in Berkshire, did not occur 
until six years later. 



CHAPTER IX. 

ENGLISH REVOLUTIONS. THE SOUTHERN COLONIES. 

125. Important changes took place in England during 
the seventeenth century, which had their influence in 
America. The Puritans (§§74, 75, Note 1., p. 53) were 
now a majority of the great middle class of the people and 
of Parliament. They were the party of freedom in civil as 
well as religious matters, and they soon came into collision 
with Charles I., the second of the Stuart kings, whose ideas 
of royal authority were as absolute as his father's (§74). 
To escape their opposition, he tried for many years to rule 
without a parliament, and to support his government by 
forced loans. Want of money compelled him, however, to 
summon the representatives of the people, and he found 
them even less obedient than before. 

126. Civil War in England at length broke out. 
Multitudes of families sought peace and security in America. 
The king, after many defeats, was taken pris- 
oner, tried, condemned, and beheaded. The 

last parliament which lie summoned, voted itself perpetual 
by an act which the king signed. It is hence called the 
Long Parliament, for it continued in session twelve years. 
It contained many warm friends of the New England colo- 
nies ; but the latter were careful to ask no favors, lest they 
should confess themselves dependent. 

127. Oliver Cromwell, 1 the head of the army, at length 
dissolved the Long Parliament, and made himself chief ruler 
of England with the title of Lord Protector of 

° A. D. 1653-165S 

the Commonwealth. He was a great man, and 

England was never more respected than when governed by 

(75) 



■J 6 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

him. But the power of the Commonwealth ended with his 
life; for his son Richard, who inherited his title, had not 
the strength to keep it. 

128. In 1660 Charles II.' 2 was called to occupy his 
father's throne.' He came with grand ideas of his powers 
and privileges as a king, and in four years gave away half 
of North America to men who had shared his exile or 
helped in his restoration. During the same years several 
new Navigation Acts gave to English merchants all the bene- 
fit of colonial trade. No goods could reach the colonies 
except in English ships; even the exchanges of one colony 
with another were loaded with heavy duties. Americans 
could buy foreign goods only in England, and must sell in 
England all their products which the English merchants 
would take; the rest must be sold "south of Cape Finis- 
terre," so as to compete as little as possible with the interests 
of the mother-country. Under such ungenerous restrictions, 
it is needless to say, American merchants had little chance 
of success, for they bore all the risks and losses, while re- 
ceiving scarcely any of the profits of European trade. 

129. Conflicting Grants. — Probably the years of the 
king's exile had not been devoted to the study of geogra- 
phy, for while restoring Acadia to the French he renewed a 
grant of Nairn Scotia to Sir Thomas Temple, who had suc- 
ceeded the original proprietor ($83). He bestowed upon 
Connecticut — now made to include Saybrook and New 
Haven — all the land between Narragansett River and the 
Pacific Ocean, together with a new and very liberal charter; 
and at the same time he gave to his brother, the Duke of 
York, the tract between the Delaware and Connecticut 
rivers. (See ^115.) Wiser men than King Charles had as 
yet no true idea of the breadth of the American continent, 
and the boundary lines of several colonies, extending from 
ocean to ocean, were hopelessly entangled. It was under 



XORTH AXD SOUTH CAROLIXA. 77 



the charter of Charles II. that Connecticut originally held 
the lands in Ohio, since known as the "Western Reserve," 
which afforded the basis of her school-fund. 

130. The Carolinas. n — Hitherto both French (§§44-47) 
and English (§§51-54) had failed to make any lasting settle- 
ments in the southern half of the United States. In 1663 
Charles II. granted to eight of his courtiers 4 the whole vast 
country southward of Virginia, and extending beyond the 
Mississippi on the west. Here the English dukes and earls 
resolved to set up an empire with all the parade of ranks 
and ceremonies to which they were accustomed in Europe. 
To this end, John Locke, 5 the great philosopher, together 
with Lord Shaftesbury, drew up a "Grand Model" of gov- 
ernment. The country was divided, — on the map, — into 
provinces of nearly half a million acres, each to be governed 
by a landgrave, with a whole order of nobles under him. 
No settler was to vote unless he owned fifty or more acres 
of land; the tillers of the soil were to be serfs, and beneath 
them were slaves. 

131. The "Model" proved to be too "grand" for the 
woods and marshes of the American wilderness. The farm- 
ers and lumbermen near Albemarle Sound, while awaiting 
the arrival of their baronial lords, struck out a plan of gov- 
ernment better suited to their present needs ; and the pro- 
prietors at last consented to its adoption, only reserving to 
themselves an annual rent of a half-penny per acre, and the 
right to appoint two governors, the one for the northern, the 
other for the southern part of the territory. 

132. The Albemarle settlement, though within the original 
limits of Virginia, was now made the nucleus of North 
Carolina. Its first governor was William Drummond, a 
Scotchman and a sincere lover of liberty, who afterwards 
lost his life in Bacon's Rebellion (§69). Its numbers were 
increased by emigrants from New England, and by a colony 



78 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

of ship-builders from the Bermudas. A company from Bar- 
badoes settled on the south bank of the Cape Fear River, fi 
and prospered so well in the exportation of staves, shingles, 
and boards to the islands whence they came, that in 1666 
they numbered eight hundred souls. 

133. The first settlement 7 in South Carolina was 
planted by the proprietors themselves, who sent out three 
shiploads of emigrants in 1670, at their own expense. After 
one or two experiments a site was chosen at the confluence 
of the Ashley and Cooper rivers; and in the midst of 
ancient forests, brightened in the spring by yellow jasmine, 
a little village was begun which received the name of 
Charleston in honor of the king. 

134. French Colonists. — The genial climate attracted 
crowds of settlers/ Among others were thousands of 
French Protestants," whose own land was made intolerable 
by persecution, though, strangely enough, they were for- 
bidden to leave it under penalty of death. Their industry, 
intelligence, and high moral character were what the new 
colony most needed, and their gentleness and refinement of 
manners made a lasting impression upon the society of South 
Carolina. 

135. Their plantations of pears, olives, and mulberry trees 
soon extended along the Cooper and Santee rivers. Rice 
was introduced from Madagascar, and was found well suited 
to the .lowlands ; indigo flourished, and cotton at a later day 
became the most important staple. The heat of the sum- 
mers made labor in the forests and rice-swamps fatal to 
white men, and negroes 10 were imported in greater numbers 
than to any other colon)'. In a few years they constituted 
nearly two thirds of the population. 

136. Monmouth's Rebels. — In 1685 Charles II. died, 
and his brother, the Duke of York, became King James the 
Second. His nephew, the Duke of Monmouth, rebelled 



ANDROS AS ROYAL GOVERNOR. 79 

against him and tried to seize the crown. The movement 
was put down, and its leader beheaded, but a cruel venge- 
ance was taken upon all who were suspected of having part 
in it. Hundreds were sold as indented servants to work 
in the tobacco fields of Virginia, and their wealth, with the 
price paid for them, went to enrich the king's courtiers. 
But Virginia was more merciful than her sovereign. In 
1689 these exiles Avere set free, and many of them became 
honored citizens of the colony. 

137. Covenanters in New Jersey. — King James's 
persecutions of the Covenanters 11 in Scotland led thousands 
of worthy people to emigrate to New Jersey. Here, instead 
of being hunted among dens and caves of the mountains, 
they went to work in peace and security upon fertile fields ; 
schools and churches multiplied, and it was soon said 
"there is not a poor body, nor one that wants, in all the 
colony." 

138. Andros as Royal Governor. — As duke, James 
had unwillingly granted a free constitution to his province 
of New York; but becoming king, he took it away, and 
forced the people to buy new titles to their farms from his 
agents. After several changes he intrusted Sir 

to & A. D. 16S6. 

Edmund Andros 1 -' with the government of all the 
country from the Delaware to the St. Croix. Boston, then 
the "largest English town in the New World," was the 
capital of one great despotism. All discussion in town- 
meetings was forbidden ; public funds for schools and char- 
ities were confiscated; and when it was represented that 
the new and enormous taxes would ruin the colonies, the 
oppressors answered, "It is not for his Majesty's interest 
you should thrive." 

139. Lost Charters. — The great seal of Rhode Island 
was broken, and its government overthrown. The charter 
of Connecticut was demanded by Andros in person. It 
disappeared during the discussion, and is said to have been 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



concealed in the hollow trunk of an old oak, 13 which stood 
nearly two centuries later, a beloved and venerated relic of 
colonial times. Andros wrote Finis at the end of the 
records of Connecticut, but happily his power, like his 
master's, was short-lived. The revolution which ended the 
short reign of James, restored some degree of order and 
freedom to the colonies (A. D. 1689). 

Point out on Map No. - the various territories granted by Charles II. 
The first city in South Carolina. The limits of Andros's government. 

NOTES. 

1. Oliver Cromwell was born A. D. 1599, and died in 1658. His is one 
of the great names in history. Cromwell's military genius and practical 
statesmanship are admitted even by bis enemies. "Never," says Macau- 
lay, " was any ruler so conspicuously born for sovereignty. Insignificant 
as a private citizen, he was a great general ; be was a still greater prince." 
With the Puritans, be advocated religious liberty; but, like them, he was 
not tolerant towards those who (littered from him. His personal ambi- 
tion was great, but he refused kingship when it was ottered to him. Yet 
( rnm well's rule was as absolute as any king's: his word was law through- 
out his reign. During the persecution of English Puritans by Charles I., 
Cromwell and Hampden are said to have taken passage for America; 
but, being discovered on board the vessel before starting, they were or- 
dered by the king to disembark. In after years the lord-protector took 
great interest in the Puritan colonies of the New World, and proffered 
them aid against the encroachments of the New Netherlanders. 

2. Upon the accession of Charles II. to the throne of England, the 
Massachusetts colonists appealed to him "as a king who had seen adver- 
sity, and who, having himself been an exile, knew the hearts of exiles." 
They besought him for -'a continuance of civil and religious liberties," 
and in response King Charles wrote a letter assuring them of his good 
will. He granted them amnesty for past offenses, and urged them to re- 
peal all laws which might be opposed to his royal authority. The Nav- 
igation Acts bore heavily upon the people <>f New England, and they sent 
agents to remonstrate with Charles against the injustice of such laws. 
But the constant infringement of their charter of liberties, under the 
open sanction of the king, was hardest to be borne. All entreaty, how- 
ever, was in vain. In hist the Massachusetts charter was declared to be 
forfeited. Charles II. was ever ready with pleasant promises, but few of 
them were kept. He was supremely selfish and Impure in character. 
His reign was one of the most corrupt in English history. He died of 
apoplexy in 1(385. 

3. Carolina.— A grant of the "Province of Carolana" was made by 
Charles I. in K>:iO, to Sir Robert Heath, who afterwards disposed of his 
title to Lord Maltravers. The owners of this claim disputed the rights 
of the courtiers of Charles II. under their charter of 1663. The Virginia 
Assembly had made numerous trading grants along the Roanoke River 
and Albemarle Sound as early as 1643, and a few years later some New 
England colonists selected tracts of land on the ('ape Fear and Chowan 
rivers. These conflicting claims were the cause of much unpleasant feel- 
ing in the early days of the Carolinas. 

4. The Earl of Clarendon, the Duke of Albemarle, Lord Craven, Lord 
Ashley Cooper, Sir John Colleton, Lord John Berkeley, Sir William Berk- 
eley, and Sir George Carter. 

5. John Locke was born in 1632 and died in 1704. He attended the 
University at Oxford. His great philosophical treatise is an " Essay on 



NOTES. 81 



the Human Understanding." Locke's system of philosophy became at 
once widely popular, and exerted a marked influence upon the thought 
of the civilized world. 

6. This settlement was probably about twenty-five miles from the 
mouth of Cape Fear River. It was called Charles-town. Sir John Yea- 
mans was chosen governor of the province called Clarendon, which ex- 
tended as far south as the St. John's River in Florida. 

7. This settlement was under the direction of Captain William Sayle 
and Joseph West. Both were afterwards governors of South Carolina. 
The vessels landed first at Port Royal, at that time the best known harbor 
on the coast, and then sailed to a point a few miles up the Ashley River,— 
"the first high land that seemed convenient for tillage and pasturing." 
Here the immigrants planted a town and built log houses. The site did 
not prove advantageous, and it was not many years before all the settlers 
had removed to the present location of Charleston. 

8. Several ship-loads of Dutch emigrants came from Holland and from 
New Amsterdam ; a company of hardy and intelligent Scotchmen sought 
new homes in South Carolina; and large numbers of English, both 
Churchmen and Dissenters, swelled the tide of emigration. The king of 
England sent out, at his own expense, a small band of Protestant work- 
men to introduce the productions of southern Europe. 

9. These were Huguenots. A century before this the great Huguenot 
leader Coligny (§44i had selected the shores of Carolina as a place of 
refuge for their persecuted ancestors. During the three years, 1686-1688, 
one million inhabitants are believed to have tied from France because of 
the persecutions by Louis XIV. Besides those who came to America, 
thousands went to England, Switzerland, and Holland. 

10. Negro slaves were brought to the first plantations on Ashley 
River in 1671. 

11. The Covenanters, or Cameronians, were a sect of Presbyterian 
dissenters in Scotland who rebelled against the use of the liturgy which 
King James I. hail forced upon them. In 1638 they entered into a covenant 
"in behalf of true religion and freedom of the kingdom." Five years 
later they formed a new covenant far bolder and more sweeping in its 
terms than the first. They held firmly to their avowed principles 
throughout the reigns of James II. and Charles II., and by their tenacity 
incurred the displeasure of these sovereigns. In 16. r >0 Charles himself, 
when in exile, had signed the covenant for the sake of gaining popu- 
larity and regaining the crown; but after the Restoration he shamefully 
broke the covenant and cruelly persecuted the Covenanters. Richard 
Cameron was the founder of this sect. 

12. Sir Edmund Andros was governor of New York from 1674 to 1682; 
of New England from ItiSli to 1689; and of Virginia from 1692 to 1698. His 
appointment as governor-general was very displeasing to the Puritans. 
His first acts were arbitrary, and he enforced them rigidly. Not only in 
civil affairs, but in matters pertaining to worship, did he violate the long 
established customs of the people, lie decreed that no marriage should 
be regarded as legal unless the ceremony was performed by a minister of 
the Church of England. His rule became so oppressive that the people of 
Boston could endure it no longer, and they deposed him by force of arms. 
He was arrested, and twice escaped from prison, but both times was re- 
captured. He was permitted after awhile to return to England. The 
private character of Governor Andros was not bad, and his despotic acts 
were simply the fulfillment of the policy of his king. 

13. Charter Oak.— Tins famous tree stood on the grounds of Samuel 
Wallys in Hartford, and was blown down during a severe storm in 1856. 
It was in 1687 that Governor Andros appeared with a band of soldiers, and 
commanded the General Court to deliver to him the royal charter of Con- 
necticut. Governor Treat eloquently argued the rights of his people to 
their charter, which had been endeared to them by so many hardships 
and sufferings in its defense. The instrument was in a box on the table 
in front of him while he spoke. Suddenly the candles were put out, and 
in the darkness and confusion Captain Wadsworth, of Hartford, seized 
the box and bore the precious charter safely to the hollow oak, where it 
remained for a long time. 

U. S. H.-6. 



82 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Thirteen English Colonies. 

Virginia. — Settled first at Jamestown, 1607. 

New York. — Settled first at New York (by the Dutch) 1614; be- 
came English, 1664. 

Massachusetts. — Settled first at Plymouth, 1620; at Salem, 1629. 

New Hampshire. — Settled first at Portsmouth, 1623; became a royal 
province, 1675. 

Connecticut. — Settled first at Windsor, 1633; at New Haven, 1638. 

Maryland. — Settled first at St. Mary's, 1634. 

Rhode Island. — Settled first at Providence, 1636; at Newport, 
1638. 

Delaware. — Settled first at Christiana (by Swedes) 1638; granted 
to Penn, 1682. 

Pennsylvania. — Settled first near Philadelphia, 1643; granted to 
Penn, 1 681. 

North Carolina. — Settled first near Albemarle Sound, 1663. 

New Jersey. — Settled first at Elizabethtown, 1665. 

South Carolina. — Settled first at Charleston, 1670. 

Georgia. — Settled first at Savannah, 1733. 

English Sovereigns during the First Colonial Period. 

ELIZABETH, A. D. 1 558-1603, authorized adventures of Frobisher, 
Davis, Drake, Gilbert, and Raleigh (^50-54). 

James I., A. D. 1603-1625, gave charters to the London and Plym- 
outh companies; made laws for Virginia; wrote a "Counterblast" 
against tobacco; offended English Puritans, who took refuge in Hol- 
land and America (%55, 74-76). 

Chari.ks I., A. D. 1625-1649, gave charter to Massachusetts and 
proprietary patent for Maryland; at the end of civil war with Parlia- 
ment, was condemned and beheaded (% 70, 85, 125, 126). 

CHARLES II., A. D. 1660-1685, gave popular charters to Connecticut 
and Rhode Island ; proprietary patents for all the country east of the 
Kennebec, and west and south of the Connecticut as far as Florida and 
the Mississippi; renewed "Navigation Acts" which bore heavily on 
the colonies (^128-130). 

James II., A. D. 1685-1688, as Duke of York, proprietor of eastern 
Maine, New York, and New Jersey; asking, sends Andros to govern 
all the colonies east of the Delaware (%I22, 123, 129, 136, 139). 



QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.— Part I. 



Section 

1. What is known concerning the Mound Builders? 1-4 

2. Mow did men first reach America? 5 

3. Describe the cruises of the Icelanders. 6-10 

4. Sketch the main physical features of the United States. 12-19 

5. Sketch the appearance, customs, and tribal divisions of 

the North American Indians. 20-29 

6. What led to the re-discovery of America? 30, 31 

7. Tell the story of Columbus. 3-^j u 

8. Describe the consequent maritime adventures of En- 

glish, Portuguese, and Spaniards. 37-4° 

9. Describe the inland explorations of Narvaez, De Solo, 

and Coronado. 

10. French adventures and early attempts at settlement. 

11. What was done in New York by Champlain and the 

French missionaries? 

12. Describe the Spanish explorations and settlements in 

the south-west. 

13. Describe the English voyages and vain attempts at set- 

tlement. 

14. Describe the first English colony that kept its ground. 

15. How was Virginia governed? 

16. Tell the story of Bacon's rebellion. 

17. Describe the foundation and government of Maryland. 

18. Describe the movements of English Puritans and Inde- 

pendents. 

19. Describe the foundation of the Plymouth Colony. 

20. Describe the settlements east of the Merrimac. 

21. Describe the beginnings of Massachusetts and Harvard 

College. 

22. Describe the beginning of Connecticut. 

23. Describe the beginning of Rhode Island. 

24. How were religious differences regarded in Massachu- 

setts? 

25. Describe the Pequod War. 

(83) 



4', 


42 


43 


-46 




47 




48 


49 


-54 


55 


-62 


63-67 


68, 


69 


70- 


"73 


74- 


-76 


77 


-81 


82, 


83 


84 


-87 


88, 


89 


92, 


93 


90-94, 


99 


94, 


95 



84 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Section 

26. How were the several colonies governed ? 96, 98 

27. How were Indians treated and regarded ? 100-102 

28. Describe King Philip's War. 102, 103 

29. What was done by the Dutch in exploring and 

occupying New Netherlands? 104-108 

30. What by the Swedes? 109, no 
51. What changes were made under Governors Kieft 

and Stuyvesant? 111-115 

32. How was New Jersey first settled ? 116, 118, 137 

^^. On what principles was Pennsylvania founded? 119-121 

34. What other state belonged to Perm? 122 

35. What changes occurred in England during the 

seventeenth century ? 125-127 

36. What was done by King Charles II. ? 128-130 

37. Describe the settlement and government of the 

Carolinas. I 3° _I 3S 

38. Describe the character and policy of James II. 117, 1 36-139 



PART II.— GROWTH OF THE COLONIES. 



CHAPTER X. 

PARLIAMENTARY RULE. 



140. Revolution in England. — James II. had been 
King of England only three years when the Whig or liberal 
party, grown strong by his tyrannies, called his son-in-law 
and daughter, the Prince and Princess of Orange, to super- 
sede him on the throne. The accession of 

•1 A. D. 1688 

William and Mary was hailed with great joy' by 
the people of New England, who hastened to throw off the 
hated government of Andros and resume all their chartered 
rights. A new charter, which was granted in 1690, incor- 
porated the "Old Colony' - of Plymouth with Massachusetts, 
and added to the latter all the country between the eastern 
boundary of New Hampshire and the St. Lawrence. 

141. Salem Witchcraft. 2 — One or two towns in Mas- 
sachusetts became about this time the victims of a strange 
delusion. All the world then believed in the possibility of 
possession by evil spirits. The witch — usually some help- 
less and harmless old woman — was supposed to issue from 
her chimney at night, and ride on a broomstick or on the 
wings of the wind to some assembly of demons. The 
accused found it impossible to prove their innocence; for 
envy and spite seized the opportunity afforded by the pre- 
vailing panic, and even religion, commonly the protector of 
the wronged, was now enlisted against them. 

142. Twenty innocent persons were put to death as 

(85) 



86 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



witches, and fifty-five more were only saved by false con- 
fessions extorted by torture, before the people awoke from 
their horrid dream. Then Justice Sewall, who had pro- 
nounced sentence against some of the accused, made public 
confession of his error in the Old South Church at Boston, 
and to the end of a long life the good man never failed to 
renew this act of penitence at each annual Fast- day. 

143. Death of Leisler. — The Dutch people of New 
York were rejoiced at the accession of their countryman, 
the Prince of Orange. In the absence of Andros and his 
lieutenant, they made Jacob Leisler their chief magistrate 
until instructions could be received from England. On the 
arrival of Sloughter, the new governor, with a commission 
from William III., Leisler sent to surrender the fort. But 
Sloughter chose to consider him as a traitor, and in an hour 
of drunkenness signed a warrant for his execution. All the 
other colonies willingly acknowledged William and Mary as 
their sovereigns. 

144. The English Revolution settled three important 
principles for all English-speaking nations: that a bad king 
may rightly be deposed ; that Parliament may alter and 
decide the succession to the throne; and in general, that 
governments exist for the benefit of the people, and not for 
the selfish advantage of their rulers. The establishment of 
this last principle was a long step toward that greater revo- 
lution which made the L/nited States independent of Great 
Britain ; but for a time they were subject to a more irksome 
despotism than before, namely, that of the English Parlia- 
ment. 

145. Board of Trade. — In 1696 colonial matters were 
intrusted to a "Board of Trade and Plantations," consisting 
of five high officers of the crown and eight special commis- 
sioners. This Board was to study how to "make the col- 
onies most useful and beneficial to England;" to revise the 



ENGLAND'S COLONIAL SYSTEM. 87 

acts of the provincial governments, and see how all their 
money was expended. 

146. Plans for Union. — For the sake of the common 
defense, the Board recommended a closer union of the col- 
onies. Postal service, already existing between Boston and 
New York, was now extended, and letters could be carried 
eight times in the year from Philadelphia to the Potomac ! 
William Penn drew up a plan for the union of the American 
states by means of a general congress. But the time had 
not come for union. If it had been effected then, it would 
have been under a military despotism. 

147. The ''Mercantile System," which was already 
ruining the colonies of Spain, was now adopted in its full 
force by England. The Navigation Acts (§128) were re- 
newed and stringently enforced. England was to be the 
only market and the only storehouse for colonial commerce. 
Wool, being the staple export of England, was forbidden to 
be carried out of any colony upon horse, cart, or ship. 
Even a sailor in want of clothes must not buy more than 
forty shillings' worth in any American port, and even this 
small purchase was soon forbidden. Not a pine tree could 
be felled on common lands except by the king's license. 
Later, all iron-works were prohibited. 

148. Courts of Admiralty. — As colonial juries would 
not pronounce men guilty for evading laws like these, new 
"Courts of Admiralty" were established to try all offenses 
against the Navigation Laws. Among the greatest injuries 
inflicted by Parliament upon the southern colonies was the 
forced increase of the slave trade. Virginia and Carolina 
made repeated attempts in their popular assemblies to stop 
the importation of negroes from Africa. But Queen Anne, 
the successor of William IIP, was, by the terms of her 
treaty' with Spain, the greatest slave-merchant in the world. 
Many English lords and capitalists, also, had large shares in 



88 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



the traffic; and for their advantage Parliament reversed the 
acts of the colonial assemblies, and forced every American 
port to receive men as merchandise. 

149. Literary Progress. — The twelve colonies now 
numbered about two hundred thousand people. At the ac- 
cession of Queen Anne, in 1702, they had three colleges: 
Harvard in Massachusetts, Yale in Connecticut, and William 
and Mary in Virginia. There was no newspaper printed as 
yet upon the western continent; but in 1704 the Boston 
News Ldto\ the first American journal, was established. It 
was a small sheet which merely reported facts and never 
meddled with opinions. There were but two public libraries 
in the whole country; one was in Massachusetts and the 
other in South Carolina. 

150. Georgia. — One more state was yet to be added to 
the cluster of English colonies on the Atlantic. The great 
proprietors of the Carolinas (see §130), weary of endless dis- 
putes with the people concerning rents, taxes, and political 
rights, surrendered their claims to the crown. A part of 
the surrendered territory was bestowed by King George II. 
on General Oglethorpe 4 " in trust for the poor." Oglethorpe 
was not only a famous soldier, but a good and benevolent 
man. As a member of Parliament, his attention was called 
to the wretched condition of persons imprisoned for debt 
under then-existing laws of England. Their sufferings 
seemed to him needless as well as cruel, while the great, 
rich lands of America were lying untenanted; and he re- 
solved to open in the New World a refuge for the unfortu- 
nate of every name. 

151. He himself came over with the first settlers, and 

lived for a year in a tent, where he afterwards 

laid out the broad avenues and spacious squares 

of Savannah. The colony was named Georgia, in honor 

of the king. The neighboring Indians were justly treated, 



OGLETHORPE IN GEORGIA. 



89 



and they repaid the kindness of Oglethorpe by the same 
loving fidelity which their northern brethren had shown to 
Penn. German Lutherans and Moravians, Swiss Calvinists, 
and Scotch Covenanters were among the early settlers of 
Georgia. 

152. So long as he remained with the colony, Oglethorpe 
refused to admit either slaves 
or rum, though the latter 
would have been received 
at a great profit in exchange 
for the pine-timber which 
was the chief natural wealth 
of Georgia. The great En- 
glish preachers, John 5 and 
Charles Wesley, who visited 
America in 1736, strongly 
opposed negro slavery ; but 
Whitefield," a no less cele- 
brated preacher, whose won- 
derful eloquence swayed all 
hearts, approved and recom- 
mended it ; and after Ogle- 




James Oglethorpe. 



thorpe's departure African servants were soon introduced. 

153. Spain, meanwhile, claimed the whole territory of 
Georgia as her own ($45)- Foreseeing war, Oglethorpe 
built forts at Augusta, at Darien, and at Frederica, and 
brought a regiment of soldiers from England. War was 
declared in Europe in 1739; and in the following winter 
General Oglethorpe invaded Florida, captured two fortified 
posts, and besieged St. Augustine, though without success. 
In return the Spaniards invaded Georgia, but after a severe 
defeat at Bloody Marsh, on St. Simon's Island, they sailedf 
away to Florida with their forces much diminished. 

154. In 1743 Oglethorpe left the colony which he had 



90 HIS FOR Y OF THE UNITED STATES. 

spent ten years in founding, and returned to England, where 
for forty years he was known as a warm friend of America. 
Considered as an institution of charity, Georgia was not 
altogether a success: the people who had failed to support 
themselves in England, had seldom the courage and industry 
needed for life in the wilderness. Happily, more energetic 
settlers were not wanting, and Georgia became in time one 
of the richest and most thriving colonies. 

Point out on Map No. 3 the enlarged boundaries of Massachusetts 
(# 140). Savannah. St. Augustine. Augusta. Darien and Frederica. 

NOTES. 

1. King William had always been opposed to France and to Cathol- 
icism, and as the conquest of New France was now the great ambition of 
New England, it was hoped by the latter that a common sentiment 
would unite England and the northern colonies. 

2. The spread of this delusion among the intelligent classes is almost 
incredible. It was not confined to America, but had a much wider prev- 
alence in France. Switzerland, and Germany. In England and Scotland 
four thousand witches were put to death during the seventeenth century. 
Among the most ruthless opponents of witchcraft in the colonies was the 
Reverend Cotton Mather, then a young minister, whose remarkable 
learning gave a fatal importance to his opinions. His book, entitled 
" Wonders of the Invisible World," was approved both by the governor of 
the state and by his father, the president of Harvard. 

3. In the words of the treaty: "Her Britannic Majesty does offer and 
undertake, by persons whom she shall appoint, to bring into the West 
Indies of America belonging to his Catholic Majesty in the space of thirty 
years, one hundred and forty-four thousand negroes, at the rate of four 
thousand eight hundred in each of the said thirty years." It was further 
agreed that the exclusive slave-trade of all Spanish America, as well as of 
the British possessions, should be in the Queen's hands. 

4. James Edward Oglethorpe was horn in London in 1688, and 
entered the army al the age of fourteen. He served against the Turks in 
1716-'17, and in 1722 was elected to Parliament, holding his seat for thirty- 
two years. Oglethorpe returned to England from America in 1743, and 
served as major-general against the Pretender in 171"). In 17(35 he was 
made General of all His Majesty's forces, when he retired upon half-pay. 
His death occurred in 1785. 

5. John Wesley (6. 1703, d. 1791) was the founder of Methodism. He 
graduated at Oxford in 1727, and the following year was ordained priest 
in the English Church. From 17211 to 1735 he was an instructor at Oxford, 
where he became the leader of a set of pious young men, who were de- 
risively called ".Methodists," from their methodical mode of living. In 
1735, Oglethorpe persuaded Wesley to go to Georgia as a missionary. He 
was accompanied by his brother Charles and two Oxford friends; his 
principal object being the conversion of the Indians. It w;us upon this 
journey thai Wesley met with some Moravian missionaries, who so im- 
pressed him that, immediately upon his return to England, he com- 
menced the study of their doctrines, which finally led to his establishing 
the Methodist Church. 

6. George Whitefleld. ib. 1714, d. 1770), an associate of the Wesleys at 
Oxford, was the most remarkable preacher of his day,— his audiences fre- 
quently numbering ten thousand persons. He was deeply interested in 
extending Methodist doctrines, and visited the American colonies no less 
than seven times, preaching wherever he went. His death, from asthma, 
occurred al Newburyport, Mass. 



CHAPTER XI. 



FRENCH COLON IKS. 




^ 



Marquette on the Mississippi. 



155. While Englishmen 
thus occupied the Atlantic 
coast, French adventurers 
were laying the foundations 
of several important states 

in the great central valley, and along the southern shores of 
our country. Missionaries, traders, and soldiers were the 
three classes who successively planted the lily-standard of 
France by the lakes of central New York and the north- 
west, along, the Mississippi and its branches, and by the 
Mexican Gulf. The Franciscan and Jesuit Fathers' were 
moved by zeal for the souls of the savage heathen; and the 
bells of their little chapels broke the silence of many a wil- 
derness far from the dwellings of white men. 

(91) 



92 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



156. In 1673 Father Marquette,' 2 with six Frenchmen, 
made his way, first of Europeans, to the upper waters of the 
Mississippi, and descended it in boats as far as the mouth 
of the Arkansas. Michigan traces its origin to Marquette, 
who established the missions of St. Mary and St. Ignace. 
At Kaskaskia he became, in 1675, the founder of Illinois. 

157. Fur-traders. — Next to the missionaries came the 
fur-traders, pushing their canoes up every navigable stream 
from the Great Lakes, carrying them over water-sheds to the 
head-waters of rivers flowing to the Mississippi ; becoming 
as hardy and skillful in wood-craft as the Indians them- 
selves, from whom they received treasures of rich furs in 
exchange for knives, trinkets, axes, and guns. 

158. The name Louisiana was given to the whole region 
watered by the Mississippi and its branches, by La Salle,' 1 
the greatest of French adventurers, who aimed to make it 
a vast inland empire, drawing its wealth from the fur-trade, 
but subject to the king of France. Launching the first 

European vessel above the Falls of Niagara, 

A. D. 1679. . ° 

La Salle sailed through the Lakes, establishing 
trading stations at Michillimackinac and St. Joseph's, in 
Michigan, — then struck inland, and after many losses and 
disasters passed through the Mississippi to the Gulf. 

159. The French in Texas.— Frenchmen were eager 
to take possession of the great country thus thrown open to 
them, and their "Grand Monarch," Louis XIV., 4 expended 
more upon one expedition to plant a city at the mouth of 
the Mississippi than all the English sovereigns in a hundred 
years had bestowed upon their thirteen colonies. Neverthe- 
less, it proved a miserable failure. The fleet passed the 
great river, and La Salle never succeeded in retracing his 
way to it. He was murdered by one of his men, and the 
colony which he had founded. in Texas dwindled away until 
its site was only occupied by graves. 



FRENCHMEN IN THE SOUTH-WEST. 93 

160. In Mississippi and Alabama. — In 1699 Le- 
moine d' Iberville,' 1 with two hundred French immigrants, 
arrived at Biloxi, in the present state of Mississippi. 
Natchez, already a cluster of Indian villages, became the 
site of Fort Rosalie, a French colony, two years later. In 
1702 the chief French station on the Gulf was removed from 
Biloxi to the fine harbor of Mobile, and the state of Ala- 
bama received its first white inhabitants. 

161. Louis XV. — The eighteenth century saw a sudden 
revival of the scheme for a great French empire in America. 
The throne of France was inherited in 17 15 by Louis XV. ^ 
a child five years old, under the regency of the Duke of 
Orleans. The wars and luxuries of Louis XIV. had left his 
kingdom buried in hopeless debts. Law, 7 a Scotch banker, 
formed a wild plan for relieving the treasury by pledging 
the untold wealth of Louisiana. 

162. The " Mississippi Scheme " for a time seemed 
successful. Rich and poor hastened to exchange their gold 
for Law's paper money, and the public debt disappeared as 
by magic. And though the bubble soon burst, leaving 
France in deeper poverty and misery than before, the colony 
prospered, for several thousands of people sought homes in 
the New World, of which they had heard such wonderful 
reports. The city of New Orleans, founded in 17 17, took 
its name from the Regent. Law himself secured a great 
tract of prairie-land on the Arkansas, and spent a fortune in 
founding a city and villages. Though his plan was not ful- 
filled, a new state was thus begun. 

163. The Natchez ($26) were superior in some respects 
to other Indians of the region, and their monarch, "The 
Great Sun," was the proudest of native chiefs. Around 
him was a race of nobles who were treated with great re- 
spect by the common people. They were jealous of the 
French, whose rapidly increasing numbers threatened to oc- 



94 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



cupy the whole land; especially when Chopart, the com- 
mander in their neighborhood, demanded for a plantation 
the site of their chief village, which contained their holiest 
temple. Incited by the Chickasaws, they planned 
a sudden vengeance, and murdered in one morn- 
ing two hundred Frenchmen. When the news reached New 
Orleans, a force was sent which surprised and defeated the 
Natchez. The "Great Sun" and four hundred of his sub- 
jects were sold as slaves to the Spaniards in Hayti. All 
who escaped joined other tribes, and the nation became 
extinct. 

164. New Orleans, which, in 1723, succeeded Mobile 
as the seat of French government in Louisiana, now con- 
tained 4,000 white settlers and 2,000 negroes. It exported 
to France small quantities of cotton, indigo, and the wax 
of the candle-berry, a curious production which was much 
valued in those days. Its most important trade, however, 
was in the furs which were collected from the northern 
Indians and brought down the great river in canoes. Dis- 
couraged by the first report of the loss of Natchez, the 
Company decided that the cost of the colony exceeded the 
profit, and surrendered all its rights to the crown. 

165, French Fcrts. — The French guarded their Ameri- 
can possessions by a chain of sixty forts from the mouth of 
the St. Lawrence to that of the Mississippi. Among the 
most important, beside the citadels of Quebec and Montreal, 
were Fort Frederic, Crown Point on Lake Champlain ; 
Frontenac near the outlet of Lake Ontario; Niagara, De- 
troit, Chicagou ; forts on the present sites of Vincennes in 
Indiana, Memphis, and Natchez. 

Point out on Map Xo. 3 the towns founded by Marquette $156). 
By La Salle (§158). The French settlements on the lower Mississippi 
and the Gulf (g§ 160, 162). The boundaries of French Louisiana. 
The chief military stations of the French. 



NOTES. 95 

Read Parkman's "Jesuits in North America" and " Discoverers of 
the Great West." 

NOTES. 

1. Jesuit Fathers. -The "Society of Jesus" was founded by Ignatius 
Loyola in 1540. Its members were pledged to extend the Roman Catholic 
religion over the world, at whatever cost of personal sacrifice or suffering. 
In the early history of America the exploits of Jesuit missionaries among 
the Indian's furnish some of the most thrilling chapters. Their intense 
zeal for the conversion of the savages is proven by the terrible privations 
they endured, many of their number having fallen victims to exposure, 
starvation, and the'scalping-knife. One of them wrote from a Canadian 
wilderness in 1647, after several of his companions had been murdered by 
the Iroquois, " Do not imagine we are cast down. We shall die; we shall 
be captured, burned, butchered. Be it so. Those who die in their beds do 
not always die the best death." 

2. Jacques Marquette was born in northern France in 1637, and be- 
came a member of the order of Jesuits at the age of seventeen. He re- 
ceived a good education, was a fine linguist, and possessed rare traits of 
character. Hecame as a missionary to Canada in 1666, and in a short time 
learned the languages of several Indian tribes. With Louis Joliet, .Mar- 
quette set out, in 1673, around the Great Lakes, to rind the headwaters of 
the Mississippi. In due time they readied Green Bay, where a Jesuit 
mission had been established ; they ascended the Fox River to " the port- 
age." A mile and a half brought them to the Wisconsin River; friendly 
Indians helped them drag their canoes. They drifted down this larger 
stream for a couple of days, when they were rejoiced to see the waters of 
the great river they had come so far and toiled so hard to discover. It 
was the 17th of June, 1673, when these intrepid explorers entered the Mis- 
sissippi. Their return was through the Illinois River; and Marquette, 
being taken sick, stopped at the Indian village of Kaskaskia, while Joliet 

pro< ded to (Quebec to report the successful issue of their journey. Pere 

Marquette died two years later, in the wilderness on the eastern shore of 
Lake Michigan, while on his way to the mission at Michillimackinac. 

3. Robert Cavalier de La Salle was born at Rouen in 1643. He was 
educated for the priesthood, and early joined the Jesuits; but he chafed 
under their severe discipline, and soon left the order. Becoming inter- 
ested in the accounts of discovery in the New World, he set out for 
Canada when twenty-three years old. He was ambitious to add his own 
name to the list of great explorers, and to extend the possessions of 
France. Hearing from the Indians at Quebec of the great river of the 
west, the Miche Sepe, La Salle conjectured that it must flow into the 
Pacific. He determined to solve this problem. His first expedition was 
in the summer of 1669, and resulted in the discovery of the Ohio River, 
which he followed to the falls at Louisville. The next year he descended 
the Illinois, though not to its mouth. The vessel which he built above 
Niagara Falls was named the " Griffin : " in this he sailed around the lakes 
as far as Green Bay, then crossed Lake Michigan in canoes, and with a 
small party traversed the lower peninsula of Michigan. They ascended 
the St. Joseph River, made a portage to the Kankakee, and through this 
stream reached the Illinois. Just below the present site of Peoria they 
built Fort Creveeeeur. From this point La Salle went back to Montreal in 
midwinter for new supplies, and nearly perished on the journey. But in 
1680 he retraced his course to the fort on the Illinois, and thence floated 
down to the Mississippi. It was two years later before he descended the 
" great river." On the 9th of April, 1682, he set up a column mar the Mis- 
sissippi's mouth, bearing the royal arms of " Louis le Grand," and claimed 
the vast stretch of territory from the lakes to the gulf, and from the Alle- 
ghanies to the Rocky mountains, as the domain of France. Recrossing 
the wilderness to Montreal, he sailed for his native land to bring out a 
colony to Louisiana. In 1684 he left the shores of France with some three 
hundred adventurers. One ship-load turned back before many days, and 
many deserted at St. Domingo. But the resolute leader, with a remnant 
of his band, reached Matagorda Bay in the spring of 1685, and built a fort 



9 6 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



for protection against the Indians. Two years of ill success, and heavy 
losses l>\ disease and Indian attacks, utterly dispirited the settlers. They 
blamed La Salle for their sufferings, and one or two desperate characters 
determined to take vengeance on his life. His assassination took place 
in 1687, on the banks of the Trinity River in Texas. Says Parkman : 
"America owes La Salle an enduring memory; for in his masculine 
figure, cast in iron, she sees the heroic pioneer who guided her to the pos- 
session of her richest heritage." 

4. Louis XIV. was king of France for seventy-two years— A. D. 164o- 
1~C>. His reign, until towards its close, Mas marked by prosperity at home 
and valuable conquests abroad ; while an unusual interest was shown in 
literature and art. The alliance of the French king, in 1666, with the 
Dutch against England, led Charles II. to urge his American colonists to 
attack the French in Canada ; but the settlers of Virginia and Massachu- 
setts had other work to do, and did not respond to the appeal. Until the 
me.it discoveries of La Salle, and the compliment he bestowed upon bis 
king in the name given to Louisiana, Louis XIV. seemed to care little lor 
the enlargement of his territory in America. In 1076 he wrote to Count 
Frontenac: "With regard to new discoveries, you will not address your- 
self to them excepting in a great necessity." 

5. Lemoine d'Iberville was born in Montreal, 1661, and died in Cuba, 
1706. He early entered the French navy, and became distinguished as 
one of its ablest officers. He won many victories over the British in 
Hudson Bay, Newfoundland, and off the coast of Maine. He was selected 
to plant colonies in the extreme south-west of New France, where La 
Salle had set the standard of his king nearly twenty years before. After 
building Fort Biloxi, d'Iberville sailed for France, leaving his brother, 
Bienville, in command. He returned with reinforcements in A.I). 1700. 
D'Iberville named lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain. He is regarded as 
the founder of Louisiana. 

6. Louis XV. was the great-grandson of Louis XIV. His reign cov- 
ered the period from 1715 to 1771. it was a brilliant era in French liter- 
ature, but the profligacy of the court was notorious, and the wild specula- 
tion of the times brought about almost universal bankruptcy. The 
"French and Indian War" occurred during the reign of Louis XV. , by 
which France lost all her valuable possessions in America. 

7. John Law, the founder of New Orleans, was born in Edinburgh in 
1671. He was the son of a goldsmith, received a careful education, but 
preferred gambling to business, and at the age of twenty-three killed a 
man in a duel, for which he was sentenced to death. Escaping from 
prison, he fled to Holland and studied banking in Amsterdam. But his 
favorite resort was the gaming-table, and by this means he is said to have 
won a large sum, which he took with him to Paris as capital for his 
future operations. Law's private bank was soon made a "royal bank," 
the king himself being security. He formed the "Western Company," 
afterwards the " Indian Company," through which he purposed to control 
all the commerce of New France from Canada to the Gulf of (Mexico. 
He appointed Bienville as Governor-general of Louisiana. From 1718 to 
1721 the number of emigrants to this new region was several thousand. 
After the collapse of Law's great financial scheme, he left Paris in great 
disfavor, and died in poverty, at Venice, in 1729. 



CHAPTER XII. 



INTERCOLONIAL WARS. 



166. King William III. was the sworn foe of Louis 
XIV. of France, and their wars were fought out with even 
greater violence in American forests than on battle-fields in 
Europe. For here the French had savage allies, who, fall- 
ing upon the inland settlements of the English, murdered 
women, children, and defenseless men, with atrocities which 
civilized people can hardly conceive. 

167. Four distinct wars between the French and En- 
glish colonies are commonly named as: 

King William's War . . . . A. D. 1689-1697 
Queen Anne's War .... " 1702-17 13 
King George's War .... " 1 744-1 748 
The Old French and Indian War " 1 754-1 763 

These wars were ended in Europe by treaties of peace, but 
fighting could hardly be said to have ceased on this conti- 
nent at any time within the seventy-four years. 

168. Attack on Schenectady. — During that time no 
mother hushed her babe to its night's rest, in any frontier 
village of New York or New England, with the least assur- 
ance that it would not be snatched from her arms and 
murdered before morning. The inhabitants of Schenectady, 
in New York, were awakened one wintry night, in 1690, by 
the savage war-whoop, to find their village in flames. The 
few who escaped the tomahawk fled, half-clothed, over the 
snow to Albany. The assailants gained nothing but the 
addition of sixty scalps to their trophies, to repay them for 

u. S. H.— 7. (97) 



98 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



twenty-two days' march through snows and frozen forests 
from Montreal. Similar attacks were repeated all along the 
northern frontier. Hundreds of captives were dragged away 
on the rapid return-march to Canada, and a single cry of 
pain or fatigue was answered by a blow from the tomahawk.' 

169. Congress of the Northern Colonies. — To put a 

stop to such outrages a congress of the northern 

A. D. 1690. r . ° ° 

colonies at New York planned the conquest of 
Acadia and Canada. The first was accomplished by volun- 
teers from Massachusetts, who conquered Port Royal; but 
the attempts against Montreal and Quebec 2 ended in failure 
and disaster. At the end of the war all conquests were re- 
stored, but a few years later Port Royal was retaken and 
named Annapolis, in honor of the queen of England. 
Acadia also changed its name to that of Nova Scotia, by 
which the English had always called it. 

170. Queen Anne's War was called in Europe the 

"War of the Spanish Succession," and it 
ended, after eleven years' conflict by land and 
sea, in placing a French prince on the throne of Spain. 
This was a serious matter for the English colonies, as it 
united in one policy their French and Spanish rivals, who 
hemmed them in on the north, west, and south. Spaniards 
as well as French now stirred up the Indians to attack the 
English towns. 

171. In return, Governor Moore, of South Carolina, led 
a company of volunteers through the pine forests which then 

covered Georgia, and attacked the Spanish settle- 
ments on Appalachee Bay. A force of twenty- 
three Spaniards and four hundred Indians was defeated; six 
towns submitted to the English, and many of their people 
joined the South Carolina colony. A French fleet from 
Havana attempted the next year to capture Charleston, but 
so brave was the defense that the invaders had to retire with 



WARS BETWEEN THE COLONIES. 99 

immense loss. The boundary between Georgia and Florida 
was pushed far southward of the limit which Spain had 
claimed before the war. 

172. The settlements on Albemarle and Pamlico 
sounds were nearly destroyed by the Tuscaroras. Their 
wrath had been excited by a survey of their lands with ref- 
erence to a new immigration of Germans from the Rhine 
provinces, and they resolved to exterminate all the white 
men. The war was fierce and long, but at last 

A. D. 1713. 

the Indians were so far subdued that they aban- 
doned their old hunting grounds, and emigrating northward 
became the sixth nation in the League of the Iroquois (§24). 

173. The French in Maine. — The French, meanwhile, 
still claimed the greater part of Maine; and their western- 
most station was at Norridgewock, on the Kennebec. 3 Here 
Father Rasles, a pious and learned priest, had gathered a 
school of Indian converts, who revered him as a saint. 
The English colonists regarded him, however, as a promoter 
of savage raids upon their homes, and several attempts were 
made to capture him. In one of the expeditions an Indian 
village above Bangor, on the Penobscot, was burned to the 
ground. At length Rasles's settlement was sur- 
prised by a party from New England; he made 

no effort to escape, but bravely met death in covering the 
retreat of his flock. His chapel was burnt, with all the 
Indian cabins. 

174. A new war soon broke out between Florida and 
the English colonies at the south. General Oglethorpe be- 
sieged St. Augustine without success ; the Span- 
iards invading Georgia, were repulsed from 
Frederica with great loss. (See §153.) 

All the colonies north of Carolina contributed men to a 
great English fleet, designed for the conquest of Mexico and 
the Spanish West Indies. Havana might have been cap- 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



tured, but the admiral missed his opportunity and attacked 
CartJiagaia on the South American coast. It was taken, and 
its fortresses were demolished; but there was nothing gained 
to balance the loss of 20,000 men. Nine tenths of all the 
colonial troops fell victims to the unhealthy climate. 

175. King George's War. — These colonial contests 
were only a part of the "War of the Austrian Succession," 
in which nearly all Europe was engaged. In America it 

was known as "King George's War." Its 

A. D. 1740-1748. . ° ° 

chief event in the north was the capture of 
Louisburg, on Cape Breton Island, the strongest fortress in 
America. The main burden of the"* undertaking was borne 
by the farmers and fishermen of New England; and their 
success was of great service as proving their power. 4 In 
1748 peace was restored, one of its conditions being the 
restoration of all conquests. Eight years of untold suffer- 
ing and loss left the boundaries of all the nations un- 
changed. 

176. The Ohio Valley. — French forts and English set- 
tlements had now extended so far as to meet in the Ohio 
Valley. In 1753 Governor Dinwiddie, of Virginia, sent 
George Washington, then twenty-one years of age, to know 
from the French commander at Venango 5 "his reasons for 
invading the British dominions." It was replied that the 
whole country was French by right of La Salle's discoveries, 
and that it could and would be defended. Washington re- 
turned, in imminent peril from Indian bullets and floating 
ice"; and the next year was put in command of an expedi- 
tion to complete and defend a fort already begun by the 
English at the forks of the Ohio. 

177. Washington's Failure. — Before his arrival the 
French had seized the fort, which they named Du Quesne 
in honor of the governor of New France. Washington sur- 
prised and defeated a party of the enemy ; and while await- 



ATTEMPTED UNION. 



ing the promised aid from the colonies, he fortified his little 
cami) in the "Great Meadows," and named it 

. A. D. 1754. 

Fort Necessity. No help came, excepting a com- 
pany from South Carolina; and its captain, who held a com- 
mission from the king, claimed to supersede Washington, 
who, though a lieutenant-colonel, had received his rank only 
from the governor of Virginia. This unhappy dissension 
ruined the expedition. Attacked by the French and In- 
dians, Washington was compelled, after nine hours' fighting, 
to retreat, leaving the whole Ohio basin to the enemy. 

178. Union of the Colonies. — The prospect of a gen- 
eral war was now so imminent that the English colonies were 
forced to unite for the common defense. A convention of 
all the colonies north of the Potomac was assembled at 
Albany, and a plan of permanent union was submitted to 
it by Dr. Franklin. (See §§203-205.) It was accepted by 
the convention, but rejected by the Board of Trade as tend- 
ing toward American independence; while the people them- 
selves feared that a central government would interfere with 
the rights of each colony. 

179. French and Indian War. — Though the colonial 
troops had borne so much of the labor and hardship of the 
wars with the French, they were despised by the regular 
British officers, who made no account of their superior 
knowledge of Indian tactics, and expected to enforce the 
same rules in the tangled forests of America as upon the 
fields of Europe. One result of the French 

and Indian War was that American soldiers, 

beside profiting by British drill, learned something of their 

own value. 

180. Braddock's Defeat. — In 1755 a combined force 
of British and colonists undertook the capture of Fort Du 
Quesne (§177). General Braddock commanded, and Wash- 
ington was his aid. As they marched through the dense 



HISTOR Y OF THE UNITED ST A TES. 



^O i;, ^Pte 




Braddock's Defeat. 

woods in solid columns, to beat of drum, suddenly a swarm 
of savages seemed to spring from the earth on every side. 
The British could only fire in platoons, hitting rocks and 
trees much oftener than Indians, while the colonists, spring- 
ing behind trees, took aim with effect. Braddock was 
mortally wounded, and his men fled, while Washington and 
his "continentals" covered their retreat. 

181. Three other expeditions occupied the summer 
of 1755. I. The forts in Acadia were taken; but the honor 
of the victory was effaced by the cruel expulsion of the 
peasantry from their homes. These poor people had sur- 
rendered their arms, and wished only to cultivate their farms 
in. peace, but they were driven on board the British fleet — 
women and children on different ships from their protect- 
ors, — and were scattered through the colonies, wherever it 
suited their conquerors to leave them. To prevent their 
return, their cottages were burnt. 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 1 03 

182. II. The attempt to seize Fort Niagara failed through 
desertion by Indian allies, and the discouragement caused 
by Braddock's defeat. III. The portage between Hudson 
River and Lake Champlain was of great importance to both 
nations. The English built Fort Edward on- the upper 
waters of the river, and encountered the French, 

under Baron Dieskau, near the head of Lake 
George. After a frightful slaughter, with varying fortunes, 
Dieskau was defeated and slain. The English general, 
Johnson, built Fort William Henry near the field of his vic- 
tory. 

183. The next two years were disastrous to Great 
Britain. Fort Oswego, with 1,600 men, ships, cannon, and 
valuable stores, was taken by the Marquis of Montcalm. 
The Indians of the Ohio Valley, false to their treaties with 
the English, fell upon the western settlements and made 
great havoc of life and property. They were punished, 
however, by a brave company of Pennsylvanians who de- 
stroyed Kittanning, the chief village of the Delawares. 

184. In 1757 Fort William Henry was taken and de- 
molished by the French under Montcalm. The garrison 
were assured of a safe retreat to Fort Edward, but scarcely 
had they issued from the surrendered fortress when they 
were attacked by the savages, and many were killed. The 
French officers risked their lives and received many wounds 
in trying to restrain their allies. "Kill me," cried the 
brave Montcalm, "but spare these English who are under 
my protection." 

185. Of all North America, France now owned twenty 
parts in twenty-five, Spain four, and England one. But the 
misfortunes of the latter arose from the incapacity of her 
officials at home and abroad. In 1757 William Pitt, a plain 
English commoner, came to the head of affairs, and soon 
new energy was felt in all English movements, from his 



104 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

cabinet in London to the battle-fields of Germany, America, 
and India. 

186. English Disaster. — Before the tide turned, one 
great disaster befell the English. In July, 1758, General 
Abercrombie, with the largest army ever yet assembled in 
America, embarked on Lake George for the capture of the 
French fort, Carillon, at Ticonderoga. More than a thou- 
sand boats conveyed the soldiers ; the cannon were mounted 
on rafts; and, as the whole force moved down the lake, with 
waving banners and triumphant strains of music, victory 
seemed certain. 

187. Montcalm commanded the French. His numbers 
were less than those of the English, but his works were 
strong, and he was foremost among his men, cheering them 
by example not less than by words, while Abercrombie re- 
mained out of sight and danger. In a skirmish, Lord 
Howe, the bravest and best of the English officers, was 
killed. Two days later the main army was defeated, with a 
loss of nearly 2,000 men, and General Abercrombie, though 
still outnumbering the French four-fold, hastily retreated in 
"fright and consternation." 

188. Colonel Bradstreet, of New York, with difficulty ob- 
tained leave to go with a small colonial army against Fort 
Frontenac. He was completely successful ; the garrison sur- 
rendered, and an immense quantity of stores and cannon, 
designed for Fort Du Quesne, was captured or destroyed. A 
few months later the last-named fort was taken 

by an advanced guard under Washington's com- 
mand, and was named Pittsburgh in honor of the great En- 
glish minister. 

189. The same year Louisburg, with the islands of Cape 
Breton and Prince Edward were conquered by the com- 
bined forces of Old and New England, and France never 
regained a foothold on the eastern coast. 



ENGLAND'S CAPTURE OE QUEBEC. 105 



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Embarkation at Acadia. 

190. Capture of Quebec. — The great event of the war 
was the capture of Quebec in 1759. Quebec was the 
strongest natural fortress on the continent, 7 and the key to 
all Canada. Montcalm, vigilant and brave, made the most 
of every advantage for defense ; and for two months the 
British forces lay beneath the inaccessible heights, sur- 
rounded by enemies and scarcely hoping for success. 8 

191. The quick eyes of General Wolfe, the brave 
young British commander, at length discovered a path up 
the cliff so narrow as hardly to allow of two men walking 
abreast, and so steep that they needed the aid of projecting 
roots and branches in the ascent. Landing by night, and 
followed in silence by his men, Wolfe climbed the dizzy 
height, and surprised Montcalm at daybreak by the un- 
welcome spectacle of glittering rows of bayonets drawn up 
in perfect order on the "Plains of Abraham." The two 
armies were equal in numbers, but the English were superior 
in discipline, and the French were soon thrown into confusion. 

192. Both Wolfe" and Montcalm 10 received mortal 
wounds. As Wolfe was carried off the field, he heard a 
shout, "They run! they run!" "Who run?" he whispered. 
"The French." He gave some last orders, then sighed, 



io6 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



"Now God be praised, I die happy!" and expired. Mont- 
calm asked his surgeon how long he had to live. "Ten or 

twelve hours, perhaps 
less," was the reply. 
" So much the better," 
he rejoined. " I shall 
not see the surrender 
of Quebec." 

193. Treaty of 
Paris. — The attempt 
of the French, next 
year, to recapture their 
great fortress was de- 
feated by the arrival 
of a large British fleet. 
Three English armies 
were concentrated upon 
Montreal, which sur- 
rendered in September, 
1760. By the Peace 
of Paris, signed in Feb- 
ruary, 1763, France 
surrendered to Great 
Britain all the country 
north of the St. Law- 
rence and the Great 
Lakes, with the provinces south of that river, now included 
in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and eastern Maine, and all 
lands east of the Mississippi. Spain ceded Florida to En- 
gland, and received from France all the lands west of the 
Mississippi. 

194. The Conspiracy of Pontiac. — The Indian allies 
of the French did not at once accept the peace. Pontiac, 
the great Ottawa chief, incensed at the transfer of his lands 
from one European power to another, stirred up a great 




Wolfe and Montcalm Monument. 



NOTES. 107 

conspiracy of the tribes on the lakes for the destruction of 
all the English garrisons. Eight forts were captured. Hun- 
dreds of settlers were murdered along the western borders 
of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. Detroit was 
saved by an Indian girl who revealed the plot in time, but 
it had to endure an eight months' siege. At length the 
savage confederacy was broken up, and Pontiac was slain 
while on a visit to the Illinois. 

Trace on Map No. 3 the nearest route from Montreal to Albany. 
Point out Annapolis, N. S. Bangor. The Kennebec. The Penobscot. 
Cape Breton Island. Louisburg. Fort Du Quesne. Pittsburgh. 
Lake George. Fort William Henry. Fort Edward. Oswego. Niag- 
ara. Detroit. Ticonderoga. Quebec. On Map No. 2, Havana. 
The change of boundaries by the Peace of Paris. 

Read Volume I. of Irving's "Life of Washington;" Bancroft's 
" History of the United States," Volumes II. and III.; Parkman's 
•'Conspiracy of Pontiac ; " Longfellow's "Evangeline." 

NOTES. 



1. " An attack upon Haverhill (Mass.) was memorable for the subse- 
quent exploit, of Hannah Dustin, who, with an infant only a few days 
old, a boy named Samuel Leonardson, and another woman, was carried 
off to an Indian camp on an island in the Merrimack, near Concord, 
N. H. The infant, as usual, was killed against the trunk of a tree. The 
sight of this prepared the mother's heart for her bloody reprisal. One 
day when the boy was at work chopping for the Indians, he casually 
asked one of the savages how and where he struck a man with a hatchet. 
The Indian, pleased to show that bit of sylvan skill, told him. That 
night the three captives with hatchets slew the ten sleeping guards, and 
Hannah, remembering her infant, scalped them. Then they dropped 
down the river in a canoe to Haverhill." — Bryant. 

2. A fleet from New England arrived in front of Quebec, but the ad- 
miral's demand for a surrender was met with derision. Owing to mis- 
management the expedition had been so delayed that the alarm was 
given of their approach, and the assailants found the strongest fortress in 
America guarded by a greater force than their own. They therefore 
sailed away without attacking. 

3. By the treaty of Utrecht, in 1713, at the close of Queen Anne's War 
in Europe, Acadia, Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay Territory were trans- 
ferred to the English. 

4. Colonel William Pepperell, of Kittery, Maine, commanded this ex- 
pedition, and through his success became the first American baronet. 
The city of London presented him with a silver table and a service of 
plate, and the king made him a lieutenant-general. 

5. Venango was a French fort on a branch of the Alleghany River. 



io8 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



6. On his homeward .journey Washington was fired upon hy an Indian 
not fifteen steps distant. Fortunately the latter missed his mark, and 
was captured by Washington and his guide, Christopher Gist. Gist 
would have killed the savage at once, but, acting on Washington's advice, 
they merely detained him a prisoner until night-fall, and then allowed 
him to depart. 

While attempting to cross the Alleghany on a raft, Washington was 
hurled amidst the grinding ice. He clung to the timbers of the destroyed 
raft, however, and, reaching an island, he and Gist waited in the freezing 
weather until morning, when they found ice on the river solid enough to 
cross on foot. 

7. Quebec is built partly on and partly at the foot of a promontory, 
and is divided into what are known as the "Upper" and the "Lower" 
Town, — the Upper Town being surrounded by a heavy wall. The highest 
point of the promontory is :!:!:; feet above the river, and here are built the 
fortifications which have given to Quebec the name of " the Gibraltar of 
America." The " Plains of Abraham " are the open fields on top of the 
promontory, outside the walls. A very correct idea of the city may be 
obtained from the illustration on page 137. 

8. On the 31st of July Wolfe made an unsuccessful attack on Mont- 
calm's forces, which were drawn up in front of the Lower Town. The 
instant the English landed from their boats they rushed impetuously for- 
ward without forming in line or awaiting for orders. Volley after volley 
mowed them down, and a great storm bursting over the town made the 
steeps too slippery to climb. A retreat was ordered, but the flower of 
Wolfe's army was left on the bloody field. 

9. James "Wolfe {b. 1726, d. 17.39) entered the English army as a second 
lieutenant at the age of fifteen. He distinguished himself as a brigadier- 
general at the siege of Louisburg (g 189), and Pitt selected him to com- 
mand the expedition against Quebec, making him a major-general, with 
a force of 8,000 men and a strong fleet. 

Parkman says of him : " His person was slight, and his features by no 
means of a martial cast. His feeble constitution had been undermined 
by years of protracted and painful disease. His kind and genial disposi- 
tion seemed better fitted for the quiet of domestic life than for the stern 
duties of military command ; but to these gentler traits he joined a high 
enthusiasm, and an unconquerable spirit of daring and endurance, which 
made him the idol of his soldiers, and bore his slender frame through 
every hardship and exposure." Again, of the night the heights were 
scaled, he says: "The ebbing tide sufficed to bear the boats along, and 
nothing broke the silence of the night but the gurgling of the river and 
the low voice of Wolfe as he repeated to the officers about him the 
stanzas of Gray's ' Elegy in a Country Church-yard,' which had recently 
appeared, and which lie had just received from England. Perhaps, as he 
uttered those strangely appropriate words, 

' The paths of glory lead but to the grave,' 

the shadow of his own approaching fate stole with mournful prophecy 
across his mind. ' Gentlemen,' he said, as he closed the recital, ' 1 would 
rather have written those lines than take Quebec to-morrow.' " 

10. Louis Joseph Montcalm de Saint- Veran (b. 1712, d. 1759) was a 
French marquis. He entered the army when fourteen years old, and 
gained distinction in several European wars. In 175b' he was put in com- 
mand of the French troops in Canada, and was very successful, despite 
the much larger and better disciplined forces arrayed against him. His 
own troops were mainly raw Canadian volunteers, brave, but without ex- 
perience or discipline, poorly clad and half starved. The governor of the 
province was at variance with Montcalm, and hampered his movements 
so that he labored under great disadvantages. Montcalm received his 
mortal wound within a few moments after Wolfe's fall. Both generals 
had been wounded earlier in the action, but both kept the field until shot 
down to rise no more. When told by the surgeons that he could not re- 
cover, Montcalm replied, "I am glad of it." He was buried at his own 
request in an excavation made by the bursting of" a bombshell. A mon- 
ument common to the memory of the two generals now adorns Quebec. 
See illustration page 106. 



CHAPTER XIII. 

LITERATURE AND GENERAL PROGRESS. 

195. It may be believed that the first settlers in America 
found enough to do in subduing the wilderness and devising 
the laws under which their children were to live, without 
writing books. But so anxious were they to be remembered 
and understood in England, and to be reinforced by new 
parties of emigrants; so full of wonder and delight in the 
new world that was thrown open to them, and so desirous 
that their children should not lack the advantages that they 
would have enjoyed at home, that a mass of literature does 
in fact date from the very earliest years of the colonies. 

196. The first book written in America was Cap- 
tain John Smith's (§§56-59) "True Relation of Virginia" 
which he sent home in 1608. A few months later he dis- 
patched to the London Company a report of the Jamestown 
Colony, with a map of Chesapeake Bay and its tributary 
rivers, and a very lively description of the surrounding 
country. In spite of the hunger and hardship of those 
early years, he declares that ' ' Heaven and earth never 
agreed better to frame a place for man's habitation." 

197. Beside many other descriptive works, Virginia made 

one contribution to elegant letters; for George Sandys, 

treasurer of the colony, A. D. 1621-1625, beguiled the 

loneliness of his absence from polished society, and the 

horror attending the Indian massacre (§64) by translating 

Ovid into English verse. The Roman poet had been an 

exile in a savage country near the Black Sea, and doubtless 

his translator sympathized with his condition. 

(109) 



no HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

198. The Ministers.- — No class of men contributed so 
much to the intellectual growth of New England as the 
ministers of religion. All were educated men, and some of 
them were distinguished by immense learning. As there 
were yet no newspapers nor lyceum lectures, and few new 
books, ministers were the authors of public opinion, teaching 
their people how to think as well as how to believe and act. 

Among the greatest was Rev. John Cotton, 1 who came to 
the Massachusetts Colony in 1633. He na d been rector of 
St. Botolph's at Boston, in England, and it was in compli- 
ment to him that the Trimountain settlement had received 
the name which has become so famous. He was esteemed 
the "mightiest man in New England," and "whatever he 
delivered in the pulpit was soon put into an order of 
court." 

Next were Thomas Hooker (§88) whose saintly and kingly 
presence inspired courage and hope; Thomas Shepard, minis- 
ter of Cambridge; President Chatmcey, of Harvard; — all men 
of vast learning. Increase Mather, 2 another Harvard pres- 
ident, represented his fellow colonists in England during 
the troublesome reign of James II. (§§136-139). His son, 
Cotton Mather, wrote a prodigious number of books, of 
which the greatest was his "Magnatia" or ecclesiastical 
history of New England. Another was entitled "Memorable 
Providences relating to Witchcraft,'''' a subject in which the 
author had a most unfortunate interest (See Note 2, p. 90). 

199. Historians. — Governor Bradford, of Plymouth (§80), 
may be called the father of American history. His "History 
of Plymouth Plantation " is a noble record of events in which 
he had part. The Journal and Addresses of Governor Jl'in- 
throp, of Massachusetts Bay, are interesting memorials of 
that accomplished lawyer and excellent man, who devoted 
large wealth and great abilities to the service of the colony. 
His son, John JJYnthrop, Jr., rendered equal service to Con- 
necticut (§89). 



COLLEGES. 



200. Yale College. — Elihu Yale, a later governor of 
Connecticut, was a liberal benefactor of the college -which 
bears his name; but its origin is due to ten clergymen, who 
bringing each a few books from his own scanty library, met 
at Branford, in 1700, and, depositing their gifts upon a 
table, said, "I give these books for the founding of a col- 
lege in this colony." The first terms were held at Wethers- 
field, later ones at Saybrook ; but in 17 16 the college was 
planted on its present site at New Haven. 

201. College of William and Mary, — The desire of 
Virginians to have a college for their sons was long frus- 
trated by such governors as Berkeley (See Note 2, p. 47). 
The House of Burgesses, however, set apart lands for the 
support of a college, and in 1692 the long-desired charter 
was obtained from King William and Queen Mary, together 
with grants of money, land, and permanent duties on 
tobacco. The college took the name of its royal benefac- 
tors, and was established at Williamsburg, A. D. 1693. 

Other Colleges. — Four more colleges were founded dur- 
ing our second colonial period: at Princeton, N.J., in 1746; 
Kings, now Columbia College, in New York, 1754; one at 
Philadelphia, now the University of Pennsylvania, 1755; and 
that of Rhode Island, now Brown University, 1764. These 
colleges, even in their early years, did grand, good service 
by training the men who were to be the fathers of the Re- 
public. 3 

202. Jonathan Edwards. — Among the writers of the 
later colonial period the greatest, perhaps, was Jonathan Ed- 
wards (p. 1703, d. 1758), whose "Essay on the Freedom of 
the Will" revealed to the world the most acute and original 
mind which America has produced. It was written at the 
little village of Stockbridge, Mass., where he was acting as 
missionary to the Indians. His childhood was no less re- 
markable. Before he was thirteen years old he had read 



112 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

many works in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, beside the most 
learned of English books; but his observations in Natural 
History show that his studies had not been confined to 
printed pages. He was graduated at seventeen from Yale 
College, preached in New York before he was twenty, was 
twenty-four years pastor at Northampton, Mass., and be- 
came president of Princeton College two months before his 
death. His wonderful power as a preacher was ascribed to 
his '.' immense preparation, long forethought, sedulous writ- 
ing of every word, touching earnestness, and holy life." 

203. Franklin. — But the mind which most perfectly rep- 
resented and most strongly influenced the character of Amer- 
ican institutions was that of Benjamin Franklin,* (p. 1706, 
d. 1790), the printer-boy of Boston, the self-taught sage of 
Philadelphia, the representative of the colonies at London, 
the embassador of the United States at Paris, whose plain, 
good sense, genial humor, and honest self-respect made him 
the favorite of all ranks and classes. He had accustomed 
himself from boyhood to write on public affairs, and his 
pamphlets on the interests of England and the rights of the 
colonies were read with great attention on both sides of the 
ocean. Examined by Parliament in 1765 concerning the 
probable effect of the Stamp Act in America (§220), he re- 
plied with so much firmness, dignity, and intelligence that 
even the bitterest enemies of the colonies were forced to 
respect his arguments. A distinguished statesman declared 
him to be the greatest diplomatist of the eighteenth century. 
" He never spoke a word too soon; he never spoke a word 
too late ; he never spoke a word too much ; he never failed 
to speak the right word at the right time." 

204. His most popular work was '■'Poor Richard's Alma- 
nac" whose successive numbers were afterwards abridged 
and reprinted in one volume under the title of "The Way to 

Wealth^ It contains a fund of homely wisdom, and Frank- 



SCIENCE. 



"3 



lin himself attributed the rapid increase of prosperity in 
Philadelphia to the extent to which the people read and fol- 
lowed his good advice. (See Note 6, p. 167.) 

205. Among his great services to his country was his or- 
ganization of its postal service as early as 1754. "Every 
penny stamp is a monu- 
ment to Franklin." His 
simple experiment with the 
kite, proving lightning and 
thunder to be caused by 
electric currents, and his 
subsequent invention of 
the lightning-rod, gave him 
a high place among scien- 
tific men. His philosoph- 
ical writings are in the 
same clear language as his 
charming autobiography 
and almanac, for he aimed 
to make wisdom useful 
rather than dignified. 

206. Science. — From the beginning the colonies con- 
tained many noted students of natural science. The soils, 
minerals, plants, and animals of the new continent were all 
objects of keen research. Linnaeus, the noted Swedish nat- 
uralist, declared John Bartram, the Quaker gardener of Phil- 
adelphia, to be the "greatest natural botanist in the world." 
Virginia and the more southerly colonies had several bot- 
anists of European fame. But the scientific reputation of 
America was established when Franklin, in 1744, drew 
about him other gentlemen of kindred tastes, and formed 
the American Philosophical Society. It was an important bond 
of union among the best men in all the colonies. 

207. John Woolman is known only by his '■'■Journal,'''' with 

U. S. H.-8. 




Benjamin Franklin. 



ii 4 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




a few tracts and letters; but 
these are of value as express- 
ing the pure conscientiousness 
of the early " Friends," and 
justifying the great influence 
they had upon the national 
character. Woolman's efforts 

went far to put an end to slave-holding among Quakers. 

He was horn in West Jersey, 1720, and died in England, 

1773- 

208. Pamphlets on questions concerning govern- 
ment and popular rights were the most valuable part of 
American literature during the second colonial period. The 



COLONIAL CUSTOMS. 115 

theory of a great, free nation was slowly forming in some 
of the best minds of the age ; and the American state papers 
of the next generation were recognized in England as rank- 
ing among the wisest productions of all ages. 

209. Colonial Habits. — All the colonies had greatly 
increased in wealth by industry and frugal living, while still 
among the mass of the people food, dress, and furniture 
were of the simplest kind. Clothing was usually home-spun 
and home-woven from the wool of their own flocks or the 
flax of their own fields. Yet there were some families in 
every colony that imported costly furniture and silver-plate 
from Europe, and even plain people often invested their 
slow savings in strings of gold beads or in laces and satins 
for great occasions. In some colonies apparel was limited 
by law to the means of the wearer: the grave magistrates had 
much trouble with the silken hoods and kirtles of the 
women, the "great boots," gold buttons, and ornamented 
belts of the men; but if the accused could prove that their 
circumstances warranted the expense, they were dismissed 
without a fine. 

210. In New England especially "plain living and high 
thinking " were the rule. Great respect was paid to edu- 
cated men. Ministers and magistrates, — with their sons, if 
college-bred, — -alone bore the title of Mister; Goody,— a. 
contraction for Goodman or Goodwife, — was the mode of 
address for ordinary people. Punishments were inflicted 
without the least regard to the personal dignity of the cul- 
prit. When two men quarreled in the Plymouth Colony, 
they were bound together, head to head and foot to foot, 
for twenty-four hours. In New York a scolding wife was 
made to stand all day before the door of her house, having 
her tongue enclosed in a cleft stick. The Pillory, as repre- 
sented in the engraving, was a wooden frame in which the 
head and hands of the criminal were held fast, while he was 



Ii6 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



exposed to the taunts and sneers of the crowd. In Vir- 
ginia, as in the mother-country, this was a common penalty 
for religious dissent. 

211. Roads, in all parts of the country, were few and 
poor. Whole families went to church through the woods on 
horseback, the wife, sometimes with a child on her lap, sit- 
ting on a pillion behind her husband. In exposed settle- 
ments the father carried his gun and left it at the church- 
door in the care of the sentinel who watched for hostile 
Indians. Long journeys were made, if possible, by water, 
but stage-coaches connected Boston with Providence, and 
New York with Philadelphia. Like English vehicles of the 
same kind, they were called "flying-machines." 

212. Manufactures. — At first nearly all the people in 
the colonies were farmers or fishermen ; but necessity soon 
compelled them to make salt, glass, paper, farmers' tools, 
shoes, hats, and gunpowder; and, though almost every 
home had its loom, cloth factories were also set up. Cir- 
cumstances favored inventive talent, for which Americans 
have always been famous. New England had a saw-mill 
one hundred and thirty years before one was built in the 
mother-country. But England, far from encouraging manu- 
factures in the colonies, checked and thwarted them, lest 
they should become rivals of her own. 

213. Commerce and Piracy. — The first product of 
New England which reached Europe was a cargo of sassa- 
fras root, taken by Gosnold (§54) in 1602. Before long, 
furs, fish, lumber, corn, rice, and tobacco furnished freight 
for multitudes of ships ; and a lucrative commerce sprang up 
with England and the West Indies, and between the colo- 
nies. This commerce was seriously molested by pirates, 
whose black flags were met in all the seas. 

To suppress their ravages the British Admiralty, in 1696, 
ordered Captain Kidd h with a ship to the East Indies. But 
Kidd, after retaking several prizes, thought it more profitable 



ENGL ISH GO J r ERN( >AS. 



117 



to turn pirate himself. For 
two years he pursued a reck- 
less career of robbery and 
rapine, but he was at length 
brought to justice, and was 
hanged on "Execution Dock" 
in London. 




W - ,■■ ~- *'f v 



Going to Church. 



214. Royal Officials. — In a review of civil affairs, it 
can not be said that England ever employed her best brains 
in governing America. Younger sons of great families, who 
were too stupid or too dissolute to find places at home, were 
made governors, secretaries, or treasurers in the colonies, 



Ii8 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

and used their opportunities for mending their fortunes as 
rapidly as possible. Such, in New York, was the haughty 
. _ but imbecile Lord Cornbury, a cousin of 

A. D. 1702-1709. 

Queen Anne, who applied to his own pleasure 
the funds voted for the defense of the harbor, and told the 
Colonial Assembly that it had no rights but such as the 
queen was pleased to allow it. He was more useful to the 
colony, however, than a better governor might have been, 
for he effectually taught the people to stand for their rights. 
Here and there a royal officer may have been more justly 
and kindly disposed, but as a class they regarded their own 
interests first, England's next, but a long way after, and 
those of the colonies last of all. 

Even at home the great dignitaries who had charge of 
colonial affairs were usually less wise than great. The Duke 

of Newcastle, who for twenty-four years was 

A. D. i7?4-i748. . . . . . J ; 

minister for British America, owed his position 
partly to his incapacity, being appointed through Sir Robert 
Walpole, then prime minister of England, who feared to 
have men of ability about him. The duke is said to have 
directed letters to the "Island of New England," and to 
have been unable to tell whether Jamaica was in the Med- 
iterranean Sea or elsewhere. 

Read Volumes I. and II. of Tyler's "History of American Liter- 
ature;" Volume I. of Duyckinck's "Cyclopaedia of American Liter- 
ature;" Franklin's "Autobiography;" Palfrey's or Elliott's "History 
of New England ; " Irving's " History of New York by Dietrich 
Knickerbocker;" Longfellow's "Courtship of Miles Standish " and 
"New England Tragedy;" Whittier's "Margaret Smith's Journal," 
" Mabel Martin," and "The Changeling;" Hawthorne's "Twice Told 
Tales," and other stories of the colonies in New England. 



Note to Teaciters.— Younger classes may do well to omit Chapter 
XIII for the present, or to use it only for reading and explanation in the 
class-room. Older pupils will be profited by studying the several topics 
with the aid of the books above mentioned and others, and making them 
the subjects of written essays. 



NOTES. 



NOTES 



119 



1. Rev. John Cotton, "the patriarch of New England," was a bright 
scholar at the University of Cambridge, and for twenty years a noted 
Puritan preacher in his English home. For refusing to kneel at the sac- 
rament, he incurred the displeasure of Archbishop Laud, and was com- 
pelled to flee the country. Cotton could write or speak readily in Latin, 
Greek, and Hebrew. His oratory was simple, and his sermons pointed 
and eminently practical. He originated the practice in New England of 
observing the Sabbath from Saturday evening until Sunday evening. 
His more important writings were " Milk for Babes," a religious book for 
children, ami "The Power of the Keys," a treatise on church government. 
Mr. Cotton died at Boston in the year 1652. 

2. Increase Mather was horn in Massachusetts, graduated at Harvard, 
and married a daughter of Rev. John Cotton. He is said to have passed 
sixteen hours daily in his study. He was the author of marly one hun- 
dred publications. Cotton Mather was his son. His death occurred in 
1723. 

3. During the same period " there had been established in the American 
colonies at least forty-three newspapers,— one in Georgia, four in South 
Carolina, two in North Carolina, one in Virginia, two in Maryland, Ave in 
Pennsylvania, eight in New York, four in Connecticut, three in Rhode 
Island, two in New Hampshire and eleven in Massachusetts."— Tyler's 
"History of American Literature.' 1 '' 

4. Benjamin Franklin.— The " Encyclopaedia Britannica" describes 
Franklin as " the most uniformly readable writer of English who has yet 
appeared on his side of the Atlantic. An inexhaustible humor, a classic 
simplicity, an exquisite grace, and uniform good sense and taste informed 
and gave permanent interest to every thing he wrote. No man ever pos- 
sessed in a greater degree the gift of putting an argument into an anec- 
dote." His style was largely modeled upon the three books with which 
he was most familiar in his early life — Addison's "Spectator," Bunyan's 
" Pilgrim's Progress," and Locke's " Essay on the Understanding." When 
Franklin was on his way from Boston to Philadelphia, in 1724, the ship- 
captain reported at New York that his passenger had "a trunk full of 
books." This was such an unusual occurrence for the times that Gov- 
ernor Burnet requested an interview with the lad who was possessed of 
such an evident literary turn. He received him with great cordiality, and 
manifested a warm interest in the intelligent printer. 

When Whitefield visited America in 1740, Franklin went to hear one of 
his sermons in Philadelphia. Although he did not approve of the great 
divine's Orphan House scheme in Georgia, he was so moved by the 
preacher's eloquence of appeal that first he gave what copper coins he had 
in his pocket, then added a few silver pieces, and Anally could not resist 
giving all the gold he had about his person. 

During his long public career, Benjamin Franklin accepted very meager 
compensation for his services. He drew principally upon his private 
fortune for expenses. To show his faith in the value of the continental 
loan he invested S15,000 in its securities. When president of the Common- 
wealth of Pennsylvania he devoted his entire salary to charities. Frank- 
lin was a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and one of the 
framers of the United States Constitution. Twenty thousand Americans 
attended his funeral in 1790. 

5. Captain Kidd has come to be regarded as the ideal pirate,— a man 
devoid of all feeling, a buccaneer of the high seas ; but he probably was 
not so bad as he is generally reputed. It is known that he was more mer- 
ciful than most of the privateers of his time. When Kidd set out under 
Admiralty orders to suppress piracy, King William was to receive one 
tenth of the proflts of the cruise, and Governor Bellomont of New York 
eight tenths, leaving but one tenth for himself. This arrangement 
proved so unprofitable to the captain that he sailed for the coasts of 
Africa and Asia, and commenced privateering on his own account. In 
1699 he boldly returned to American waters, and sailed into Long Island 
Sound, Delaware Bay, and several bays along the New England coast. 
Seventy thousand dollars worth of treasure which he buried on Gar- 



HI ST OR Y OF THE UNITED ST A TES. 



diner's Island, was recovered by Bellomont. Traditions are numerous 
that Captain Kidd also buried rich treasure at Block Island, Monhegan, 
and several other points on the American coast, but diligent search has 
tailed to find any of it. Kidd's boldness is illustrated by his appearance 
in the streets of Boston when he knew a large reward was offered for his 
arrest. Within a week he was seized and sent to jail. He was taken to 
London, where his trial and execution occurred A. D. 1701. 



English Sovereigns during the Second Colonial Period. 

William III., A. D. 1689-1702, and Mary II., 1689-1694, called 
by Whigs to the throne, gladly proclaimed by colonies (%% 140, 143, 
144); charter William and Mary College (JJ201). 

ANNE, A. D. 1 702-1 714, takes contract for supplying Spanish West 
Indies with African slaves ($ 148) ; sends Lord Cornbury to govern New 
York (§214). 

George I., A. D. 1714-1727, Elector of Hanover, in Germany. 

George II., A. D. 1727-1760, grants Georgia to Oglethorpe as 
asylum for the unfortunate (§150); has part in the War of Austrian 
Succession, known in America by his name (§ 175)- 

George III., A. D. 1760-1820, of despotic temper, but loyally re- 
garded by Americans (#219). See also £#231, 235, 244, 251. 



QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. — Part II. 



1 . What were the causes and results of the English 

Revolution of 1688? 

2. Describe the Witchcraft delusion ? 

3. Describe the policy of Parliament toward the colo- 

nies. 

4. State the literary progress of the colonies about 

the time of Queen Anne's accession. 

5. Describe the founding of Georgia. 

6. Sketch the course of French discoveries in the 

Mississippi Valley. 

7. Sketch the course of colonization on the Gulf. 

8. Name the chief French military stations. 

9. Name the four wars between the English and 

French colonies, giving their dates. 
to. Describe King William's War in America, and 
state its results. 

11. Describe Queen Anne's War. 

12. What were the chief events of King George's 

War ? 

13. Give the preliminary events of the French and 

Indian War. 

14. Name the chief events in the French and Indian 

War. 

15. What territories were acquired by England, and 

what by Spain ? 

16. Describe the conspiracy of Pontiac. 

17. Name some of the first books written in Virginia. 

18. Name some of the most distinguished clergymen 

in New England. 

19. What can you tell of Governor Bradford and 

other distinguished colonists? 

20. Who founded Yale College ? 

21. What was the origin of the College of William 

and Mary? 



140, 143, 144 
141, 142 

145-148 

149 
150-154 

155-159 
160-164 

165 
167 



166, 


168, 


169 




170- 


173 




174, 


175 




176^ 


178 




179- 


192 

i93 
194 




195- 


197 



198 

199 

200 



(121) 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



22. Name the first seven colleges in America. 

23. What can you tell of Jonathan Edwards ? 

24. Describe the character and public services of 

Franklin. 

25. What is said of John Bartram? 

26. What can you tell of other colonial writers? 

27. Describe the customary dress, manners, and em- 

ployments in the colonies. 

28. What restrictions and interruptions to commerce ? 

29. What is said of the royal officials ? 





Section 


87, 


200, 20I 




202 




203-206 




206 




207, 208 




209-2 I 2 


128, 


H7. 213 




214 



PART III.— WAR OF INDEPENDENCE. 



CHAPTER XIV. 

CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 

215. French Predictions. — "We have caught them at 
last," said the French prime minister, 1 as he signed the ces- 
sion of nearly half of North America to the English (§193). 
" I am persuaded," said another French nobleman, when he 
heard of the act, "that England will soon repent of having 
removed the only check that could keep her colonies in awe. 
They stand no longer in need of her protection; she will 
call upon them to contribute toward supporting the burdens 
they have helped to bring upon her, and they will answer 
by striking off all dependence." 

216. Taxing the Colonies.— These predictions were 
fulfilled. The English public debt was doubled by the 
Seven Years' War (§ 179), and a plan was revived for taxing 
the colonies with a share of the expense. Now it was a 
part of the British constitution that the "power of the 
purse" belonged to the people; /'. e. , that taxes could be 
levied only by the representatives of the whole nation ; and 
violation of this rule had cost one king his head (§126). 

217. The colonists insisted upon their privilege as English- 
men, — that as they were not represented in the British Par- 
liament, they could not be taxed by it, but only by their 
own assemblies, which were to them precisely what the 
House of Commons was to their countrymen at home; — 
and some of the best and wisest men in England declared 
that they were right. 

(123) 



124 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



2 1 8. Though hard things must be said of the British gov- 
ernment as it was then administered, we ought never to 

forget that our fathers had 
the spirit and ability to re- 
pel English injustice pre- 
cisely because they had 
been trained to the rights 
and duties of Englishmen. 
They hoped at first that 
the French colonists on 
the St. Lawrence, so few 
years subject to the hu- 
miliating yoke of En- 
gland, would join them 
in seeking independence. 
But under French rule 
there had been no town- 
meetings, no colonial as- 
semblies; and the people 
lacked the power to combine even against a government 




George III. 



which they detested. 
219. George III. 



-The throne of Great Britain was now 



occupied by George III., a narrow-minded and obstinate 
young king, who had succeeded his grandfather in 1760. 
He hated Pitt,' 2 the friend of America; and his ruling pur- 
pose was to exalt kingly authority at the expense of all 
popular rights. Yet Harvard College celebrated his acces- 
sion by a volume of loyal poems in Latin, Greek, and En- 
glish, promising so to train her sons "that they may be in 
their future stations grateful as well as useful subjects to the 
best of kings." Harvard soon saw reason to change her 
mind. 

220. The Stamp Act. — In 1765 the famous "Stamp 
Act " was made a law. All legal documents were to bear a 
government stamp, costing from three-pence to thirty dol- 



PAR LI. IMEXTAK Y TAXES. 



125 



lars, according to the importance of the transaction : every 
newspaper and pamphlet must be stamped, and every ad- 
vertisement must pay a tax. The day appointed for the 
Stamp Act to go into execution was observed by the colo- 
nies as a day of mourning. Bells tolled, flags were low- 
ered, and business was suspended. 

221. Declaration of Rights. — In the Virginia House 
of Burgesses Patrick Henry carried resolutions declaring that 
the right to tax the colonies rested solely with the repre- 
sentatives of the colonists, "and that every attempt to vest 
such power in any person or persons whatsoever, other than 
the General Assembly aforesaid, has a manifest tendency to 
destroy British as well as American freedom." Delegates 
from nine colonies met at New York in October, 1765, and 
prepared a Declaration of Rights with remonstrances to 
king and Parliament. 

222. The Stamp Act was repealed a year after its 
passage, but new taxes were imposed on tea, glass, paper, 
and painters' materials. The govern- 
ment was authorized to send soldiers 
to America, and the colonists were re- 
quired to house and feed them. Bos- 
ton, which was regarded as a "hot- 
bed of revolt," received two British 
regiments. Frequent collisions took 
place, in one of which several citizens 
were killed. 3 The soldiers who had 
fired on the mob were tried for mur- 
der in the colonial court, but they 
had a fair hearing, their case being defended by some of the 
best lawyers in the colony. All but two were acquitted on 
the ground that they had fired in self-defense, and the two 
were only branded on tile hand. 

223. In North Carolina the general discontent was 




Stamp. 



126 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



aggravated by the miscon- 
duct of the royal governor 
and his officials, who shame- 
lessly plundered the people. 
The "Regulators," — colo- 
nial volunteers who attempt- 
ed to put down these extor- 
tions, — were defeated by 
Governor Tryon with a 
British force, and many 
were slain, while their es- 
tates went to enrich the gov- 
Disgusted with his 




Burning of the Gaspee. 

tyranny, many of the planters left the settled limits of the 
colony, bought lands of the Cherokees to the westward, and 
laid the foundations of what is now the state of Tennessee* 
A. D. 1772. 



RESISTANCE TO REVENUE LAWS. 127 

224. The old restrictions upon colonial industry were 
in full force. Iron, which abounded in Pennsylvania, could 
neither be sent to England nor be manufactured at home. 
The rich pine forests of the southern states were rendered 
almost useless by act of Parliament, for neither tar nor tur- 
pentine nor staves could be made, nor could any tree be 
cut down without the king's permission. Foreign goods 
could be bought only of English merchants, and were loaded 
with duties for the enriching of the mother-country. The 
natural sense of the people rebelled against such laws. 

225. Rhode Island and the Revenue Laws. — Rhode 
Island, with its bays and inlets, was well suited to the smug- 
gling trade; and, moreover, it was the only colony whose 
governor at the time of the Revolution was chosen by its 
own people. All other governors were appointed by the 
king. A governor had the right to grant flags of truce; 
and, during the French and Indian War, Newport merchants 
had availed themselves of these flags, not only as privateers 
but as smugglers. To stop this illegal traffic, the British 
schooner Gaspee was ordered, in 1772, to lie at the entrance 
of Narragansett Bay, and o^iestion every craft that floated 
in or out, from tiny market-boats to great East Indiamen. 

226. Burning of the Gaspee. — Having run aground 
by accident, the Gaspee was boarded in her turn by eight 
boat-loads of citizens from Providence; her officers and 
crew were bound and taken on shore, and the schooner was 
burnt. Though a reward of $5,000 was offered for the de- 
tection of any of the citizens concerned in the affair, and 
though almost every child in Providence knew the open 
secret, not a name was ever reported to the king's commis- 
sioners, and the inquiry was dropped. 

227. Taxes on Tea. — Surprised at the firmness of the 
colonists, Parliament, in 1773, repealed all taxes excepting 
that of three-pence a pound upon tea, and so arranged 



128 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

matters with the East India Company that this article could 
be sold cheaper in America than in England. But the col- 
onists were contending for principles, not pence. New 
York and Philadelphia sent the tea-ships home with all their 
cargoes on board. Boston, being held by British troops, 
could not do this; but after a great meeting in Faneuil 
Hall, 5 a party of men disguised as Indians boarded the ves- 
sels and threw all the tea into the harbor. 

228. The "Boston Tea Party" occasioned great 
wrath in England. The port of Boston was closed by act 
of Parliament, and great distress fell upon the laborers who 
were thus deprived of employment. Instead of profiting by 
their neighbor's loss, Salem and Marblehead offered their 
wharves for the use of the Boston merchants. Tokens of 
sympathy poured in from all the colonies: even far-off 
Georgia and South Carolina sent money and cargoes of rice 
to relieve the suffering poor in the northern city. 

229. The House of Burgesses in Virginia appointed a 
solemn fast on the day when the "Boston Port Bill" was 
to go into effect. The governor thereupon dissolved the 
assembly, but its members only adjourned to another build- 
ing and unanimously voted that the attack upon Massachu- 
setts threatened ruin to all the colonies alike, and demanded 
measures for united resistance. In England Mr. Pitt, now 
the Earl of Chatham, urged Parliament to desist from the 
cruel injustice of oppressing three millions of people for the 
act of thirty or forty. 

230. First Continental Congress. — The "Sons of 
Liberty," who had organized themselves in each of the col- 
onies, now sought a closer union. In September, 1774, the 
First Continental Congress met at Philadelphia. Fifty-three 
of the best and ablest men in the country were there; men 
deeply versed in English law, and who knew well that king 
and Parliament were violating the constitution which they 




L.B.Fo<aer 8c. Cin. 



FIRST AMERICAN CONGRESS. 



129 



were sworn to maintain. Awed by a feeling of the tremen- 
dous results which depended upon their conduct, a long and 
deep silence fell on all the members of the Assembly. It 
was broken by Patrick Henry, 1 '' of Virginia, — the greatest 
orator of his day, and per- 
haps the greatest that Amer- 
ica has yet produced, — who 
recited the wrongs of the 
colonies with magnificent 
eloquence, and yet with 
strict adherence to the truth. 




Patrick Henry. 



231. A petition to the 

king and separate addresses 
to the people of Great Britain 
and of Canada were voted. 
While expressing unshaken 
loyalty and affection to the 
king, Congress protested 
against the keeping of arm- 
ies in America without the 
consent of the people, and resolved to hold no commercial 
intercourse with England until a different policy should be 
adopted. 

Companies of "minute-men" 1 were now formed and drilled 
in all the towns. In the midst of their preparations came 
news that the British were cannonading Boston. In two 
days 30,000 volunteers were on the march for that city. 

232. The Battle of Lexington. — On the evening of 
April 18th, 1775, General Gage, commanding at Boston, 
sent 800 men to destroy some military stores which the 
Americans had collected at Concord. The movement was 
signaled by a beacon-light hung in the North Church 
tower, and all night long the farmers were gathering to 
oppose it. s At dawn the British, arriving at Lexington, 

U. S. H.— 9. 



130 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

found a company of minute-men drawn up to receive them, 
and here the first blood was shed in the War of American 
Independence. 

233. The British pressed on and destroyed the stores at 
Concord; but by this time the whole country 9 was under 
arms, and on their return they were so hard pressed by the 
colonists that their retreat became a flight, and all would, 
perhaps, have been killed or captured had not fresh troops 
with cannon come out from Boston to aid and protect them. 
Before long General Gage was besieged in Boston by 20,000 
men. 1 ' 1 

Point out on Map Xo. 4, Narragansett Bay. Providence. Boston. 
Salem. Concord. Lexington. 

Read Wirt's "Life of Patrick Henry;" Parton's "Life of Jeffer- 
son;" Jesse's "Life of George III.;" Greene's "Historical View of 
the American Revolution;" Lossing's "Field-Book of the American 
Revolution." 

NOTES. 

1. This was Choiseul. The other French nobleman was Vergennes, the 
French embassador to Constantinople, a man noted for his calm, equable 
temperament. 

2. William Pitt (p. 1708, d. 1778) first Earl of Chatham, was America's 
wannest champion in England during the troubles that led to the Revo- 
lution. He had the reputation of being " one of the most powerful, vigi- 
lant, and patriotic opponents in Parliament of unconstitutional and 
unwise measures." He opposed the stamp act of 17(36, and from 1755 to 
1757 ins voice rang warning and prophecy to the British ministry in their 
oppression of the colonies. In 1778 he rose from a sick-bed to speak in the 
House of Lords against a motion to acknowledge the independence of 
America. At the close of his speech, he fell in an apoplectic fit, from 
which he never recovered. 

3. This affair is known as the " Boston Massacre : " it grew out of a fight 
between a soldier and a laborer in a rope-walk. The soldier being 
whipped brought other soldiers, who were again and again beaten off by 
the laborers. The following night, March 5th, 1770, the soldiers, infuriated 
by talking the affair over amongst themselves, rushed about the streets 
insulting and striking unoffending citizens. An angry mob gathered, 
and six soldiers under an officer charged through the crowd. A soldier 
was struck, and the order to fire was given. Three persons were killed 
outright, and eight were wounded, two of them mortally. "Of all the 
eleven, not more than one had had any share in the disturbance." This 
shedding of innocent blood caused the wildest excitement, not only in 
Boston but throughout the country, and Governor Hutchinson was com- 
pelled to remove the soldiers from their quarters in the city. 

4. The most prominent among these settlers was James Robertson, who 
two years before this time had settled in Tennessee. Bancroft says of 
him : " This year [1770], James Robertson, from the home of the Regulators 



NOTES. 131 



in North Carolina, a poor and unlettered forester, of humble birth but of 
inborn nobleness of soul, cultivated maize on the Wautauga. The frame 
of the heroic planter was robust, his constitution hardy; he trod the soil 
as if he were its rightful lord. Intrepid, loving virtue for its own sake, 
and emulous of honorable fame, he had self-possession, quickness of dis- 
cernment, and a sound judgment. Wherever he was thrown, on what- 
ever he was engaged, he knew how to use all the means within his reach, 
whether small or meat, to their proper end, seeing at a glance their latent 
capacities, and devising the simplest and surest way to bring them 
forth ; and so he became the greatest benefactor of the early settlers of 
Tennessee." 

5. Faneuil Hail was built in 1740, and was a gift to the town of P>oston 
from Peter Faneuil. The latter was a Boston merchant, born at New 
Rochelle, New York, of a French Huguenot family. The lower Moor of 
the hall was a market-house; above that was a town-hall, with other 
rooms attached. This hall was a great place of rendezvous for the 
patriots at the outbreak of the Revolution, and came to be known as 
"The Cradle of Liberty." 

6. Patrick Henry (b. 1730, d. 1799) was a man of limited education, and 
in early years displayed few indications of his future greatness. He was 
exceedingly fond of fishing and hunting, and of social pleasures, all of 
which were allowed to interfere with his duties. He married at eighteen, 
failed twice in business, once in an attempt at farming, and finally, when 
twenty-four years of age, entered the profession of law after six weeks 
study of the subject. Of course he was ignorant of the simplest details of 
the profession he had undertaken, but his wonderful gift of oratory stood 
him in good stead, and after the first trial in which he appeared, at the 
age of twenty-seven, he never lacked for business, although he was never 
considered remarkable as a lawyer. 

Henry was a man of high moral courage, and the instinctive champion 
of the wronged and the oppressed. The opening scenes of the Revolution 
tired his patriotic soul ; evidently the time and purpose for which be had 
been born had arrived. His speech before the Virginia House of Bur- 
gesses 0,'22\) electrified the country, and gained him the reputation, at 
the age ol twenty-nine, of being "the greatest orator and political thinker 
of a land abounding with public speakers and statesmen." From this 
time forth he was prominent in the political conventions and congresses 
of the colonies, and, in 177(1, he was elected the first republican governor 
of the state of Virginia. He held this office until 1779, when, being no 
longer eligible, be returned to the legislature. At the close of the war he 
was again chosen governor, and served until 1786, when he resigned. In 
1791 he retired from the law, and removed to his estate. After this he de- 
clined several honorable positions in public life, but was finally persuaded 
by Washington and others to become a candidate for the Virginia senate, 
in 1799, in order to oppose certain measures there. He was easily elected, 
bu1 death interposed before he could take his seat. 

7. The minute-men were so called from the terms of their enlistment. 
They were to serve whenever called upou, and at a moment's notice. 

8. This was the occasion of "Paul Revere's Ride" made celebrated by 
Longfellow's poem. As soon as Warren, an American patriot in Boston, 
discovered Gage's plan, he dispatched William Dawes through Roxbury, 
and Revere by way of Charlestown, to spread the alarm. Revere had the 
beacon-lights' hung in the North Church tower, as stated, and then with 
muffled oars rowed over to Charlestown only five minutes before the sen- 
tinels received orders to allow no one to pass. At Charlestown Neck he 
was stopped by two British officers, but escaped them through the speed 
of his horse, and proceeded on his way to Lexington and Concord, rous- 
ing each household as he passed. 

"A hurry of hoofs in a village street, 

A shape in the moonlight, a bulk in the dark, 

And beneath, from the pebbles, in passing, a spark 
Struck nut by a steed riving fearless and fleel 

That was all! And yet, through the gloom and the light, 

Tin- fate of a nation 'was riding that night ; 

And the -park struek out by that steed, in its flight, 
Kindled the land into flame with its boat." 



T32 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



9 " The Americans who joined in the pursuit, which began at the old 
North Bridge in Concord, came from Acton, Bedford, Billerica, Brookline, 
Beverly, Concord, Carlisle, Chelmsford, < 'ambridge, Charlestown, Danvers, 
Dedham, Dorchester, Framingham, Lexington, Lincoln, Lynn, Littleton, 
Medford, Milton, Needham, Newton, Pepperell, Roxbury, Heading, Sud- 
bury Stowe, Salem, Woburn, Watertown, and Westford. Thirty-one 
towns' Such is the distinguished roll of honor represented in the open- 
ing fight of the Revolution."— A usUri's "History of Massachusetts" 

Fatal collisions between the colonists and the British had indeed oc- 
curred in the streets of New York and Boston, and in North Carolina 
(33 222 223) But these had more or less of a local character, while the 
armed resistance to a regular British army at Lexington was distinctly a 
battle for American independence. 



10. General Gage was not only military commandant at Boston, but 
civil governor of Massachusetts. His instructions from the king required 
him to seize and condignly punish Samuel Adams, John Hancock, Joseph 
Warren, and other leading patriots, "but he stood in such dread of them 
that he never so much as attempted their arrest." " He had promised the 
king that with four regiments he would play the lion," but in truth his 
arrogance and presumption far surpassed his practical abilities, and " he 
inspired neither confidence nor fear." It is impossible to say how differ- 
ent might have been the result to the colonies if the king had been better 
served. America has reason to be thankful that her courage and re- 
sources were underrated at this critical time, when even her own best 
men little understood the gravity of the conflict that was impending. 



CHAPTER XV. 

OPENING SCENES OF THE REVOLUTION. 

234. Second Continental Congress. — In May, 1775, 
the Second Continental Congress met at Philadelphia, and 
never had a body of men such tremendous duties with so 
little power to perform them. There was no public treasury, 
and no authority to create one ; war was already begun, 
while there was not a soldier nor an officer enlisted in the 
name of the whole country. Worst of all, Congress could 
not bind the people to any measure; but could only advise 
the thirteen colonial governments what it seemed best for 
them to do. 

235. No wonder that their first steps were hesitating and 
weak. In appointing a day of fasting and prayer for the 
"restoration of the invaded rights of America," they de- 
sired the people to recognize ' ' King George the Third as 
their rightful sovereign." They took measures, however, 
for organizing a "continental army" for seven months, and 
appointed George Washington, of Virginia, to be its com- 
mander-in-chief; while they sincerely ' ' labored for the res- 
toration of harmony between the colonies and the parent 
state." The responsibility of war was thrown upon Great 
Britain ; for the Americans only desired peace with justice, 
and Washington wrote at this very time that he "abhorred 
the idea of independence." 

236. The Earl of Chatham declared in Parliament that 
no body of men ever surpassed the second American Con- 
gress in "solidity of reasoning, force of sagacity, and wis- 
dom of conclusion;" and to Franklin he remarked, that the 
success of the American cause was the last hope of liberty 

(133) 



134 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



for England. The debates in Parliament proved to the col- 
onists that their contest was with the king and ministry, not 
with the people of England. Several Englishmen of rank 
resigned their places in the army and government rather 
than fight against America. One of them, Lord Effingham, 
received the public thanks of citizens of London for having 
acted "asa true Englishman." It was fortunate, however, 
that Lord Chatham's plan of conciliation failed. If it had 
succeeded, England might have kept her colonies on the 
condition of governing them justly. It was better for her, 
for them, and for the world that she should cease to govern 
them at all. 

237. The communications with Canada were felt 
to be of great importance. In May, 1775, the forts at 
Ticonderoga and Crown Point were surprised by Ethan 
Allen 1 and Seth Warner 2 with a handful of "Green Moun- 
tain Boys," and were surrendered without a shot. Ticon- 
deroga had cost England an enormous amount of money 
and many lives (See p. 104). It was taken "in ten minutes 
by a few undisciplined volunteers, without the loss of life or 
limb." In it was an immense supply of cannon and other 
war materials. 

238. Three British generals, 3 soon to become well 
known in America, — Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne,— now 
arrived with heavy reinforcements at Boston. General 
Ward,' still in command of the Americans, resolved to push 
the siege more closely. To this end he ordered Colonel 
Prescott 5 to fortify Bunker Hill. At the last moment 
Breed's Hill was substituted, as a still more commanding 
position, but the battle which followed took its name from 
the former. 

239. Battle of Bunker Hill. — During the night fol- 
lowing, June 1 6th, a strong earth-work was thrown up. As 
soon as the morning light revealed it to the British, a can- 



BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL. 135 



nonade was opened from their fleet and the opposite shore, 
and 2,000 men were sent to storm the work. The Ameri- 
cans, who had only dropped the spade to seize the musket, 
waited until they could see the whites of their enemies' 
eyes, then fired with such deadly effect that the attacking 
column broke and fell back to the foot of the hill. 

240. The village of Charlestown was then fired, and 
under cover of its smoke the enemy rallied and ascended 
the hill, only to be repulsed as before. Fresh troops came 
from Boston, and a third attack was made. The spirit of 
the defenders had not flagged, but their powder was nearly 
spent. Still the front rank of the assailants was again mown 
down; and the Americans fought with the butt ends of their 
guns, until they retired in good order to Prospect Hill, only 
a mile in the rear." 

General Gage wrote home, ' ' The trials we have had, 
prove the rebels are not the despicable rabble too many 
have supposed them to be." He was already superseded in 
command by General Howe, brother of him who had fallen 
at Ticonderoga and whom Massachusetts had loved and 
honored (§187). 

241. Washington in Command. — Among the first 
acts of royal governors when the war broke out, was the 
seizure of gunpowder belonging to the colonies. The want 
of this necessary article had occasioned the loss of Breed's 
Hill and seriously crippled the movements of AVashington. 
On the 3d of July this great general took command of the 
forces besieging Boston. They could scarcely be called an 
army : arms, uniform, and drill were lacking ; each man had 
brought his own musket and powder-horn, if he happened 
to possess them, and subsisted mainly on food which he re- 
ceived from home. Washington's first task was to create an 
army out of these raw recruits, and happily the inaction of 
the British gave him a k\v months for the work. 



136 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



242. The Mecklenburg Resolutions. — Still very few 
colonists dreamed of a separation from England. The 
patriots of Mecklenburg County, in North Carolina, had, 
however, advanced to a different conclusion, in which the 
whole country afterwards joined them. In May, 1775, they 
met at Charlotte, and renounced their allegiance to king and 
Parliament. The "Mecklenburg Resolutions" were the 
prelude to the "Declaration of Independence." 

243. Kentucky Settled. — During the same year the 
foundations were laid of a new state west of the Alle- 
ghanies. Daniel Boone, 7 the famous hunter, with Kenton, 
Floyd, Harrod, Shelby, and others, having bought land of 
the Cherokees, settled the rich meadow-lands on the Ken- 
tucky River. Free from the first, they never owned the 
dominion of England; and they were among the earliest in 
America to declare their independence, on a footing of obe- 
dience to local law. Courts, churches, and schools were 
established; and order and justice were held as dear as 
freedom. (See §277.) 

244. Indians and Hessians. — Meanwhile King George, 
so far from regarding the humble petition he had received 
from Congress, was sending emissaries to the Iroquois and 
Canadian Indians to excite their savage wrath against the 
colonics ; and, as Englishmen enough could not be enlisted, 
was making bargains with petty German princes, who sold 
him the services of their subjects at a little less than thirty- 
five dollars per head. "Every soldier killed was to be 
paid for at this rate, and three wounded were to be reck- 
oned as one killed." Acts of Parliament forbade any trade 
with the "rebels," and ordered that American vessels should 
be seized, and their crews treated as slaves. 

245. Invasion of Canada. — These violent measures 
went far to destroy the love of Americans for England, and 
it was seen that independence was the only way to honor 



MOVEMENTS IN CANADA. 



J 37 




Quebec. 



and safety. The Canadian peasantry wished well to the 
cause of separation, but the rich and ruling class were con- 
tent with the existing order of things. To sustain the pop- 
ular feeling, and prevent attacks from the north, a two-fold 
invasion of Canada was planned for the autumn of 1775. 

246. Siege of Quebec. — General Montgomery/ de- 
scending Lake Champlain, captured St. John's and Mont- 
real. General Arnold, 9 ascending the Kennebec, made a 
toilsome march through the woods and marshes of northern 
Maine, and though deprived by hunger and disease of 
nearly half his men, undertook the siege of Quebec, the 
mightiest fortress in America. Climbing by Wolfe's path 
(^191) to the Heights of Abraham, he summoned the city 
to surrender; but its commander had learned wisdom from 
Montcalm's disaster, and remained within his fort. 

247. Montgomery soon arrived and took command. The 
garrison numbered twice as many as the combined army of 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



assailants, and had strong walls and two hundred cannon to 
oppose to the musketry and few small siege-guns from Mont- 
real. Nevertheless the colonists intrenched themselves be- 
hind ramparts of ice, since the frozen ground defied their 
pickaxes. On the last morning of 1775 the assault was 
made. Montgomery led the advance, crying out, ' ' Men of 
New York ! you will not fear to follow where your general 
leads ! " The attack was brave and spirited ; but Mont- 
gomery fell dead, Arnold was dangerously wounded, and 
the effort failed. 

Still determined, the Americans turned the siege into a 
blockade, and held out until May, when they reluctantly 
retreated, wasted by disease and starvation. The British 
governor, pitying their sufferings and admiring their courage, 
offered to shelter and care for their sick until they were able 
to march ; but the generous invitation was declined (See 
S306). A great British force arriving in the St. Lawrence, 
Montreal and St. John's were abandoned. 

248. Deliverance of Boston. — Against innumerable 
difficulties, Washington had persevered through the winter 
in drilling and strengthening his army; and early in March 
he was ready for a decisive stroke. In a single night works 
were erected on Dorchester Heights, which forced General 
Howe to evacuate Boston. Taking on board the fleet not 
only his arm}', but eleven hundred Americans who chose to 
remain subjects of the king, he sailed away to Halifax, to 
the great joy and relief of the Bostonians. 

Washington knew that the breathing-time would be short. 
New York was of the greatest importance to both parties 
from its central position, its easy communication with 
Canada, and the strong Tory 10 interest among its people. 
Thither Washington soon marched to anticipate the arrival 
of the British. 

249. Siege of Charleston. — Early in June a British 
fleet from Halifax appeared in Charleston harbor bearing 



.VOTES. 139 

an army commanded by General Clinton. Major-general 
Lee," second only to Washington among American officers, 
had been placed in charge of the southern department. But 
he cared more for himself than for the success of the cause, 
and wrought more evil than good to the American service. 
He pronounced Charleston untenable, and was only anxious 
to secure the retreat of the garrison. Colonel 
Moultrie 12 was of a different mind. From his 
fort of palmetto logs on Sullivan's Island, he kept up so 
steady a cannonade that the fleet, after ten hours' engage- 
ment, withdrew shattered and disabled, unfit even to convey 
the army to New York. 13 The fort has ever since borne the 
name of its brave defender. 

Trace on Map No. 4, the two routes by which the Americans invaded 
Canada. 

Read for the whole Revolutionary period Irving's " Life of Wash- 
ington," Volumes II. -IV. ; the Lives of Generals Greene, Putnam, 
Arnold; Lossing's "Field-Book of the Revolution;" Botta's "History 
of the American Revolution." 

NOTES. 

1. Ethan Allen (b. 1739, d. 1789) was born in Connecticut, but removed 
to Vermont when about twenty-four years of age. Previous to the Revo- 
lution New York and New Hampshire disputed possession of the territory 
which now forms Vermont, and the New York officers tried to enforce 
their authority which the settlers resisted. The latter formed an organ- 
ization known as the "Green Mountain Boys," of which Allen was the 
colonel. They succeeded in holding their farms, and Allen became so 
obnoxious that Governor Tryon of New York offered £150 reward for his 
arrest. 

Just before the attack on Ticonderoga, Benedict Arnold (§292) appeared, 
and claimed command of the forces through a commission received from 
Massachusetts. Allen would not give way, however, and they finally 
compromised by walking at the head of the column side l>y side. Shortly 
after the fall of Ticonderoga Allen made an unsuccessful attack on Mont- 
real, and was taken prisoner. He was sent first to England, and after- 
wards to the prison-ships at Halifax and New York. He was heavily 
in unci and treated as a common felon. Although rough in manner and 
appearance, Allen was a man of good intellect. He wrote a history of the 
dispute in regard to Vermont, a narrative of his captivity, several polit- 
ical pamphlets, and also a work entitled "Reason the only Oracle of 
Man." He resided in Vermont until his death, serving for some time in 
the legislature. 

2. Seth "Warner (6. 1743, d. 17S1) was also prominent In the controversy 
between New York and Vermont, and like Allen he was outlawed. In 
the expeditions against Ticonderoga and Crown Point he was second in 



140 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



command, and personally conducted the attack on the latter place. He 
remained in the army, doing good service until 1782, when lie resigned on 
account of ill health, and returned to his native town of Roxbury, Conn. 

3. These generals were men of experience. General William Howe had 
command of the light infantry under Wolfe in the attack on Quebec (1 190) ; 
Sir Henry Clinton had served in the same war; and General John Bur- 
goyne had won distinction as a brigadier-general in Portugal. All of 
them were severely censured at home for their conduct of affairs in 
America. Burgoyne and Clinton each wrote a narrative which, in a 
measure, removed the feeling against them, and Howe was freed from 
blame by an investigation ordered by Parliament. 

" As they entered the harbor, they hailed a tender bound for Newport, 
and asked the news. When told that Boston was surrounded by ten 
thousand men in arms, they asked how large was the English force, and 
were told it was five thousand men. 'Ten thousand peasants keep five 
thousand king's troops shut up ! Let us get in, and we '11 soon find elbow- 
room.' The story was circulated every-where, and the nick-name ' Elbow- 
room ' was applied to Burgoyne all through the war, never with more 
sting, of course, than at the period of his own reverses."— Bryant. 

4. After the battles of Concord and Lexington the congress of Mas- 
sachusetts voted to raise an army of thirteen thousand six hundred men, 
and called upon the other New England colonies to increase the number to 
thirty thousand. In response to this call about sixteen thousand men 
assembled around Boston. There was no unity among them, however, the 
men from the several colonies appearing as independent corps under 
leaders of their own. 

Artemas Ward, as captain-general of the Massachusetts forces, held 
the leading position, but had no commission as commander-in-chief. 
Bancroft says of him: "He was old, unused to a separate military com- 
mand, from an infirmity not fit to appear on horseback, and wanting in 
' quick decision and activity ; ' he never could introduce discipline among 
free men, who owned no superiority but that of merit, no obedience but 
that of willing minds." About this time the Continental Congress made 
him a major-general under Washington, but he resigned within a month. 

5. William Prescott (6. 1726, d. 1795), born at Groton, Mass., had served 
in the attack against Nova Scotia (§181) as lieutenant and captain. He 
was made colonel of a regiment of minute-men, and marched at their 
head to Cambridge as soon as he heard of the battle of Lexington. He 
had sole command of the redoubt on Breed's Hill, and by his remarkable 
courage and self-possession inspired the men under him with a similar 
spirit. He was among the last to quit the redoubt, unwounded, although 
his clothes were pierced and rent by the English bayonets. He remained 
in the army until the battle of Saratoga, in 1777, where he served as a vol- 
unteer. He then returned home, and in later years was a member of the 
Massachusetts Legislature. 

6. In tins battle the English had one thousand and fifty-four killed and 
wounded. The American loss was one hundred and forty-five killed and 
missing, and three hundred and four wounded. Among the Americans 
killed was General Warren. He was an ardent patriot and highly es- 
teemed as a statesman as well as a soldier. He had lust been appointed a 
major-general by the Continental Congress, but in this battle was serving 
simply as a volunteer. He was the last man in the trendies, and fell 
while endeavoring to rally the men about him. 

7. Daniel Boone (b. 17*5, d. 1820) was born in Pennsylvania. When he 
was eighteen years old, lie removed to North Carolina. He married and 
passed some years there as a farmer, but during that time made several 
excursions into the wilds of Kentucky, where he finally removed with 
his family. He was captured several times by the Indians, but always 
managed to escape. Kentucky tilling rapidly with settlers, Boone lost 
all his land there through neglect in making his title good, and left in 
disgust tor Missouri, t hen under Spanish rule. Here the same thing hap- 
pened again, but in 1812 Congress confirmed his claim to another tract of 
land in return for ins valuable public services. Boone and his wife died 
in Missouri, but in 1845 their remains were transferred to the cemetery 
at Frankfort, Ky. 



NOTES. 141 



8. Richard Montgomery (6. 1736, d. 1775) was born near Raphoe, Ire- 
land, and entered the British army at the age of fifteen. He distinguished 
himself in America during the "French and Indian War," but, disap- 
pointed at not receiving a promotion, he sold his commission, and in 1772 
emigrated to New York. Here he married a daughter of Robert R. Liv- 
ingston, and in 1773 settled on a farm at Rhinebeck, hoping to lead a 
quiet, domestic life. At the breaking out of the Revolution he was ap- 
pointed brigadier-general. The expedition against Canada fell to his 
command owing to the sickness of Major-general Schuyler, who was to 
have conducted the operations. Montgomery soon won the love and 
esteem of his soldiers, and distinction in the eyes of the country, by his 
energetic and daring management. lb' was made a major-general a few 
days before his death. Congress honored him with a monument, beneath 
which his remains now lie, in front of St. Paul's Church, New York. 

9. Benedict Arnold (6. 1740, d. 1801) was one of the most conspicuous 
characters of the Revolution. Bancroft thus concisely describes him : 
" In person he was short of stature, and of a florid complexion ; his broad, 
compact frame displayed a strong animal nature and power of endur- 
ance; he was complaisant and persuasive in his manners, desperately 
brave and sanguinely hopeful, avaricious and profuse, of restless activity, 
intelligent and enterprising." He was one of the first to march to Cam- 
bridge, but unfortunately his early patriotism and daring leadership are 
utterly overshadowed by his disgraceful treason. (See §§292-295.) 

10. Tories were those who believed in the "divine right" of the king 
to be obeyed j whether his commands were just or not — hence, in America, 
those who still considered themselves subjects of George III. Those who 
in both countries maintained the rights of the people were called miic/s 
(§110). It is supposed that twenty-five thousand American Tories were 
enlisted in the British armies during the Revolution. 

11. Charles Lee (b. 1731, d. 1782) is said to have held a commission in 
the British army when but eleven years of age. His first actual experi- 
ence in warfare, however, was at Braddock's defeat (§ ISO). At Ticonder- 
oga, in 1758, he was severely wounded, but continued in service in America 
until 1700, when he returned to England. He distinguished himself in 
Spain, but failed in securing further promotion. In disgust he left En- 
gland, and became "a soldier of fortune," serving in Germany, Poland, 
and Russia. He twice returned to England and endeavored to secure ad- 
vancement and active service. His failure to do this soured his disposi- 
tion ; he violently opposed the ministry, and indulged in newspaper 
attacks upon them full of irony and sarcasm. 

At the breaking out of the Revolution he eagerly espoused the Ameri- 
can cause. The Continental Congress appointed him second of five 
major-generals under Washington, much to Lee's disappointment, who 
had worked hard for the position of commander-in-chief. Of his conduct 
during the war little can be said in praise. His bitter jealousy and 
intense selfishness carried him almost to the verge of treason (§257). At 
the battle of Monmouth (§272) he behaved so badly that Washington 
ordered him to the rear; a court-martial followed, which found him 
" guilty of disobedience, misbehavior before the enemy, and disrespect to 
the commander-in-chief." He was accordingly suspended from all com- 
mand for twelve months. Finally Congress, provoked by an impertinent 
letter, dismissed him from service. He retired to a plantation, where his 
only companions were his books and his dogs, of both of which he was 
passionately fond. The life wearied him, however, and in 1782 he visited 
Baltimore and Philadelphia, endeavoring to sell his estate. At the latter 
place he was attacked by fever, and died in a very few days. 

12. William Moultrie (6. 1731, d. 1805) was a South Carolinian by birth, 
and when thirty years old was made captain in a militia regiment which 
fought in the war with the Cherokees. He served in the beginning of the 
Revolution as colonel, and superintended the building of the fort on 
Sullivan's Island. He rose to the rank of brigadier-general, serving with 
great distinction until his capture by the British at the surrender of 
Charleston in 1780. While a prisoner he was offered money and com- 
mand of a British regiment at Jamaica if he would desert. His reply is 
worthy of commemoration: "Not the fee-simple of all Jamaica could 
induce me to part with my integrity." He was exchanged for Burgoyne 



142 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



after two years' imprisonment ; rose to the rank of major-general ; and 
after the war was twice elected governor of South Carolina. 

13. The fort was built of palmetto logs, laid in two rows sixteen feet 
apart, and tilled in between the rows with sand. This made a most 
effective defense, as only eleven men were killed and twenty-six 
wounded out of a garrison of four hundred and thirty-five; while in the 
ten vessels of the British squadron the loss in killed and wounded was 
two hundred and five. The British flag-ship was so badly shattered that 
" but for the stillness of the sea she must have gone down ; " another 
vessel, that had run aground, was set fire to and abandoned. 

"In the fort, William Jasper, a sergeant, perceived that the flag had 
been cut down by a ball from the enemy, and had fallen over the ram- 
parts. 'Colonel,' said he to Moultrie, 'don't let us light without a flag.' 

"'What can you do?' asked Moultrie; 'the staff is broken off.' 

" ' Then,' said Jasper, ' I '11 flx it to a halberd, and place it on the merlon 
of the bastion next the enemy ; ' and leaping through an embrasure, and 
braving the thickest Are from the ships, he took up the flag, returned 
with it safely, and planted it as he had promised on the summit of the 
merlon ."—Ihi ncroft. 



CHAPTER XVI. 

EVENTS OF 1776. 




Independence Hall. 

250. Separation from Great Britain could no longer 
be delayed. In April, 1776, Congress abolished the "colo- 
nial system" by opening the American ports to free trade 
with all the world excepting the British dominions. On the 
7th of June Richard Henry Lee 1 offered a resolution in 
Congress, "that these united colonies are, and of right 
ought to be, free and independent states." After due de- 

(H3) 



144 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

bate the resolution was adopted, and a Declaration, written 
by Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, was published to the 
world on the 4th of July. 2 It recited, in firm and manly 
terms, the acts of George III. which had rendered the sep- 
aration necessary, and declared the United States of America 
"absolved from all allegiance to the British crown."' 

251. The Declaration of Independence was received 
with joy all over the land. It was read to every brigade 
of Washington's army at New York; and the soldiers, with- 
out leave, pulled down the leaden statue of George III. 
which adorned the Battery, and converted it into bullets for 
resisting that king's ascendency. All the colonies now or- 
ganized themselves into sovereign states. Many of them 
seized the opportunity to get rid of abuses which had been 
wrought into their governments. Virginia put an end to the 
importation of slaves ; to all penalties for religious dissent ; 
and to the law of" entail, which had accumulated great estates 
in the hands of eldest sons; and adopted a plan for universal 
education which, however, was long delayed in its execution 
by the poverty consequent upon war. 

252. On the 1 2th of July Lord Howe 3 arrived in New- 
York Bay with a powerful English fleet. His brother, the 
General, was already encamped on Staten Island with 30,000 
British and German troops, all thoroughly armed and trained 
to the highest degree of efficiency; while Washington's re- 
cent recruits were scantily supplied with clothing, with 
weapons, and even with food. The Howes sincerely de- 
sired to restore peace without bloodshed ; and they issued a 
proclamation offering ' ' pardon to all rebels who would re- 
turn to their allegiance." Congress ordered this paper to be 
printed and distributed among the American people. 

253. Battle of Long Island. — On the 26th of August 
the English General Clinton crossed the Narrows and 
marched northward to the neighborhood of Brooklyn. Two 
of three roads through the hills were occupied by the Amer- 







z r-. -i:»'«i. i ■, , 



i;ri,-;-ii,- r.y.iii<i.M3p Nn.r.nmjis.x vi-xvnr 



X.'B.Tolgtr Sa.Oin. 



BATTLE OF LONG ISLAND. 145 

ican generals Sullivan' and Stirling' with about 8,000 men. 
Unhappily the Jamaica road had been left unguarded, and 
that was promptly seized by the enemy. There was brave 
fighting,- — still commemorated at "Battle Pass;" but, sur- 
rounded on all sides, the Americans were forced at length 
to retreat or surrender. General Stirling held out still longer 
on ground now within Greenwood Cemetery, and protected 
the retreat of the greater part of his force at the expense of 
his own capture and the death of two hundred and fifty-nine 
brave Marylanders. The Americans lost in all somewhat 
less than a thousand men, of whom three fourths, more un- 
fortunate than their dead comrades, were doomed to the 
"prison-ships," where, during the war, eleven thousand per- 
ished of fever and starvation. 

254. Washington's Retreat. — Two days after the 
battle Washington drew off his forces under cover of a 
heavy fog, and crossed East River in safety. It was now 
impossible to hold New York, and during September he en- 
trenched himself on Harlem Heights. His army was dis- 
heartened, and nearly dissolved by desertion ; terms of enlist- 
ment were short, and the work of drilling fresh recruits had 
to be resumed continually. 

255. Howe took possession of New York Septem- 
ber 13. A fire followed his entrance, in which five hundred 
houses were burnt. As Washington greatly desired news of 
the enemy's plans, Captain Nathan Hale, a Yale student 
who had quitted his college for the colonial service, volun- 
teered to enter the British lines on Long Island and obtain 
information. He was recognized by one of his own kins- 
men, who, being a Tory, betrayed him to the enemy. By 
Howe's order he was tried and condemned to death as a 
spy. Even the common offices of religion were denied him, 
and his farewell letters were destroyed. His last words 
were, " I only regret that I have but one life to give to my 
country." 

V. S. H.— 10. 



146 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




Attack on Rail's Camp. 



Unable to dislodge Washington from Harlem Heights, 
Howe resolved to reach his rear by landing in Westchester. 
Washington met him at White Plains, October 27th, and 
suffered a partial defeat, but was able to withdraw in good 
order to North Castle. 

256. To protect Philadelphia Washington now re- 
moved his army to New Jersey. Contrary to his judgment, 
Fort Washington was still held. It was captured by the 
British and Hessians, November 16th, after a brave defence, 



WASHINGTON IN NEW JERSEY. 147 

and 2,600 of our much-needed men went to crowd the 
prison-ships at Brooklyn. Fort Lee, on the opposite bank 
of the Hudson, was soon afterward taken, but its garrison 
was brought away in safety. 

257. General Lee, who commanded the rear division, 
disobeyed all orders to rejoin his chief, hoping by some 
brilliant stroke to raise himself to the head of the army. 
Instead, he was taken prisoner, and tried to gain favor with 
his captors by advising them of the best means to conquer 
America. But Howe never trusted him, and gladly ex- 
changed him a few months later for the British General 
Prescott, who was captured in Rhode Island. 

258. Lord Cornwallis, t; with a large army, was in rapid 
pursuit of Washington. His German troops robbed and in- 
sulted the people; and many, believing the hope of freedom 
lost, accepted the royal "pardon" for the sake of security. 
Washington retreated across the Delaware, and so swept it 
of boats that the enemy could not follow him. 

259. Battle of Trenton. — Colonel Rail and his Hes- 
sians were keeping Christmas at Trenton when the American 
chief suddenly recrossed the river, amid blocks of ice, in a 
furious storm, surprised and defeated Rail, and returned to 
his camp with nearly a thousand prisoners, having lost only 
two men, who were frozen to death. Rail himself was mor- 
tally wounded. This decisive stroke revived hope and 
courage in all true hearts. The enemy abandoned Burling- 
ton and Bordentown, and the people tore down from their 
doors the "red rags" by which they had claimed British 
protection. 

260. Washington Dictator.— Congress, finding that 
their general was not slow and cautious except by necessity, 
conferred on him extraordinary powers for six months to 
raise and maintain a larger army. Washington returned to 
Trenton, where he was soon hard pressed by Cornwallis, 



148 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



with greatly superior forces. Leaving his camp-fires burn- 
ing, he gave his enemy the slip, moved swiftly by night to 
Princeton, 7 and defeated three British regiments 

Jan. 3, 1777. 

there, then hastened to the rugged heights of 
Morristown, where he was safe from farther pursuit. 

261. Foreign Aid. — These brilliant movements com- 
manded admiration in Europe, and secret or open help 
began to reach the Americans. The young Marquis de La 
Fayette 8 fitted out a ship at his own expense, and came 
from France to serve as a volunteer in the American ranks. 
He was made a major-general, and became the intimate 
friend of Washington. Kosciusko 9 and Pulaski, 10 Poles of 
high birth, who had fought in vain for the deliverance of 
their own land, now offered themselves as ' ' soldiers of 
liberty," and rendered good service to our cause. 

Nevertheless, some of the darkest days were yet to be 
passed through. 

Trace upon Map No. 5 the movements on Long Island $253). Point 
out Harlem. White Plains. North Castle. Forts Washington and 
Lee. On Map No. 4, Burlington. Bordentown. Trenton. Princeton. 
Morristown. 

Read Lives of Kosciusko, Pulaski, and La Fayette in Sparks's 
"American Biographies." 

NOTES. 

1. Richard Henry Lee (6. 1".'!2, d. 1794) was one of the most eminent 
statesmen of American Revolutionary times. He wasa native Virginian, 
a brilliant scholar, a wise politician, an accomplished speaker, a tried 
patriot. His fiery eloquence and profound political knowledge brought 
him to the front in the creative days of our national republic. One of bis 
greatest addresses was that to the people of Great Britain in 1775, wherein, 
after stating the wrongs the colonies had endured, he wrote: "And shall 
the descendants of Britons tamely submit to this? No, sirs! we never 
will while we revere the memory of our gallant and virtuous ancestors. 
. . . . Admit that your fleets could destroy our towns, and ravage our 
sea-coasts; these are inconsiderable objects, things of no moment to men 

whose bosoms glow with t lie ardor of liberty Your ministers 

(equal foes to British and American freedom) have added to their former 
oppressions an attempt to reduce us by the sword to a base and abject 
submission. On the sword, therefore, we are compelled to rely for pro- 
tection. Of this, at least, we are assured, that our struggle will be glorious, 
our success certain ; since even in death we shall find that freedom which 
in life you forbid us to enjoy." 



NOTES. 149 



2. "It was two o'clock in the afternoon when the final decision was an- 
nounced by secretary Thomson to the assembled Congress in Independ- 
ence Hall. It was a moment of solemn interest ; and when the secretary 
sat down, a deep silence pervaded that august assembly. Thousands of 
anxious citizens had gathered in the streets of Philadelphia, for it was 
known that the final decision was to be made on that day. From the 
hour when Congress convened in the morning, the old bellman had been 
in the steeple. He placed a boy at the door below, to give him notice 
when the announcement should be made. As hour succeeded hour, the 
gray-beard shook his head, and said, 'They will never do it! they will 
never do it!' Suddenly a loud shout came up from below, and there 
stood the blue-eyed bo.y, clapping his hands and shouting, ' King ! ring!' 
Grasping the iron tongue of the old bell, backward and forward he hurled 
it a hundred times, its loud voice proclaiming ' Liberty throughout all the 
land, unto all the inhabitants thereof.' The excited multitude in the 
streets responded with loud acclamations, and with cannon-peals, bon- 
fires, and illuminations, tlie patriots held a glorious carnival that night 
in the quiet city of Penn."— Lossing. 

It is a curious fact that this bell, now known as the "Liberty Bell," 
which was cast twenty-three years before the Declaration of Independ- 
ance, had around its crown the quotation from Scripture, " Proclaim lib- 
erty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof." The bell, 
though now cracked and voiceless, still hangs above Independence Hall. 
Upon the approach of the British in 1777, it was removed to a place of 
safety; before replacing it, the old belfry", which had decayed, was torn 
down and a new one built. The illustration on page 113 shows the present 
appearance of the building. 

3. Lord Richard Howe (6. 1725, d. 1790) was a noted British admiral. 
He entered the navy at fourteen years of age, and took part in many im- 
portant sea-fights. His operations on the American coasts continued for 
about two years. 

4. General John Sullivan was born at Berwick, Maine, in 1740, and 
was a successful lawyer both before and after the Revolution. At the 
battle of Long Island he was given command of the forces of General 
Greene, who was sick. Sullivan fought with valor, but was captured by 
the Hessians. He was not held long as a prisoner, and, returning to duty, 
did good service throughout the war. Afterwards he Mas a member of 
Congress and United States Judge. He died at Durham, N. 1L, 1705. 

5. Lord Stirling, major-general in the American army, was a descend- 
ant of Sir William Alexander (2*3). He was born in New York, 1726, and 
died 1783. 



6. Lord Cornwallis (b. 1738, d. 1805) was a prominent British com- 
mander in the Revolution from first to last. At this time the English 
colonial officers wrote home, "Cornwallis is carrying all before him 
in the Jerseys; it is impossible but that peace must soon be the conse- 
quence of our success." He opposed the action of the ministry which led 
to the war in America, but when the conflict opened he took the field 
with his regiment, and was soon made a major-general. After his career 
in America, Lord Cornwallis filled several public offices with distinction. 
He was created a Marquis, given a seat in the Privy Council and the Cab- 
inet, became Viceroy of Ireland, and was twice made Governor-general 
of India. 

7. At the battle of Princeton the American loss included several 
srallant officers. Their fall caused a temporary panic among the men, 
and Washington seeing this rode bravely to the front and rallied the fugi- 
tives at the great peril of his own life." The British losses were two hun- 
dred killed and wounded, besides two hundred and fifty prisoners, among 
whom were fourteen officers. 

8. The Marquis de La Fayette, horn in 1757, came of a noble French 
family, and to the close of his eventful life, in 1834, displayed a nobility 
of character rarely surpassed. He was an orphan from early childhood, 
and during his school-days in Paris and Versailles no studies interested 
him so much as the histories of the world's great struggles for freedom. 
Thus was kindled in his breast the military ardor which afterwards 
marked his career. Married at sixteen, he entered the army at nineteen. 



150 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



When he heard that the American colonies had declared their independ- 
ence, he resolved to enlist in their cause. Franklin, the American agent 
at Paris, was unable to furnish La Fayette with transportation ; so he 
fitted out a vessel at his own expense, and, notwithstanding the strong 
opposition of his friends, and the repeated efforts of the government 
to cause his arrest, he embarked from a port in Spain early in the year 
1777. In April he landed on the South Carolina coast, proceeded at 
once to Philadelphia, and tendered his services to Congress. That body 
" Resolved, That his services be accepted, and that in consideration of his 
zeal, illustrious family, and connections, he have the rank and commis- 
sion of major-general in the army of the United States." From the first 
meeting he and Washington became warm friends, and their personal at- 
tachment continued through life. Although young and inexperienced, 
General La Fayette showed, in his American campaigns, soldierly quali- 
ties of the highest order, and won a world-wide reputation for great mili- 
tary ability. His influence at the French court secured the aid of many 
thousand troops for the patriots' cause. "It is fortunate for the king," 
said Maurepas. the chief minister, "that La Fayette did not take it into 
his head to strip Versailles of its furniture to send to his dear America, as 
his Majesty would have been unable to refuse it!" 

After the Revolutionary War he revisited the United States in 1784, and 
again in 1824, receiving an ovation wherever he went. He visited the 
chief cities of the country. La Fayette was a prominent figure in France 
during the " Revolution." He fearlessly denounced the wrongs practiced 
upon the people, and became their boldest champion. He was made 
commander of the National Guard, and suggested the national emblem 
of the " tri-color." In 1792, during the war with Austria, he was captured 
and confined for five years in a dreary dungeon at Olmutz. For twent5 r - 
two months his wife voluntarily shared his imprisonment. He was re- 
leased upon the demand of Napoleon, but never was a partisan of the 
great emperor. His death occurred in Paris, and his funeral was a mag- 
nificent tribute to Ms memory as held in the hearts of the French people. 

9. Kosciusko (b. 1746, d. 1817), being opposed in his suit by the father of 
the lady with whom he was in love, left his native land in 1775 and came 
to America to join the patriot army. He fought valiantly in many 
battles, and returned to Poland at the close of the war. From 1791 to 1794 
he was the leader and hero of the Polish army in their efforts to regain 
independence, but fell severely wounded at the battle of Maciejowice. 

" Hope, for a season, bade the world farewell, 
And Freedom shrieked as Kosciusko fell." 

He was captured and imprisoned for two years by the Russians, re- 
visited the United States soon after his release, lived the rest of his days 
in France and Switzerland, and met his death by falling from his horse 
over a precipice. 

10. Count Casimir Pulaski was born in Lithuania, 1747, and received 
a mortal wound in the attack on Savannah, 1779, (§285). His father and 
brothers lost their lives in the wars for Polish independence, and he him- 
self was outlawed. In France he met Benjamin Franklin, and througb 
him offered his services to the American army. 



CHAPTER XVII. 

EVENTS OF 1777 AND 1 7 78. 

262. For the campaign of 1777 ' two great movements 
were planned by the British. Howe was to seize Phila- 
delphia, while Burgoyne, descending from Canada, was to 
meet Clinton ascending from New York, and secure the 
whole line of Lake Champlain and the Hudson, thus cut- 
ting off New England from the other states. 

263. Battles of Brandywine and Germantown. — 
Washington, who had the care of the whole defense, de- 
tained Howe all summer in New Jersey, and prevented any 
march of British detachments to the north, while he sent 
Arnold, Lincoln, and Morgan with troops he could ill spare, 
to aid Schuyler in opposing Burgoyne. He was himself de- 
feated at Brandywine; 2 Congress hastily removed to Lancas- 
ter, and Howe entered Philadelphia, September 

26. A bold attack, a k\v days later, upon the 

British at Germantown, :i raised the spirits of the Americans, 

though it did not regain the city. 4 

264. Battle of Bennington. — In the north Fort Ticon- 
deroga was surrendered to Burgoyne, with all its 

July, .777. 

cannon and stores ; 5 Fort Edward was aban- 
doned, and it seemed as if the whole state of New York lay 
at the mercy of the invaders. The Mohawk Valley was 
ravaged by a force of Tories and Indians in English pay. 6 
The British, however, were scantily supplied with food. 
Learning that the Americans had stores at Bennington, Bur- 
goyne sent Lieutenant-colonel Baum with a force 

° ... Aug. 16, 1777. 

to capture them. But General Stark,' with his 

New Hampshire militia, and Colonel Warner, with his 

(15O 



152 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

"Green Mountain Boys," fought with such spirit that Baum 
and his entire command were either killed or captured. 

265. First Battle of Saratoga. — At this point General 
Gates 8 took command of the army in the north ; the New 
England farmers, inspired with new hope by the victory at 
Bennington, nocked to his camp at Bemus's heights near 
Stillwater. Burgoyne came up and a battle was fought,'' 
September 19, of which both sides claimed the victory. 
While the two armies lay facing each other for a fortnight, 
militia-bands hovered about the British, cutting off their sup- 
plies, now and then capturing a picket-guard, and in many 
ways embarrassing their position. 

266. Surrender of Burgoyne. — A second battle, ! ' Oc- 
tober 7, was more disastrous to the British, and hunger soon 
completed what the American arms had begun. On the 
17 th of October Burgoyne surrendered his whole army, num- 
bering nearly 8,000 men, with all their cannon, muskets, 
and war material. The men were to have sailed from Bos- 
ton for Europe ; but, some delay occurring, they 
were cantoned among the fertile fields of Virginia. 

The Hessian General Riedesel distributed a thousand dol- 
lars' worth of seeds among his men, and pretty gardens soon 
surrounded their barracks. Some of them liked the country 
so well that they remained willingly after the war was over, 
and became citizens of the United States. 

267. Winter at Valley Forge. — After remaining in the 
field until shelter became necessary for the preservation of 
his army, Washington went into winter-quarters at Valley 
Forge, twenty miles from Philadelphia. Scantily supplied 
with food and clothing, and destitute of even straw to sleep 
upon, 2,000 men were soon disabled by illness. Secret 
emissaries from General Howe offered them good pay and 
every comfort if they would desert to the British, but though 
many of them had been born in Great Britain, scarcely a 
man accepted the bribe. 






SUFFERINGS A 7 ' VA LLEY FORGE. 1 5 3 

268. The winter at Valley Forge was the severest agony 
of the war. Washington had to contend not only with cold 
and starvation, but with envious plots 10 against himself, 
quarrels among his officers, and weary indifference in the 
people. While his poor men were starving, farmers sold all 
their produce to the British, or even burnt it to keep it from 
being taken by his commissaries. Even the clothing and 
shoes which belonged to the army, failed to reach it through 
the disgraceful negligence of the quartermaster-general. 
Washington was too great to notice injuries which only con- 
cerned himself, and some of his secret enemies afterwards 
bitterly regretted the plots they had made against him. 

269. Baron Steuben. — Meanwhile a most welcome 
volunteer presented himself at the camp. It was Baron 
Steuben, 11 an officer of Frederic the Great, 1 - who came pre- 
pared to introduce the perfect drill of the Prussian army, 
and prepare the Americans for future successes. 

270. The good effects of the victory at Saratoga 
were yet to be felt. From the beginning France had 
wished w r ell to the Americans, partly through hatred of En- 
gland, who had deprived her of so large a part of this con- 
tinent (§193), and now that the tide seemed to have turned 
in their favor, she was ready to take their part. Benjamin 
Franklin and Arthur Lee ' ' were sent as commissioners to 
Paris. The good sense, plain dress, and simple manners of 
the former struck the fancy of the queen and the court, 
while his wise and brilliant conversation won the admiration 
of wits and philosophers. He knew how to turn all his 
success to the account of his country, and already money, 
powder, and arms reached America from France. 

During the winter after the surrender of Bur- 
goyne, the French government made a treaty of friendship 
with the United States of America, being the first to recognize 
that new nation among the powers of the world. 

271. Great Change in England. — The same events 



154 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




Costumes of the Revolution. 



produced a great change in England. Burke, Fox, and 
many others in Parliament demanded that the Americans 
should be declared free at once. The king adjourned Par- 
liament to prevent the spread of these sentiments, but sent 
commissioners to treat for peace, promising pardon for all 
offenses upon the return of the "colonies" to their alle- 
giance. Congress resolved to hold no conference with the 
envoys unless the British fleets and armies should be with- 
drawn, or the independence of the United States distinctly 
acknowledged ; and the war went on. 



INDIAN MASSACRES. 155 



272. Philadelphia Regained. — General Howe resigned 
his command, and Clinton, who succeeded him, was ordered 
to quit Philadelphia and make his headquarters in New 
York. Washington pursued his retreating army, and, but 
for the failure of General Lee, might have won a great vic- 
tory. As it was, he rallied Lee's flying brigades 

J June, 1778. 

and gained the battle of Monmouth ; " but the 

British escaped to New York, leaving several hundreds of 

dead or wounded on the field. 

273. Attack on Newport. — Great preparations were 
made for a combined attack of the French and American 
forces upon Newport, Rhode Island, which was in the pos- 
session of the British. Count D'Estaing arrived from 
France with a powerful fleet, and learning soon after that 
Admiral Howe was awaiting him on the open sea, he sailed 
out of Narraeansett Bay for a fight. A terrible 

° Aug., 1778. 

storm arose, however, and both fleets, shattered 
by the tempest, had to withdraw and put into port for re- 
pairs. The American forces, unsurported by the fleet, were 
now compelled to retire from the island, and during the 
retreat were attacked by the British. The latter, however, 
were repulsed, and the Americans withdrew in safety. 

274. Massacre at Wyoming. — This summer was sig- 
nalized by a terrible massacre of old men, women, and chil- 
dren in the valley of Wyoming, on the Susquehanna, by a 
combined force of British and Seneca Indians. All the 
strong men were absent in the army, while their wives tilled 
the fields. The forts in which they had found refuge on the 
enemy's approach, were taken and burnt. Three hundred 
old men and boys fought valiantly until they were sur- 
rounded and slain. The British leaders could not, if they 
would, restrain their savage allies; every dwelling was 
burnt, and the beautiful valley became a solitude. 

275. Savages in New York. — The same dreadful 
scenes were repeated at Cherry Valley in New York, by 



156 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



British and Mohawks (November, 1778). The Six Nations 
(§24 and Note) had been friendly with the colonists until 
the preceding year, when the influence of the Johnson 
family 15 had made them allies of the British. For his victory 
at Lake George (§182), Sir William Johnson had received 
an immense estate on the Mohawk, and reigned like a king 
over his tenants and the neighboring Indians. It is said 
that the old knight died of apoplexy, occasioned by the 
mental struggle between loyalty to his king and love of his 
country. His sons were not troubled by the latter feeling, 
but let loose all the horrors of savage warfare against their 
countrymen. 

276. In the summer of 1779 a stern vengeance was in- 
flicted for these outrages. The towns and villages, orchards 
and corn-fields of the Six Nations were ravaged, and their 
chiefs, Red Jacket, Brandt, and Cornplanter 1H were signally 
defeated. Finding that Great Britain was unable to protect 
them, they ceased from their ravages and remained neutral 
during the war. 

277. Colonel Clark in the North-west. — Virginia 
was now the most extensive and powerful of the colonies. 
All the territory north of the Ohio, south of the Great 
Lakes, and east of the Mississippi was within her chartered 
limits. Late in 1776 she had organized the settlements west 
of the Alleghanies (see §243) as the "County of Ken- 
tucky." In 1778 her governor, Patrick Henry, fitted out an 
expedition, of which he entrusted the command to the rep- 
resentative from that colony, Colonel George Rogers Clark, 
to capture the British posts north of the Ohio River. Ham- 
ilton, the British governor at Detroit, was sending out parties 
of savages through all that region, offering a reward for 
every white scalp ; and his cruel emissaries spared neither 
women nor babes. 

278. The County of Illinois. — Clark surprised Kas- 
kaskia and Cahokia, whose inhabitants gladly declared them- 



THE NORTH-WESTERN TERRITORY. 



157 



fj*1 



selves loyal to the 
United States. So 
did the people of Vin- 
cennes, who were 
mostly French ; but 
the fort, newly rein- 




Attack on Vincennes. 



forced by Hamilton, offered resistance. After a spirited 
fight it was taken, Hamilton himself and all his garrison 
becoming prisoners of war. A convoy of supplies from 
Detroit was also taken with forty prisoners. Virginia pub- 



158 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



licly thanked Colonel Clark and his brave officers and men 
for having gained possession for the state of all the impor- 
tant posts on the Illinois and Wabash, and established repub- 
lican government in place of the British dominion. Every 
soldier in the expedition was presented with two hundred 
acres of land. The whole territory north of the Ohio was 
organized as the "County of Illinois." 

279. Fort Jefferson was built on the Mississippi, five miles 
below the mouth of the Ohio. Natchez and other British 
settlements on the lower Mississippi were gained by the 
United States during the summer of 1778, and the great 
central valley was now held only by Spain and the new Re- 
public, in more or less declared rivalry with the Shawnees, 
Miamis, and other savages. 

Trace on Map No. 4, the main points in Burgoyne's campaign. The 
scenes of the Indian massacres. The western campaign of Colonel 
Clark. 

NOTES. 

1. Within a few days after the battle of Princeton, the New Jersey 
militia successfully attacked small parties of the enemy at Springfield and 
Somerset Court-house, capturing a number of prisoners and much valu- 
able plunder. A Little later the British made a raid upon Peekskill, on 
the Hudson, where General McDougall, with about 250 men, was in charge 
of army stores. In April General Tryon, with 2,(100 soldiers, attacked 
Danbury, Conn., and destroyed a great many tents and other American 
supplies; but on his retreat to the Sound his forces were so vigorously 
pressed by the troops under generals Arnold, Wooster, and Silliman that 
they were glad to escape to their boats. General Wooster lost his life, and 
Arnold had a horse shot under him. The losses in killed and wounded 
were about equally divided. Ill May Colonel Meigs made a sudden de- 
scent on Long Island from New Haven, and destroyed twelve British 
vessels and many stores at Sag Harbor. In July Colonel Barton, with a 
body of the Rhode Island militia, surprised the English General Prescott 
in camp near Newport, and took him prisoner. He was afterwards ex- 
changed for General Charles Lee (§257). 

2. In the battle of Brandy wine, September 11th, Washington lost 800 
in killed and wounded, besides 10 cannon ; the British loss was about 600. 
La Fayette received a severe wound in the leg, which kept him from the 
field for two months. 

One week later a midnight massacre occurred near Paoli, Penn., in 
Which General Wayne's outposts were surprised and cut to pieces by 
three regiments of Gray's English infantry. Nearly 200 were killed. 

3. Washington's night march to Germantown, and the simultaneous 
attack on the front and thinks of the enemy at sunrise, October 4th, were 
skillfully and boldly planned. He hoped to win a decisive victory before 
General Howe could send reinforcements from Philadelphia; and but for 



NOTES. 159 



three things— a dense fog, a drunken officer, and the delay caused by the 
storming of the " Chew-house "—he would have succeeded. General 
Wayne was in actual possession of the English camp when his forces 
wire fired upon from the rear by another division of the Americans, 
who mistook them for the enemy. The two bodies fought each other 
in the fog for some time before the terrible mistake was discovered. 
It came to light afterwards that the general who was responsible for the 
blunder was drunk, and he was dismissed the service. The "Chew- 
house " was a strung stone building, which six companies of British 
troops occupied and barricaded, so that they were able to resist all attacks 
for over an hour. This delay and the carnage at this point proved fatal. 
Washington ordered a retreat. His losses were 1,000 men; that of the 
English about 500. 

4. Though Howe held the city of Philadelphia, bis communications 
both by land and sea were cut off by Washington's wise disposition of his 
forces. The land army intercepted British supplies from the country, and 
the little garrisons of brave men in forts Mifflin and Mercer, on the Dela- 
ware, prevented the ascent of ships. Colonel Donop, with a force of 1,200 
Hessians, attacked Fort Mercer, and in less than an hour's time lost his 
own life and 400 men. An attack on Fort Mifflin by the English tieet, 
November 10th, was more successful. A gallant resistance was made by 
the garrison, but after losing more than half their number in killed and 
Wi lunded, the remainder crossed the river to Fort Mercer. In a short time 
the Americans were obliged to evacuate this post also; thus, at the close 
of 1777, General Howe had undisputed possession of the Delaware from 
Philadelphia to the sea. 

5. On the retreat from Fort Ticonderoga to Fort Edward, a body of Gen- 
eral St. Clair's forces was repulsed at Hubbardton with a loss of between 
:>00 and 400 men. He was compelled to make a circuit of a hundred miles 
to avoid another unequal contest with the enemy. 

6. This expedition was under the command of Colonel St. Leger; the 
Mohawk Indians, 1,000 in number, were led by their chief, Joseph Brandt. 
At Oriskany, August 5th, they encountered the veteran, General Nicholas 
Herkimer, with 800 militiamen, and a furious battle followed. Herkimer 
received a mortal wound, but directed the movements of his men until 
the fight was over. Relief came to the Americans at length from Fort 
Schuyler, which was not far distant, and St. Leger, with his savase allies, 
was put to flight. The losses on each side were about 200 killed and 
wounded. 

7. General John Stark, of Dunbarton, N. H., had distinguished him- 
self for bravery at Bunker Hill anil Trenton, and his neighboring farmers 
rallied by hundreds at his call to resist this invasion of the British. At 
the first sight of the enemy he is said to have exclaimed, "See there, 
my men! there are the red-coats! Before night they're ours, or Molly 
Stark's a widow!" This story has been disputed on the apparently 
plausible ground that Mrs. Stark was named Elizabeth; but a paper re- 
cently discovered proves that the General bad his own preference— in 
which historians need not oppose him— for calling her Molly. The story, 
therefore, rests on stronger evidence than before. 

8. General Horatio Gates had been in command before General 
Schuyler, and was superseded by him. Schuyler's loss of Forts Ticon- 
deroga and Edward was the cause of Gates being reinstated. Both were 
brave soldiers: they bad served with honor in the " French and Indian 
War." Indiscreet friends of General Gates afterwards attempted to se- 
cure his promotion above General Washington, and his own correspond- 
ence shows that he was covetous of the chief command ; but, happily, 
that change was never made. 

9. This is variously called the first battle of Saratoga, battle of 
Bemus's Heights, Stillwater, and Freeman's Farm. It was a hotly con- 
tested fight, lasting from noon until dark. The British lost 650 men, the 
Americans 325. 

The losses in the second battle (October 7) on the same field were 150 in 
General Gates's army and 400 in General Burgoyne's. The death of Gen- 
eral Frazer on that day was a severe blow to the British. Arnold was 
promoted to the rank of major-general for his bravery in this tight. The 



160 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



two battles of Saratoga rank among the decisive battles of history ; for 
they forced the surrender of Burgoyne's army, which, up to that time, 
was to the Americans the most brilliant victory of the war. 

10. The most serious plot against Washington, at this time, is known 
as the "Conway Cabal." Conway was an Irishman by birth, but had 
come to America with the French allies, and gained rapid promotion. 
He was at the head of the movement to depose Washington from the 
chief command of the army, and to appoint General Gates in his stead. 
When the intrigue became generally known the people condemned it 
loudly, and suspicion ever afterwards attached to all who were found to 
have 'been in any way connected with the plot. 

11. Baron Steuben was born in a Prussian fortress, A. D, 1730, passed 
his childhood in the camps of soldiers, and entered the army at the age 
of fourteen. He received wounds at Prague and Kunersdorf, was taken 
prisoner in Poland, and was the hero of many European battle-fields. He 
displaced Conway as inspector-general of the American army, and by his 
superior tactics soon converted the raw recruits into efficient, well drilled 
soldiers. Steuben served to the close of the Revolution, received a pen- 
sion and tracts of land from the government, settled in Oneida County, 
N. Y., in 1789, and died there in 1794. 

12. Frederic II. of Prussia was the greatest general of his age. He 
well knew what it was to fight under tremendous difficulties, for at one 
time all Europe was combined against him. He said of Washington's 
movements in New Jersev, at the end of 1776, that they were the most 
brilliant in the annals of war. Of the American soldiers he said, " I like 
those brave fellows, and can not help secretly hoping for their success." 
" The Britisb Parliament," said Frederic, " have acted like an infuriated 
fool in the American business." 

13. Arthur Lee (b. 1740, d. 1792) rendered important service to his coun- 
try not only at the court of France, but also in those of Spain, Prussia, 
arid Holland. He was the efficient ageut of the Massachusetts colony at 
London for a time; and afterwards of his native state, Virginia, at Paris, 
for the negotiation of loans and the obtaining of arms. He proved a 
skillful diplomatist. Attractive in person and energetic in action, Arthur 
Lee has been truly called ''the scholar, the writer, the philosopher, and 
negotiator." In ail these capacities he won distinction. 

14. During the fury of this battle a young cannoneer was shot down, 
and his piece was about to be taken by the enemy when his wife— Molly 
Pitcher— who had been carrying water to the soldiers, bravely seized the 
rammer, reloaded the cannon, and fired it with fatal effect upon the ad- 
vancing foe. Washington gave her a sergeant's commission for her 
heroic conduct. She afterwards went by the name of "Captain Molly." 

15. The Johnsons were leading Tories in the region where they lived. 
The secret of their influence over the Indians was that a sister of Joseph 
Brandt, the most powerful chief of the Six Nations, was the Indian wife 
of Sir William Johnson. 

16. Red Jacket and Cornplanter were chiefs of the Seneca tribe. 



CHAPTER XVIII. 

EVENTS OF I 7 79-I 78 I. 

280. War in the South. — The main action was now 
transferred to the South. Savannah, with all its cannon and 
stores, was taken by a British force, December, 1778, after 
a brave but ineffectual resistance. Many people accepted 
the British protection, but those who were true to American 
freedom took refuge in the highlands and in Carolina. 
Georgia became for three years a royal province. 

281. Major-general Lincoln 1 was appointed to com- 
mand the American forces in the South. Port Royal having 
been taken by the British, was gallantly recapt- 
ured by Colonel Moultrie. Charleston was 
threatened, but not then taken, for upon the approach of 
Lincoln the enemy hastily retreated. Thenceforth the British 
general contented himself with ravage and robbery, which 
only provoked the patriots to sterner efforts, while they ruined 
the royal cause in the esteem of all right-minded people. 

282. Recapture of Stony Point. — The enemy were 
now in possession of the forts on the lower Hudson which 
guarded the communication between New York and New 
Jersey. In July, 1779, General Wayne 2 — "Mad Anthony" 
he was called — was intrusted by Washington with the recapt- 
ure of Stony Point. 3 With a small number of chosen men 
he surprised the guard at the foot of the hill, climbed the 
rugged height surrounded on three sides by the river, and 
seized the fort. Though seriously wounded, he was carried 
at the head of the storming party. Six hundred British 
were either killed or captured. As Washington had not a 

U. 8. H.— 11. (161) 



l62 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



force sufficient to hold the fort, the stores were all removed 
and the works demolished. At Paulus Hook, Major Lee, 4 
called "Light-Horse Harry," captured what is 
now Jersey City, almost under the guns of the 
British in New York. 



Aug., 1779. 



283. The infant Navy of the United States made up 
in boldness and swiftness of movement what it lacked in 

size, even entering the Brit- 
ish harbors in the West In- 
dies, burning ships at the 
wharves, and carrying off 
powder and other stores. 
A swarm of privateers, com- 
missioned by Congress, cap- 
tured in three years five 
hundred English vessels. 
Captain Paul Jones, 3 on the 
' ' Bon Homme Richard" 6 
is said to have taken six- 
teen prizes in six weeks. 
Among his most famous 
sea-fights was that with the 
British frigate " Scrapis." 
With his own hands he lashed the two vessels together, and 
fought so desperately that the ' ' Scrapis " struck her colors 
just as his own ship was sinking. Both vessels had been on 
fire many times during their two hours' combat. Jones had 
barely time to remove his men to the captured vessel, which 
he sailed into a Dutch port. 

284. Winter at Morristown. — The winter of 1779-80 
was the coldest in the eighteenth century, and Washington's 
army at Morristown suffered, if possible, more than a year 
before at Valley Forge. The longer the war lasted, the 
more bare of all supplies the country became. Bands of 




Paul Jones. 



SOUTHERN LEADERS. 163 

British and Tories ravaged all the coasts, penetrating the 
James, Potomac, Hudson, and Connecticut rivers, and burn- 
ing houses, barns, and boats. 

285. Fall of Charleston. — During the autumn, the 
French fleet of D'Estaing had joined with the land forces 
under General Lincoln in attempting to retake Savannah, 
but without success. In this siege the brave Pulaski 
charged with his ' ' legion " upon the fortifications, and fell 
mortally wounded. His loss was a grievous one to the 
patriot army. Count D'Estaing, also, received two slight 
wounds. A thousand brave men lost their lives, among 
them Sergeant Jasper, who died clasping to his heart the 
colors presented to his regiment at Fort Moultrie (see Note, 
p. 142). In March, 1780, Clinton appeared befo're Charles- 
ton with a fleet and army. On the 12th of May the city 
was compelled to surrender. The whole state was overrun 
by marauders; all men were ordered into the king's army, 
and many who refused were murdered in the presence of 
their wives and children. 

286. Sumter, Marion, and Pickens, 7 with their 
spirited and devoted followers, gave the British little peace 
in their regained province. Knowing all the paths through 
woods and marshes, shrinking from no hardship and delight- 
ing in danger, they sprang upon the invaders at unexpected 
moments, and often captured numbers greatly superior to 
their own. 8 Meanwhile the women of the South were 
equally resolute in maintaining their share of the defense. 
One lady, whose house had been seized and garrisoned by 
a British force, suggested to the American officers the plan 
of setting it on fire, and brought with her own hands the 
bow and arrows with which fire-brands were to be conveyed 
to the wooden roof. Then she stood watching the flames 
that were devouring her home until the enemy were forced 
to surrender themselves as prisoners. 

287. Marion as a Host. — It is said that a British 



164 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



officer, sent to arrange some 
matters of business with Ma- 
rion, was invited by him to 
dinner. Already charmed by 
the grace and dignity of his 
host, he gladly accepted the 




Marion's Dinner. 



invitation, but was amazed to find that the meal consisted 
only of baked potatoes served on bark. No apology was 
made, but the guest could not help saying, "Surely, Gen- 
eral, this is not your ordinary fare?" "Indeed it is," re- 
plied Marion, "but having to-day the honor of your com- 
pany, we are so happy as to have more than our usual 
allowance." The officer returned to Charleston and re- 



MORGAN, GREENE, AND CORNWALLIS. 



i6 5 



signed his commission, saying that America would never 
be conquered while served by such men. 

288. Gates and Greene. — Gates was this year ap- 
pointed to command in the South, and came with much 
bluster about " Burgoyning Cornwallis," who was now trie 
British chief. Gates was terribly defeated, however, at Cam- 
den, 9 (August, 1780), and his "grand army" was scattered. 
The brave Baron De Kalb, whose invincible firmness had 
enabled the Continental 

troops to stand fast even 
after the militia gave way, 
fell at last, covered with 
wounds. He had been a 
comrade of La Fayette, and 
his death was bitterly la- 
mented. The British lost 
not more than three hun- 
dred men. General Greene 1 " 
was soon afterward appoint- 
ed to succeed Gates, and 
found only a tattered and 
demoralized troop of 2,000 
men with which to retrieve 
the fortunes of the new Re- 
public. 

289. In the battle of the Cowpens the American 
militia at first gave way, and the regulars fell back to a 
better position. The British, supposing that they had 
gained an uncommonly easy victory, rushed for- 
ward, when they were surprised by the sudden 
facing about of the Continentals, who poured upon them so 
deadly a fire that they had to run in their turn. They were 
pursued twenty miles by Colonel Washington," and lost 
eight hundred men, with all their arms and cannon, while 
the Americans lost only twelve killed and sixty wounded. 




General Greene. 



J; 



1 66 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



This "most extraordinary victory of the war" was due to 
the spirit and ability of General Morgan, 11 who was bravely 
supported by his officers and men. 

290. A Chase by Cornwallis.— When Cornwallis heard 
of this reverse he burned his baggage and pursued Morgan, 
who was now joined by Greene and the main army. The 
Americans had just crossed the Catawba when the British 
came in sight, but night and a heavy rain checked the pur- 
suers. Next morning the river was too deep to ford, and 
Cornwallis was delayed three days. 

Greene pushed on to the Yadkin and secured all its boats. 
Cornwallis followed and again came in sight of the Ameri- 
cans just as they had crossed the stream. Again sudden 
and violent rains came to their rescue and his discomfiture. 
Two days later a similar race was begun for the fords of the 
Dan, and a third time America was saved by the interpo- 
sition of Providence. In spite of poverty, suffering, and the 
frightful odds that were yet to be encountered, the brave 
people took heart again, and believed that their country 
was destined to be free. 

291. Southern States Recovered. — Greene's army 
being rested and reinforced by troops from Virginia and 
North Carolina, turned and gave battle near Guilford Court- 
house. He was defeated, but Cornwallis was so 

March 15. 

much weakened by his losses in the battle and 
the previous pursuit, that he abandoned Carolina and with- 
drew into Virginia. 

General Greene, though suffering several defeats, man- 
aged to keep all his positions, and at Eutaw 
Springs he gained a brilliant victory. In pursuing 
the British after this battle, great losses were sustained; but 
in nine months Georgia and the two Carolinas had been re- 
covered, with the exception of the three cities of Savannah, 
Charleston, and Wilmington. 



NOTES. 167 

Where was Stony Point? Paulus Hook (now Jersey City)? On 
Map No. 4, point out Savannah. Charleston. Camden. Battle-field of 
the Cowpens. Guilford Court-house. Eutaw Springs. Trace Corn- 
wallis's pursuit of Morgan and Greene. 

Read Simms's "Life of Marion;" Moultrie's "Memoirs of the 
Revolution;" Henry Lee's "Memoirs of the War in the Southern 
States;" Cooper's "History of the American Navy;" Mackenzie's 
"Life of Paul Jones." 

NOTES. 

1. Major-general Benjamin Lincoln (6. L733, d. 1810) was born and died 
in Hingham, Mass. He was a sturdy farmer,— member of the legislature 
and of the provincial Congress. Early in the war he showed military 
ability, and gained rapid promotion. He distinguished himself at White 
Plains for bravery, and on Bemus's Heights received a wound that kept 
him for a year out of active service. After his capture at Charleston 
(§ 285) he was allowed to go home on parole, but was not exchanged for 
nearly a year. He then hastened to the front, and held important com- 
mands until the close of the war (§304). His later years were divided be- 
tween public office and retirement on his farm. 

2. General Anthony Wayne, by reason of his many brilliant feats at 
arms, became the popular hero of the Revolution. He was born in Ches- 
ter County, Pennsylvania, 1715, and died at Presque Isle (now Erie, Pa.), 
179(5, while on his return from a successful expedition against the western 
Indians. By profession he was a surveyor, and be was long an intimate 
friend of Franklin. For his heroism at Wtony Point, Congress gave him a 
vote of thanks and a gold medal. 

3. "After a careful reconnoissance in person, General Wayne divided 
his force into two columns and moved forward. The men were to depend 
upon the bayonet alone, and an order was issued that the nearest officer 
should instantly cut down any soldier who took his gun from his shoulder 
before the word was given. That they might distinguish each other in 
the darkness, a bit of white paper was fastened to their hats, and they 
were to shout, ' The fort 'S our own ! ' as they entered the works."— Bryant. 

4. Major Lee— afterwards General Henry Lee— was one of the leading 
spirits in the southern department. He was a brave soldier and a skillful 
officer. He died in 1816. General Robert E. Lee (§523) was his son. 

5. John Paul Jones was born in the south of Scotland, 1747. As a boy 
he was daring and fond of adventure. He became a ship's apprentice at 
twelve years of age, and made his first voyage to Virginia, where he had a 
brother. For a time he was mate of a slave-ship, but soon recoiled from 
the horrors of the business and came to America to live. In 1775 he was 
appointed lieutenant in the navy, and was the first man to hoist the 
newly adopted "stars and stripes." The capture of the Serapis was his 
last sea fight for the Americans, but his successes during the previous 
three years had been numerous and brilliant. In 1788 Jones was made 
rear-admiral of the Russian navy, and fought against the Turks. He 
died at Paris in 1792. 

6. The name of Jones's ship is an odd memorial of the circumstances in 
which he obtained it. While waiting at Boulogne, wearied with the 
delay of the French officials to answer his application for a command in 
their navy, he happened to open "Poor Richard's Almanac" (§204) at the 
sentence, " If you would have your business done, go; if not, send." He 
took the hint," hastened to Paris, got his ship assigned him, and asked 
leave to call it "Boa Homme Richard;" i. e., Goodman Richard, in grati- 
tude to the author of his success. His uniform good fortune as a com- 
mander was, perhaps, another fruit of his obedience to Franklin's advice. 



1 68 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



7. Sumter, Marion, and Pickens were South Carolinians by birth or 
adoption ; they were among the bravest of the patriot commanders; and 
their campaigns amid the tangled swamps of the south, leading their 
motley bands of determined, ragged, and half-armed exiles, present some 
of the most thrilling episodes of the war. Cornwallis wrote, " Sumter 
certainly has been our greatest plague in this country ; " and of Marion 
he said," " He has so wrought on the minds of the people that there is 
scarcely an inhabitant between the Pedee and the Santee that Is not in 
arms against us." 

8. " The fate of immense and fertile regions was decided by armies con- 
sisting of a few regiments only, and by engagements which in the bloody 
annals of modern European warfare would be regarded as scarcely more 
than skirmishes. But the importance of battles does not depend upon 
the forces engaged, or on the numbers of killed and wounded. In this 
point of view, the incidents of the southern campaigns become worthy 
of particular attention." — Hildreth. 

9. The loss of the Americans at the battle of Camden was nearly 
two thousand in killed and wounded. " Every corps was scattered ; men 
and officers, separated from each other, fled in small parties, or singly, 
through the woods. All the baggage and artillery fell into the hands of 
the enemy. The road for miles was strewed with the killed and wounded, 
overtaken and cut down by the Britisn cavalry." 

10. Major-general Nathanael Greene was born of Quaker parentage, 
in Warwick, Rhode Island, 1742, and died from sunstroke, near Savannah, 
1786. Before his appointment to the chief command of the southern de- 
partment he had taken an important part in northern campaigns. He 
led a division at Trenton, at Princeton, and at Brandy wine; and com- 
manded a wing of the army at Germantown and at "Monmouth. His 
military conduct was always brave and skillful. When driven out of 
South Carolina by Cornwallis, General Greene solemnly recorded a vow 
that he " would recover that state or die in the attempt." 

11. General Daniel Morgan was a native of Virginia, and died there 
in 1799. In Braddock's campaign of 175.5 he was severely wounded, and 
was taken prisoner at Quebec the next year. He rendered valiant service 
in the New Jersey campaigns of 1776 and 1777; but his crowning laurels 
were won at "the Cowpens," for which brilliant achievement Congress 
voted him a gold medal. 

The gallant Colonel William Augustine "Washington received a silver 
medal for his conduct in the same engagement. In several previous bat- 
tles—Long Island, Trenton, Princeton— he had proved his braverv. He 
was taken prisoner at Eutaw Springs (§291), and was held by the British 
until the war closed. He was born in Virginia, 1752, and after the war 
settled in Charleston, S. G, where he died, 1810. 



CHAPTER XIX. 

END OF THE WAR. 




292. Arnold's Treason. — The summer of 1780 was 
marked in the north by a strange and disgraceful event. 
Benedict Arnold had borne his full share in the hardships 

(169) 



170 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

of the war, and at Quebec and Saratoga had won the admi- 
ration of all by his headlong bravery. But his honesty was 
not equal to his valor. He had made money by speculating 
in the stores provided for the starving army, and lost it by 
gambling and luxurious living. He complained that other 
officers had been promoted to his disadvantage, and that his 
sacrifices to his country had not been recognized by Con- 
gress. 

293. After the retreat of Clinton he was placed in com- 
mand at Philadelphia, and here he was tried by court- 
martial for dishonesty, and was sentenced to be publicly 
reprimanded by the commander-in-chief. Washington per- 
formed the painful duty with perfect gentleness, giving to 
Arnold full credit for his great services, and sparing his feel- 
ings as much as possible. 

Nevertheless, Arnold — to mend his ruined fortunes and 
avenge what he chose to consider an injury — made known 
to Clinton his wish to enter the British service. He ob- 
tained from Washington the command of West Point, then 
the most important post in the country, as controlling the 
whole line of the Hudson, and soon afterward agreed with 
the British general to surrender it into his hands. For four- 
teen months the shameful bargaining had gone on, Arnold 
trying to secure the highest price for his treason before he 
took the last fatal step. At length a meeting took place at 
midnight among the bushes at the foot of the " Long Clove 
Mountain," below Haverstraw, where Clinton was repre- 
sented by his adjutant-general, Major Andre, a brilliant 
young officer. It was agreed that the British should attack 
West Point in force, and Arnold promised so to man the de- 
fenses that they must fall without a blow. 

294. Capture of Andre. — The wicked plot was foiled by 
three honest countrymen, Paulding, Williams, and Van Wart, 1 
who, in spite of Arnold's pass, arrested Andre 2 at Tarry- 
town, on his return to New York. They found in his stock- 



ANDRE CAPTURED, 



171 



mgs plans of the works at 
West Point, minutes of the 
garrison, cannon, and stores, 




Capture of Andre. 

and an engineer's report concerning the attack and defense 
of the place. Refusing Major Andre's offers of immense re- 
wards for his release, they led him to the nearest American 
post. 

295. Andre's Death and Arnold's Reward. — Andre 
was tried by a court-martial of fourteen general officers, in- 
cluding La Fayette and Steuben. Time and opportunity 
were afforded him to prepare his defense, but he was found 
guilty and sentenced to be hung as a spy, October 2, 1780. 
Arnold escaped, and received his promised reward from the 
British, together with their undisguised contempt. The next 
year he appeared with a marauding force of British and 



172 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Tories in the Chesapeake, burnt Richmond, and ravaged the 
Virginian coasts. His native state of Connecticut suffered 
the same treatment when New London was plundered and 
burnt. But Englishmen of honor were unwilling to serve 
with a traitor. Arnold soon repaired to England, where he 
died, twenty years after, in poverty and disgrace. 

296. The greatest peril now arose from the want of a 
central government strong enough to provide for the com- 
mon defense. The paper money issued by Congress had 
become so nearly worthless that a dollar was worth scarcely 
more than two cents in coin. Brave as they were, the sol- 
diers of Washington could not live without food, nor escape 
disease and death while they must sleep in winter upon the 
frozen ground without straw or blankets. 

297. Mutiny in the Army.— In January, 1781, the 
Pennsylvania troops at Morristown revolted and marched to 
Princeton, dragging with them six small cannon. They had 
had no pay for a year, and had been kept in service after 
their time, as they understood it, had expired. Hearing of 
the mutiny, General Clinton hastened with British troops to 
its aid, sending his agents secretly among the disaffected, 
and offering them good pay and comforts if they would 
enter his army. Angry at being regarded as traitors and 
deserters, the troops at Princeton gave up the agents to their 
officers to be hanged as spies. The state of Pennsylvania 
then came to the rescue of its suffering men, and provided 
pay and clothing for all who would continue in the service. 

298. Articles of a closer confederation had already 
been signed by twelve states. Maryland refused to join 
them excepting on the condition that the lands north-west 
of the Ohio River should become the common property of 
all. But these lands were included in the chartered limits 
of Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, and Virginia, 
and had lately been conquered from the British by Vir- 



ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. 173 



ginian troops (§278) 3 . New York, moreover, had bought 
from the Six Nations all the lands between the Cumberland 
Mountains and Lake Erie. Not only were these claims 
irreconcilable, but union was impossible while the smaller 
states were at such disadvantage compared with their rich 
and powerful neighbors. Maryland, especially, saw that all 
her present and possible settlers would be drawn to Virginia 
by the cheap lands and light taxes which that great com- 
monwealth could afford. 

To promote union, New York set the example of ceding 
all her western territory to Congress for the gen- 
eral good. Maryland then signed the articles of 
union. The other three states soon afterward yielded up 
their claims to the government of the western territory, but 
Connecticut reserved the ownership of certain lands in Ohio 
(§129) partly to repay her citizens who had suffered losses 
by Tory raids during the Revolution (§§284, 295), and partly 
to create a school-fund which still forms a large share of her 
provision for public education. Georgia and the Carolinas 
followed the example of their northern sister-states by ced- 
ing their lands beyond the mountains to the general gov- 
ernment. 

299. The new confederation was far from being a 
strong and efficient government, but it was a step toward a 
better union, and it inspired greater confidence in foreign 
nations than Congress alone had been able to command. 
Spain had already declared war against Great Britain at the 
bidding of France, but she bitterly opposed the independ- 
ence of the United States, lest their example should prove 
too tempting to her own colonies in America (See §404). 

300. The States of Holland had sympathized from the 
first with the new Republic, whose struggle for freedom re- 
called their own, but their chief magistrate was so controlled 
by England that they could never venture upon an Ameri- 



174 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




Wm 



tft »") SS B \-*.''n J*> KJA ?<tf a i 




f^Jil 



f^ 




/ 



5\.^** 



Surrender of Cornwallis. 



can alliance. Their governor at St. Eustatius, one of the 
West India islands, was nevertheless the first foreign power 
to salute the flag of the United States. England haughtily 
demanded an apology, and the governor was recalled. 

Capture of St. Eustatius. — In February, 1781, with- 
out a declaration of war, a British fleet suddenly appeared 
off the island and demanded its surrender. The new gov- 
ernor was unable to resist ; and the fort and all the shipping, 
besides merchandise worth fifteen millions of dollars, fell into 



END OF THE REVOLUTION. 175 

the hands of the superior power. The Dutch flag was still 
kept flying until seventeen more vessels had been dishonor- 
ably decoyed into the harbor. All the Dutch settlements in 
South America were captured during the same year, but St. 
Eustatius was retaken by a French fleet and restored to the 
Dutch Republic. 

301. Armed Neutrality.- — Early in 1780 the remaining 
European powers had joined, under the influence of Cath- 
erine the Great, Empress of Russia, in proclaiming an 
"armed neutrality." Its principles were of great impor- 
tance as providing for the security of commerce in time of 
war, and it deprived England of allies in her contest with 
France, Spain, Holland, and America. 

302. The end of the war was now near. After a 
series of plundering raids through Virginia, Cornwallis in- 
trenched himself at Yorktown, on the peninsula which sep- 
arates the York from the James River. Here he was soon 
surrounded by the combined French and American armies 
under Washington and Rochambeau, 4 and a French fleet 
commanded by Count de Grasse. 5 The latter inflicted such 
damage upon the English fleet which came to the rescue that 
it sailed away to New York. 

303. Siege of Yorktown. — To the last moment before 
marching southward, Washington had beguiled Clinton into 
the belief that he was going to attack New York, and had 
thus prevented his sending any aid to Cornwallis. Night 
and day the fleet and army kept up the bombardment of 
Yorktown. Washington was every-where, sustaining and 
encouraging his men by his example, and French as well as 
Americans were proud to serve under such a leader. 

304. Surrender of Cornwallis. — On the 19th of Oc- 
tober, 1 78 1, Cornwallis found himself compelled to surren- 
der his 8,000 men, with all his artillery and stores. The 
scene was one to be remembered. On one side of the road 



176 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the French forces extended more than a mile in a brilliant 
line; on the other were Washington and his Continentals. 
Between these lines marched the British and Hessians with 
slow and sullen step. Cornwallis did not appear, but sent 
his sword by a subordinate. General Lincoln was appointed 
by Washington to receive it, — a delicate way of consoling 
that officer for having been forced to surrender his own 
sword at Charleston (§285). 

305. Effect of the News. — Philadelphians first learned 
the good news from their watchman's cry, "Past two 
o'clock, and Cornwallis is taken ! " Early in the morning 
Congress went in solemn procession to church, to render 
thanks to God for the deliverance of the nation. In En- 
gland as well as in America it was felt that the question of 
independence was decided. Lord North 6 received the news 
as if it had been "a cannon-ball in his breast." The House 
of Commons voted, March 4, 1782, that whoever should 
advise a continuance of the war was an enemy to the king 
and country. 

306. Carleton in New York. — Bands of Tories still 
continued their ravages in the South, robbing, burning, and 
shooting at their will, without regard to any authority. In 
New York Clinton was superseded by Sir Guy Carleton, a 
humane officer, who, when governor of Canada, had refused 
to execute the king's designs by setting his savage allies 
upon the defenseless farms and dwellings of the "rebels," 
and who had offered to receive the sick soldiers of Mont- 
gomery and Arnold into his hospitals with free permission to 
depart as soon as they were well (§247). He now provided, 
at the king's expense, for the return of refugees who had 
been sent to the West Indies in violation of the terms of 
surrender of Charleston, and tried by many kind attentions 
to make them forget the unjust treatment which they had 
suffered. 



NOTES. 177 

307. Preliminaries of Peace. — On the nth of July, 
1782, Savannah was evacuated by the British, and Charles- 
ton during the following December. Preliminaries of peace 
were signed at Versailles, near Paris, on the 30th of Novem- 
ber. 7 On the eighth anniversary of the battle of Lexington, 
April 19, 1783, Washington disbanded his army, and the 
war-worn patriots were at length free to return to their 
homes. 

308. Departure of the British. — The final treaty of 
peace 8 was signed September 3d, 1783, and on the 25th of 
November all the British troops in America, — now collected 
in New York, — embarked from the Battery, while General 
Knox 9 entered the city on the north. On the 4th of De- 
cember Washington took leave of his comrades 10 in so many 
perils and sufferings; and a few days later he resigned his 
commission to Congress in a speech full of wisdom and 
earnest devotion to the interests of his country. Then he 
retired to well-earned repose upon his farm at Mount 
Vernon. 

Read Sargent's "Life of Andre;" Spark's "Life of Arnold;" Ray- 
mond's "Women of the South ; " Sabine's " Loyalists of the American 
Revolution ; " Washington's Farewell Address to Congress. 

NOTES. 

1. Each of these patriots was pensioned for life by Congress, and 
awarded a medal of honor, for their refusal of the bribes offered. 

2. Major John Andre, born in London, 1751, was adjutant-general of 
the British forces in America, a brave soldier and an accomplished gen- 
tleman. His conduct under trial was manly, and he frankly acknowl- 
edged the height of his offense. His only petition was that he might be 
shot instead of hanged. His remains were taken to England, in 1821, and 
interred in Westminster Abbey. 

3. " Virginia, by virtue of conquests of her militia, asserted title as far 
north as lakes Erie and Michigan, but due recognition of the ancient 
charter boundaries of the colony of Connecticut places the northern 
limit of the cession on the forty-first parallel of north latitude, and per- 
mits it to comprise only those parts of the states of Ohio, Indiana, and 
Illinois, situated south of that parallel."— S. W. Stocking, U. S. Patent Office. 
(See Map No. 9.) 

4. When Count D'Estaing returned to France, in 1780, he urged the gov- 
ernment to send a large body of troops to the immediate help of the 
Americans. The Count de Rochambeau was selected to command, and 

U. S. H.— 12. 



i 7 8 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



sailed in July with 6,000 men. On his arrival at Newport he assured the 
General Assembly of Rhode Island that, "as brethren, not only my life, 
but the lives of my soldiers, are entirely devoted to the service of the 
Americans " in their struggle for liberty. Rochambeau rendered valuable 
aid to Washington in the last campaigns of the war. During the Reign 
of Terror in France he was imprisoned, and narrowly escaped the guillo- 
tine. Bonaparte appointed him grand officer of the Legion of Honor. 
His death occurred in 1807. 

5. Count de Grasse, at the early age of eleven years, served with the 
Knights of Malta against the Moors and Turks. He entered the French 
navy in 1749, and at the time of his death, 1788, had attained the high 
rank of naval lieutenant-general. The cooperation of De Grasse with 
Washington and La Fayette, at the siege of Yorktown, greatly hastened 
the surrender of Cornwallis. Afterwards he sailed with his fleet to the 
West Indies, and gained some important victories over the British. 

6. An irate English writer, in reviewing the mistakes committed by 
Lord North in regard to American affairs, says of his ministry : " Such a 
bunch of imbecility never disgraced the country." Bancroft adds : " Pos- 
terity has been towards Lord North more lenient and less just. America 
gained, through his mismanagement, independence, and can bear him 
no grudge. In England no party claimed him as their representative, or 
saw fit to bring him to judgment; so that his scholarship, his unruffled 
temper, the purity of his private life, and good words from Burns, from 
Gibbon, and from Macaulay have retained for him among his country- 
men a better repute as minister than he deserved." 

7. The American commissioners were Jay, Franklin, Adams, and Lau- 
rens; the English were Strachey, Oswald, and Fitzherbert. When the 
articles were signed, many friends surrounded Franklin to offer him con- 
gratulations. Rochefoucauld threw his arms around his neck and kissed 
him. Franklin was overcome with joy, and exclaimed, "My friend, 
could I have hoped at such an age to have enjoyed so great happiness? " 

8. This treaty was signed at Fontainebleau, nearly forty miles from 
Paris, and was merely a ratification of the preliminary treaty made at 
Versailles. 

9. Major-general Henry Knox (born in Boston, 1750, and died in 
Thomaston, Maine, 1806) was the most noted artillerist of the Revolution. 
He was aid to General Ward in the battle of Bunker Hill, where his 
bravery was conspicuous. At Princeton, Brandywine, German town, 
Monmouth, and many other of the hottest battles of the war, Knox 
directed the American artillery with wonderful effect. He was in the 
heaviest cannonading to the last at Yorktown. In 1785 he was appointed 
Secretary of War (§321), and remained a member of the cabinet for ten 
years, when he retired from public life to the quiet of a farm in Maine. 

10. Washington's words on this occasion were few, but full of feeling 
and affection. He said to his fellow-officers: " With a heart full of love 
and gratitude I now take leave of you. 1 most devoutly wish that your 
latter days may be as prosperous and happy as your former ones have 
been glorious and honorable. I can not come to each of you to take my 
leave, but shall be obliged to you if each will come and take me by the 
hand." Tears moistened the cheeks of many of these strong men. Gen- 
eral Knox was the first to grasp the great commander's hand. All the 
others followed ; and Washington, according to the custom of the times, 
kissed each brave soldier in turn as he came to bid adieu. 

Before separating, the officers formed themselves into a friendly society 
called the Cincinnati, in memory of the noble Roman, Cincinnatus, who 
quitted his plow to serve his country in war, and returned to his peaceful 
pursuits as soon as the victory was won. 



QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. — Part III. 



1. Name some of the causes of the American Revo- 

lution. 215-224 

2. What resistance was made to the Navigation Laws? 225,226 

3. Describe the causes and effects of the Boston Tea 

Party. 227-229 

4. Name the several steps toward union of the "^ 97, 140, 146, 

colonies. J 230, 298 

5. What was done by the First Continental Con- 

gress? 230, 231 

6. What by the Second? 234,235 

7. Describe the first battle of the Revolution. 232, 233 

8. What did Englishmen think of the war ? 236 

9. Describe the battle of Bunker Hill. 238-240 

10. Describe Washington's army. 241 

11. What were the "Mecklenburg Resolutions?" 242 

12. How was Kentucky founded? 243 

13. How did King George III. prepare for war? 244 

14. What was done by Americans to prevent Canadian 

attacks? 237, 245-247 

15. How was Boston relieved and Charleston de- 

fended? 248, 249 

16. By what acts were the colonies separated from 

England ? 250 

17. What changes were made in the several colonies? 251 

18. What occurred near and in New York? 252-257 

19. What in the Jerseys? 258-260 

20. What foreigners enlisted under Washington? 261, 269 

21. Describe Burgoyne's campaign in 1777. 262-266 

22. Describe Washington's winter at Valley Forge. 267, 268 

23. What led to the French alliance ? 270 

24. How long was Philadelphia held by the British ? 263, 272 

25. Describe the attack on Newport. 273 

26. Describe the Indian massacres of 1778, and their 

punishment. 274-276 

(179) 



i8o 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



27. 
28. 
29. 
30. 
3i- 
32- 
33- 
34- 

35- 
36. 
37- 



38. 



Describe Clarke's campaign in the West. 
What was done in Carolina and Georgia? 
What posts on the Hudson were retaken in 1779? 
Tell something of Captain Paul Jones. 
Describe the campaign of 1780 in the South. 
Tell the story of Arnold's treason. 
What induced the colonies to make a closer union? 
What part did European nations take toward En- 
gland ? 
Describe the last campaign of Cornwallis in America. 
What can you say of Carleton? 
What were the terms of peace? 



Name, in review, the principal battles of the 
Revolution. 



232, 

253, 
265, 
278, 
288, 



Section 
277-279 
280, 281 
282 
283 
285-291 
292-295 
296-299 

299-30I 

302-305 
306 

307, 3°8 
239> 249. 
259. 263, 
266, 272, 
282, 285, 
289, 291, 



39. What British generals were successively in chief ) 232, 240, 272, 
command ? J 288, 306. 

257, 265, 
282, 286, 



40. Who were the principal American commanders? V 

41. What representatives were sent by the United 

States to France ? 

42. What can you say of the naval actions of the 

Revolution ? 

43. What states had claims to western lands, and what 

disposal was made of those claims? 



288, 
241, 

281, 
288. 



273. 



270 

283, 302 

298 






PART IV.— GROWTH OF THE UNITED 
STATES. 



CHAPTER XX. 

ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION. 

309. By the terms of the Treaty of Versailles the 

United States extended from the Atlantic to the Mississippi, 
being bounded on the north by the Great Lakes and the 
St. Lawrence, on the east by the St. Croix River, and on 
the south by Florida. 

The difficulties and dangers which followed the return of 
peace, were almost as great as those of the war. The 
nation, as such, was penniless and loaded with debt; its 
armies were unpaid for the services to which it owed its 
very existence ; and though there was immense wealth in the 
soil and mines, years of peaceful industry were needed to 
bring it to light. 

310. There was no general government, for the 

Articles of Confederation (§298) had proved inadequate to 
the purpose for which they were framed. The several states 
had adopted republican constitutions; but whether these 
thirteen republics were to exist as so many separate nations, 
or to be united under a monarchy or in a federal league, no 
man knew. In the summer of 1782 the unpaid soldiers had 
listened to the proposal of some ambitious officers that they 
should set up Washington as their king. The great general 
crushed the plot as soon as it came to his knowledge, and 

(181) 



1 82 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

\Droved his hold upon the affection of his men by keeping 
them in order and obedience during the trying year, while 
he was urging upon Congress their just demands. Instead 
of the half-pay for life, to which officers were entitled, he 
secured to them a sum equal to five years' full pay, — a 
necessary provision for those whose private fortunes had 
been ruined by the war. 

311. The Indians were still hostile along the western 
border. Among the first acts of the United States as an in- 
dependent* power was a treaty at Fort Pitt with the Dela- 
wares, admitting their just claim to their lands until they 
chose to sell them. In 1784 peace was made with the Iro- 
quois by a grand council at Fort Stanwix, now Rome, New 
York, and within six years similar treaties were arranged 
with all the tribes to the southward. Mutual forgiveness of 
injuries was promised, and peace was restored. 

312. The "treaty rights" thus conceded have been the 
basis of all official dealings with the natives of the far west; 
but, unhappily, Indian agents have sometimes cared more 
for their own gains than for the honor of their government, 
and some private citizens have acted toward the barbarians 
with reckless cruelty and fraud. 

313. Movements toward Union. — The jealousies al- 
ready existing among the states grew deeper and more vio- 
lent with every year of their separate existence. At length 
the legislature of Virginia invited all the other states to join 
her in a convention to agree upon a much-needed system 
of commercial intercourse. Only five states accepted the 
invitation, but their delegates at Annapolis, in 1786, ad- 
vised Congress to call a general assembly to revise the Ar- 
ticles of Confederation. 

314. The Constituent Convention. — This body met 
in Philadelphia, May 25, 1787, and was found to comprise 
delegates from all the states excepting Rhode Island. Never 



THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION. 183 

was more important work committed to human hands. 
Other nations have had their constitutions gradually shaped 
by circumstances through a course of centuries : — for the 
first time in the world's history four millions of people were, 
by their representatives, to choose a government for them- 
selves. 

315. Washington was President of the Conven- 
tion, and with him sat some of the wisest and best states- 
men that America or the world has known. There was 
Franklin, now more than eighty years old, who had done 
invaluable service to his country in England and France, 
and whose practical wisdom made him one of the ablest 
founders of the Constitution; there was Robert Morris, 1 the 
financier who had supplied the sinews of war by his own 
unquestioned credit; there were Jefferson, and Livingston, 2 
and Jay, 3 who by their profound study of English law had 
learned to apply universal principles of truth and justice to 
the needs of a free people. 

316. Differences of Opinion. — It was soon found that 
there were two parties in the convention. One desired to 
merge all the states in one indivisible republic, the other to 
keep the mutual independence of the thirteen, only uniting 
them in a league for commerce and other special purposes. 

317. The Constitution of the United States, as re- 
ported after four months earnest discussion, sought to recon- 
cile these two extremes. It recognized the sovereignty of 
each state over its own local affairs, but committed to the 
Federal government the care of all matters which concerned 
the nation as a whole, such as coinage, postal service, the 
maintenance of army and navy, forts, arsenals, and mag- 
azines for the common defense, and the making of war, 
peace, or alliances with foreign powers. (See p. 363.) 

The law-making power was vested in a Congress consisting 
of a Senate and a House of Representatives. Every state 
is entitled to two senators appointed by its own legislature : 



1 84 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the number of representatives from each state depends 
upon its population, and they are chosen directly by the 
voters. 

The executive power was intrusted to a President, chosen by 
electors in all the states, for a term of four years. He, with 
the concurrence of the Senate, appoints embassadors, con- 
suls, judges of the Supreme Court, and the members of his 
own Cabinet, and gives commissions to officers in the army 
and navy. 

The judical power was vested in a Supreme Court and 
such inferior courts as Congress might establish. 

318. Opinions of the Constitution.— A great English 
statesman of our own time (Mr. Gladstone 4 ) has pronounced 
the Constitution of the United States to be " the most won- 
derful work ever struck off at a given time by the brain and 
purpose of man." Washington wrote of it : "It appears to 
me little short of a miracle that the delegates from so many 
states, different from each other in their manners, circum- 
stances, and prejudices, should unite in forming a system of 
national government so little liable to well-founded objec- 
tions It is provided with more checks and barriers 

against the introduction of tyranny than any government 
hitherto instituted among mortals." Should it "be found 
less perfect than it can be made, a constitutional door is left 
open for its amelioration." 

319. Adopted by the States. — The constitution thus 
framed by the convention was submitted to the people, who 
in each state chose delegates to consider and pronounce 
upon it. After severe discussion 5 it was accepted ultimately 
by all the states. On the first Wednesday in January, 1789, 
the first general election was held under the Constitution. 
A month later the electors met, and George Washington* was 
chosen to be the first President of the United States without 
one dissenting voice. John Adams, of Massachusetts, re- 



WASHINGTON MADE PRESIDENT. 



i8 5 




Inauguration of Washington. 

ceived the greatest number of votes at the second balloting, 
and was declared Vice-president. 

320. Washington's Inauguration. — Washington's jour- 
ney to New York, then the seat of government, was like 
a triumphal progress. Crowds attended him ; young girls 
clothed in white scattered flowers along his way. The oath 
of office was administered by Chancellor Livingston, 7 of 
New York, on the balcony of the senate-house, in the pres- 
ence of throngs of people, who filled the street, the windows, 



1 86 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



and the roofs of surrounding buildings. And when Washing- 
ton's voice was heard in acceptance of the pledge to "pre- 
serve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United 
States," every one felt that the new Republic was safe. 



NOTES 



1. Robert Morris (6. 1734, d. 1806), "the patriot financier," was an En- 
glishman by birth. He emigrated to Philadelphia when thirteen years 
old, and there commenced a wonderfully successful business career. He 
was a man of immense fortune at the breaking out of the Revolution, 
and his credit was better than that of Congress. In 1781 he was made 
superintendent of finance, and during that year he supplied all the wants 
of the army in the expedition against Cornwallis. To do this Morris was 
compelled to give his own notes, which were all paid, to the amount of 
$1,400,000. He superintended the affairs of the navy, and sent out many 
privateers on his own account, which proved very efficient. In 1781 he 
established the " Bank of North America," which helped in a large meas- 
ure to relieve the embarrassments of the government. During the hard 
winter at Valley Forge, he sent as a gift to the army a ship-load of cloth- 
ing and provisions. 

When quite an old man Morris lost all his large fortune in a land spec- 
ulation, and passed the last years of his life a prisoner for debt. 

2. "William Livingston {b. 1723, d. 1790) was one of the large family 
which has contributed a number of celebrities to American history. He 
was born in New York and educated at Yale College. He studied law, and 
soon became eminent in his profession. In 1776 he was made governor of 
New Jersey, and held the position until his death. 

3. John Jay (6. 1745, d. 1829) was one of the most celebrated statesmen 
of his time. He was of French descent, and was born in New York. In 
1764 he graduated at King's (Columbia) College, and then commenced the 
study of law, pursuing his profession until the disturbances with the 
mother-country, when he became deeply interested in the questions at 
issue. He was very moderate in his views as to resistance, bat his counsel 
was usually wise, and he soon became prominent as a politician. In the 
provincial congress of New York, and in both continental congresses, he 
took an active part, and was a member of most of the important com- 
mittees appointed. The constitution of the state of New York is mainly 
his work. In 1778 he was president of the national congress, and the fol- 
lowing year he was appointed minister to Spain. At the close of the 
Revolution he was one of five commissioners appointed to negotiate the 
treaty with Great Britain, but the entire work fell upon Jay and Franklin. 
After his return to America he was appointed secretary of foreign affairs. 
"Washington, when elected president, offered him his choice of office, and 
Jay chose that of Chief-justice of the United States, being the first to hold 
the position. Although Jay's treaty of 1794 (§331) with England created 
such excitement in this country, yet time proved the wisdom of its con- 
ditions. On his return from negotiating this treaty he was elected gov- 
ernor of New York, and held the office for six years. He w T as urged to 
stand for another term but declined to do so ; he also refused the appoint- 
ment to his previous position of chief-justice, and retired to his estate in 
Westchester County, where he quietly passed the remaining twenty-eight 
years of his life. 

4. William Ewart Gladstone is the most prominent statesman of 
England at the present day. He is the son of a wealthy merchant, and 
was born at Liverpool in 1809. He took the highest possible honor at 
Christ Church College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1831, and shortly 
after this he entered Parliament. He has several times been made 
premier, and holds that position at present (1881). 



NOTES. ,' 187 



5. Patrick Henry (g230 and Note) objected mainly to the first three 
words, "We, the People," insisting that the convention was called only 
to form an alliance of states. Virginia ratified the constitution, however, 
with the full understanding that it united all the people of all the states 
under one government. 

6. George Washington (6. February 22d, 1732, d. December 14th, 1799). 
Little or nothing is actually known of Washington's ancestors in En- 
gland. His great-grandfather, John Washington, emigrated to Virginia 
in 1657, and served as a colonel in the early Indian wars. George's father 
died when he was eleven years old, so that his education and training 
devolved upon his mother. *he was a woman of noble character, and, as 
events proved, was fully equal to the task. All through Washington's life 
we note the deep love and respect that he bore her, and to her influence, 
no doubt, is due the development of many of his admirable character- 
istics. 

As a boy Washington was very fond of out-door sports, and it was his 
great delight to organize his boy friends into a soldier company and drill 
them. His attendance at school was from necessity quite limited: how- 
ever, he was a good mathematician, and at the age of sixteen had thor- 
oughly fitted himself as a practical surveyor. One of Washington's early 
friends was Lord Fairfax, an eccentric Englishman, who owned an im- 
mense estate in Virginia. He employed Washington to survey this land, 
and while engaged in this work, shut off from civilization and compelled 
to undergo numerous hardships, he learned many lessons that afterward 
proved useful to him. 

When Governor Dinwiddie arrived in Virginia he appointed Washing- 
ton, with the rank of major, oyer one of the four military districts into 
which he divided the colony. It was at this time, and when only twenty- 
one years of age, that Washington was dispatched on his mission to 
Venango (§176). The soundness of his judgment wasshown on that expe- 
dition, and disregard of his advice was followed by disaster to Braddock's 
expedition. 

When called upon to take command of the army of the United States, 
he replied with his usual modesty : " Though I am truly sensible of the 
high honor done me in this appointment, yet I feel great distress from a 
consciousness that my abilities and military experience may not be 
equal to the extensive and important trust." His generosity and devoted 
patriotism are also shown in another passage of this same reply : " As to 
pay, sir, I beg leave to assure Congress that as no pecuniary consideration 
could have tempted me to accept the arduous employment at the expense 
of my domestic ease and happiness, I do not wish to make any profit 
from it. I will keep an exact account of my expenses. Those, I doubt 
not, they will discharge, and that is all I desire." At this time Washing- 
ton was forty-three years old. He had married Mrs. Martha Custis, a 
wealthy young widow, in 1759, and being heir himself to large estates, he 
had devoted himself to agriculture and the improvement of his property. 
He was naturally domestic, but at his country's call cheerfully gave up 
his home circle, and risked his property and his life. His success is re- 
markable when we consider the material and resources at his command 
as compared with those of the enemy, and his own lack of experience in 
handling large bodies of troops. More wonderful, however, was his in- 
domitable courage and perseverance in the face of every discouragement, 
on the part of the people, congress, and jealous generals. 

At the close of the war Washington looked eagerly for a renewal of his 
domestic life, but again heroically sacrificed his private desires for his 
country's good in accepting the presidency. As a president Washington 
was frequently criticised for his aristocratic tendencies, but he earnestly 
defended himself from cavils which in the light of the present day seem 
beneath his notice. 

Retiring at the close of his second administration, he once more re- 
sumed the quiet round of plantation life. Mount Vernon had now 
grown to an estate of eight thousand acres, half of which was under cul- 
tivation, and was worked by some two hundred and fifty slaves. When at 
home Washington personally superintended his affairs and kept his own 
books. During his entire absence he had an exact report of each week's 
transactions sent to him by mail. 

Virginia presented Washington with canal stock valued at $60,000 in 
return for his services to the state and nation. This he accepted, but only 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



to endow two institutions of learning,— a college at Lexington, Va., now 
called the " Washington and Lee University," and a university at the 
capital of the United States. 

In appearance Washington was of commanding presence. He was six 
feet and two inches tall, broad shouldered, and muscular. His face was 
unusually calm and dignified in expression, and Lis manner was formal. 
In private, however, he was gracious, and even genial, especially with the 
young. 

While taking his usual ride over the plantation, during the morning of 
the fourteenth of December, 1799, he was caught in a cold storm of rain 
and sleet. Returning home after two or three hours' exposure to this 
weather, he sat down to dine without changing his clothes. The second 
day following he was attacked with " acute laryngitis," a disease of the 
throat not then understood, and died within twenty-four hours. Europe 
vied with America in mourning his loss and eulogizing his name. Gen- 
eral Henry Lee, of Virginia, at the request of Congress, pronounced his 
funeral oration, using the memorable words, " First in war, first in peace, 
and first in the hearts of his countrymen." 

7. Robert R. Livingston (b. 1746, d. 1813) was a cousin of William Liv- 
ingston, mentioned above. He graduated at King's College, and adopted 
the profession of law. When a delegate to the second continental con- 
gress he was appointed one of the committee of five to draft the Declara- 
tion of Independence. He held many important political offices, and 
was the first chancellor of the state of New York. Through him as min- 
ister-plenipotentiary the territory of Louisiana was purchased from 
France. He did much for the improvement of agriculture in New York, 
and assisted Fulton in his early experiments in steam navigation (§363). 



CHAPTER XXI. 

FIRST AND SECOND ADMINISTRATIONS, A. D. 1789-1797. 
George Washington, President. John Adams, Vice-president. 

321. Washington's Cabinet consisted of Thomas 
Jefferson, Secretary of State; Alexander Hamilton, 1 Secre- 
tary of the Treasury ; Henry Knox, Secretary of War ; and 
Edmund Randolph, 2 Attorney-general. John Jay was ap- 
pointed Chief-justice of the United States. 

322. Hamilton's great financial ability soon established 
confidence and prosperity in commercial affairs. The gen- 
eral government assumed the war debts of the several states, 
and declared its intention to redeem all the continental paper 
money at its full value. This was a severe test of public 
honor, for the greater part of this paper was in the hands 
of speculators, who had bought it for almost nothing from 
the starving veterans of the Revolution; and Congress had 
been forced to issue immensely greater quantities of this 
currency than would have been needed if it had been worth 
its nominal value. Nevertheless the new nation was not to 
begin its existence by breaking its promises. 

323. The Bank of the United States was established 
at Philadelphia, and there, also, the national mint was set 
up. Taxes were imposed on imports of foreign goods, and 
on the manufacture of distilled liquors. 

In 1790 the seat of government was placed for ten 
years at Philadelphia, and a tract of land ten miles square 
on either side of the Potomac, which was ceded to the 
United States by Maryland and Virginia, was adopted by 
Congress as the site of the future capital. Washington him- 

(189) 



190 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



self selected a site for the 
city which was to bear his 
name, and laid the corner- 
stone of the Capitol in 1793. 

324. The North-west- 
ern Territory. — The most 







July, 1787. 



Crossing the Alleghanies. 

important act of the last Continental Congress had been the 
organizing of a settled government for the territory north of 
the Ohio River. It was, in fact, ' ' the most not- 
able law ever enacted by representatives of the 
American people," and, to insure its perpetual enforcement, 
it was not left as a mere act of Congress, which could be 
repealed at a subsequent session, but its six main provisions 
were made articles of a solemn compact between the inhab- 
itants of the territory, present and to come, and the people 
of the thirteen states. No man was to be restricted of his 



SETTLEMENT OF THE NORTH-WEST. 191 

liberty excepting as a punishment for crime; life, property, 
and religious freedom were protected by just and equal laws. 
A clause, which several western states have copied in their 
constitutions, declared that "Religion, morality, and knowl- 
edge being necessary to good government, schools and the 
means of education shall forever be encouraged." To this 
end one section in every township was set apart for the 
support of common schools, and two entire townships for the 
establishment of a university. Ohio University, at Athens, 
arose from this foundation, and was the first college west of 
the Alleghanies. 

325. The Ohio Company.— In consequence of this 
liberal constitution, which was partly suggested by himself, 
Doctor Cutler, 3 of Massachusetts, as agent of the new 
"Ohio Company," bought of Congress a million and a half 
acres of land on the Ohio and Scioto rivers. For other 
adventurers Doctor Cutler purchased four millions of acres 
more. The whole vast territory was then known as "The 
Wilderness," and contained no white inhabitants excepting 
a few French settlers on its western and northern borders. 
Attracted by the fertile soil and the assurance of good gov- 
ernment, industrious emigrants soon thronged to the new 
country, and the five states 4 formed from the North-western 
Territory now contain one fourth of all the population of the 
United States. General St. Clair, 5 who was President of 
Congress at the time of the passing of the ordinance, be- 
came the first governor of the territory, and took up his 
residence at Marietta, the first town on the Ohio. 

326. The Indians on the Miami and Wabash 
rivers made frequent attacks upon the white settlements, 
being supplied with powder and guns from forts which the 
British still held, contrary to treaty, in the heart of the 
country. Several expeditions against these tribes were re- 
pulsed with great slaughter ; even the one led in person by 
Governor St. Clair ended in surprise and disgrace. General 



192 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Wayne, — the "Mad Anthony" of the Revolution,- — had 
better success. Having defeated the savages on the Mau- 
mee, he so laid waste their country that th_ey were glad to 
buy peace by retiring west of the Wabash. 

327. Whisky Rebellion. — The whisky tax created great 
discontent in the Monongahela Valley, where the article 
was largely manufactured, and the spirit of revolt was 
increased by artful men who wished to overthrow all laws. 
The rebellion made such headway that the President called 
out 15,000 militia to suppress it, and himself conducted the 
citizen-army as far as Fort Cumberland. There he gave the 
command to General Lee, — formerly "Light Horse Harry," 
now governor of Virginia, — who marched into the western 
counties of Pennsylvania. But no fighting was needed; 
overawed by this spirited policy, the rioters laid down their 
arms and asked pardon from the government. 

328. During the storm of the French Revolution, 
which was now in progress, Washington and his advisers 
had a most difficult part to play. La Fayette, one of the 
first and warmest friends of American freedom, was for a 
little time a leader of the popular movement in France. 
Our people were strongly inclined to sympathize with the 
French in their resistance to a despotism far more galling 
than that of England to her colonies; and when Great 
Britain, with other European nations, took up arms to force 
die restoration of kings in France, some ardent spirits in 
America were eager to plunge into war and pay our debt of 
gratitude by helping to gain for our comrades in arms the 
same blessings which we were enjoying. 

329. But when the Reign of Terror in France had de- 
stroyed the very freedom whose name it invoked, and shed 
torrents of innocent blood, wiser people were alarmed, and 
thought even tyranny more endurable than such mad vio- 
lence. Besides, we had England on our north and east, 



JAY'S TREATY WITH ENGLAND. 193 

Spain on our south and west, stirring up the Indians to 
fierce warfare, while English ships commanded our eastern 
ports. Beside all these foes, the pirate states of the Med- 
iterranean were preying upon all the commerce of Christen- 
dom, and hundreds of American citizens were toiling as 
slaves under the burning sun of Algiers and Morocco. 

330. Great Britain still held Mackinaw, Detroit, Niag- 
ara, Oswego, and several other forts on our frontier, and 
gave still greater offense during her war with France by 
seizing American ships and forcing their sailors to serve on 
board her own vessels. On the other hand English mer- 
chants complained that they could not collect debts due 
them in America. In some cases many years' interest was 
claimed on money due before the Revolution, while Con- 
gress insisted that the British government, having made pay- 
ment impossible, was responsible for the delay. 

331. Jay's Treaty. — To arrange all these matters John 
Jay was sent as minister to London, and there negotiated a 
treaty which settled most of the points in dispute excepting 
the "right of search." King George agreed to pay for the 
losses inflicted on American merchant-ships by his priva- 
teers, and to vacate the western forts (§326) which, with or 
without authority from him, had kept alive Indian hostilities 
against our pioneers in the new territory. On the other 
hand, Congress provided for the payment of our English 
debts. The treaty was received with a storm of opposition 
by those Americans who cherished a bitter hatred against 
England, and wished success to the French Revolution, 
which she was fighting to put down. The greatest abuse 
fell upon Washington himself, who was even accused of 
overdrawing his salary 6 as President, and threatened with 
impeachment ! Nevertheless, he persevered in what seemed 
to him the course of duty, and in concurrence with a 
majority of the Senate ratified Mr. Jay's agreements. 

u. s. H.— 13. 



194 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

332. Citizen Genet. 7 — Presuming upon the gratitude 
and affection of our countrymen toward France, her envoy, 
"Citizen Genet," who had landed at Charleston, enlisted 
troops and fitted out privateers from the southern states be- 
fore even presenting himself at the seat of government. A 
large party of American citizens sustained him, and de- 
manded a declaration of war against Great Britain. Wash- 
ington firmly resisted this wild policy, and soon Genet was 
recalled. He chose, however, to remain in this country, 
and became a citizen of the United States. 

333. Two political parties now became clearly divided. 
The Federalists, with Washington at their head, stood by 
the treaty with England, and desired a strong central gov- 
ernment for the sake of commanding respect abroad and 
security at home. The Republicans, — or Democrats, as they 
were often called, the two names having nearly the same 
meaning, — were friends to France, and to the independent 
sovereignty of our states, while they violently opposed Jay's 
treaty, the United States Bank, and the payment of state 
debts by the general government. They constantly sounded 
the alarm of "monarchy" when any new power was exerted 
by Congress or the President ; and perhaps some of them 
really feared that Washington might become "king of 
America," though this apprehension was certainly not felt 
by the leaders, nor by the more intelligent members of the 
party. Alexander Hamilton and John Adams were leading 
Federalists ; Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe were the chief 
Republicans. 

334. A treaty with Spain, in 1795, settled the bound- 
aries between the United States on one side, and Florida 
and Louisiana on the other. The navigation of the Missis- 
sippi was secured to American citizens, and they were per- 
mitted to use New -Orleans for ten years as a place of 
deposit. This treaty removed a great danger; for the grow- 
ing products of the West needed this natural outlet, and 



TREA TV I VI TH SPA IN. 



195 




Pirates. 



some bold spirits had even plotted to seize New Orleans by 
force, — a movement which must certainly have occasioned 
war. On the other hand, the Spanish authorities in that 
city were said to be sending spies and emissaries through 
the south-western country, hoping to separate that rich terri- 
tory from the Union, with a view to make it subject at last 
to Spain. 

335. Treaty with Algiers. — During the same year a 
treaty was made with the pirate government of Algiers, on 
terms which were humiliating but necessary, as we had no 
navy. $800,000 were paid to the Dey for the release of 
American seamen whom he held as slaves, and an annual 
tribute of $23,000 was promised in return for his engage- 
ment to leave our merchant-ships unmolested. 

During Washington's two terms of office Vermont, Ken- 
tucky, and Tennessee were organized as states and admitted 
into the Federal Union (§^223, 243). 



196 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

336. As his second term of office drew near its close, 
Washington declined a re-election, in an address to his fellow- 
citizens, which he caused to be published in a Philadelphia 
paper. In his last speech to Congress he recommended the 
establishment of a military academy, a national university, 
an institution for the improvement of agriculture, and the 
increase of the navy. 

His eight years of chief magistracy had been, if possible, 
a yet greater service to his country than his eight years' 
command of her armies. No character was probably ever 
more free from selfish aims; none could have held together 
so many discordant interests until they had time to become 
harmonious. 

337. Washington's plea for union may be given in 
his own words : ' ' The North . . . finds in the productions of 
the South great additional resources of maritime and com- 
mercial enterprise, and precious materials of manufacturing 
industry. The South, in the same intercourse, benefiting by 
the agency of the North, sees its agriculture grow and its 
commerce expand. . . . The East, in a like intercourse with 
the West, already finds, — and in the progressive improve- 
ment of interior communications by land and water, will 
more and more find, — a valuable vent for the commodities 
which it brings from abroad or manufactures at home. The 

West derives from the East supplies requisite to its growth 
and comfort, and . . . must owe the secure enjoyment of in- 
dispensable outlets for its own productions to the weight, in- 
fluence, and future maritime strength of the Atlantic side 
of the Union." 

338. The Republican Court. — Washington had main- 
tained the dignity of the Republic by his grave and stately 
manners, and the style of his appearance in public. His 
own tastes were very simple; but some of his advisers 
doubted whether the people would respect and obey a gov- 
ernment which was destitute of the pomps and ceremonies 



NOTES. 197 

that made an essential part of Old World customs. There 
were others who ridiculed Washington's coach of state and 
his formal receptions, as "aping the manners of royalty." 
We shall see that later presidents found it possible to adopt 
simpler manners, but we may be sure that Washington did 
nothing from vanity. 

339. Results of the First Administration. — Under 
his faithful care, an era of great prosperity had begun. The 
honor of the government had been sustained by a secure 
provision for the payments of its debts, confidence and 
order were established, commerce flourished, and the prod- 
ucts of the soil had become a source of wealth. In spite 
of the complaints of restless politicians, the people loved 
their government, for they found it well fitted to secure their 
peace and happiness. 

Read Volume V. of Irving's "Life of Washington;" Life of Ham- 
ilton; Griswold's "Court of Washington;" Goodrich's "Republican 
Court." 

NOTES. 

1. Alexander Hamilton lb. 17.T7, (J. 1804), born in the West Indies, was 
one of the most remarkable characters of the Revolution. His mother 
died when he was a child, and his father being in destitute circumstances 
Hamilton was taken charge of by his mother's relatives. They placed 
him in a commercial house when twelve years of age, and although the 
life was very distasteful to him, he applied himself faithfully to the dis- 
charge of his duties. A newspaper article, written when he was but 
fifteen years old, was so remarkable that his friends determined to give 
him the benefit of a good education, and he was accordingly sent to New 
York, where he graduated at King's College. He became much interested 
in politics, and a speech made by him at a public meeting, in 1774, 
attracted general attention to him. Soon after this he wrote a number of 
political pamphlets that at once gave him a high position in the com- 
munity. When nineteen years old he obtained a commission as captain 
of artillery, and in this capacity he first attracted the attention of Wash- 
ington, to whom he finally became aid-de-camp. So implicit was Wash- 
ington's confidence in this stripling of twenty that he intrusted to him 
the sole management of his most delicate correspondence with the 
British commanders and others. After the war he studied law, in which 
profession he at once rose to eminence, but politics continued to absorb 
much of his time. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention 
(§•'114), and wrote the majority of a series of papers called "The Federal- 
ist," which appeared in a New York paper, in defense of the Constitution, 
and no doubt had much weight in causing its adoption by the several 
states. Party feeling now ran very high, and Hamilton's great ability 
and untiring energy won him many strong friends among the Federal- 
ists, and many bitter enemies in the opposite party. As Washington's 
first Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton's career was brilliant and sue- 



198 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



cessful, and he readily refuted all the charges hrought against him for 
mismanagement and dishonesty by the Democrats. A split occurring in 
the Federalist party, Hamilton, by his opposition, gave deep offense to 
Aaron Burr, who finally challenged him to a duel and shot him. 

Hamilton is described as being under the medium height and slight in 
figure. His complexion was fair and delicate, and his manners were most 
engaging. 

2. Edmund Randolph (6. 1753, d. 1813) was the son of a Virginia royal- 
ist, and had been disinherited on account of his political principles. 
He served on Washington's staff during the Revolution, but was more 
active as a statesman than as a warrior. He was a member of the Consti- 
tutional Convention (§314) where his conduct was rather inconsistent. 
He refused to sign the constitution, and yet he afterwards worked for its 
adoption in the Virginia convention. In 1788 he was made governor of 
Virginia. In the cabinet he pretended to hold a neutral position, but 
when any issue arose he usually sided with Jefferson against Hamilton 
and Knox. Upon Jefferson's withdrawal from the cabinet in 1794 Ran- 
dolph was made Secretary of State, but in the following year resigned his 
position, having been accused of an intrigue with the French envoy. 

3. Dr. Manasseh Cutler (b. 1742, d. 1823) was a highly educated New 
Englander. After graduating at Yale College he studied successively the 
three professions of law, theology, and medicine, and also became emi- 
nent as a scientist. During the Revolution he served as a chaplain. The 
"Ohio Company," of which he was a member, was formed by army offi- 
cers who wished to have their bounty lands located together. Dr. Cutler 
had built the first emigrant wagon that penetrated the forests of Ohio; 
and his son, Jarvis, cut down the first tree in the clearing made at 
Marietta. 

4. The five states formed out of the North-west Territory are Ohio, 
Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. 

5. General Arthur St. Clair (b. 1734, d. 1818) was of Scotch birth. He 
had served faithfully in the French and Indian War, and also under 
Washington during the Revolution. Having been appointed commander- 
in-chief of the army sent against the Miamis, he keenly felt the failure 
of the expedition, and, on Washington's refusal of the investigation 
which he demanded, immediately resigned his command. Later, Ton - 
grcss ordered the investigation, and General St. Clair was acquitted of 
all blame. 

6. It was answered by the Secretary of the Treasury that Washington 
never even touched the sum allowed him by the government, which was 
drawn and disbursed by the gentleman who had charge of the expenses 
of his household. 

7. Edmond Charles Genet for Genest) was born at Versailles in 1765, 
and although his immediate family were prominent loyalists, he early 
avowed republican principles. He represented the French Republic at 
St. Petersburg, but was soon dismissed from that court and returned to 
France. He was then appointed embassador to Holland, but before leav- 
ing for that country was made minister to the United States. After set- 
tling in this country he married the daughter of Mr. George Clinton, then 
governor of New York. 



CHAPTER XXII. 

THIRD ADMINISTRATION, A. I). 1797-180I. 
John Adams, President. Thomas Jefferson, Vice-president. 

340. The Second President. — John Adams, 1 of Massa- 
chusetts, was the second President of the United States, and 
Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, having received only three 
votes less from the electoral college, 2 became Vice-president. 
These two great men were leaders of opposite parties, and 
during their four years of office the country was disturbed by 
a violent conflict of opinions. The inconvenience of such a 
division of sentiments in the administration led, a 

A. D. 1804. 

few years later, to a change in the mode of election, 

— a distinct ballot being held for the Vice-president, who has 

ever since been of the same political party with his chief. 

341. Abuse of Privileges. — It had been found that the 
welcome which the United States offered to refugees of all 
nations was greatly abused. Men who had been expelled, 
sometimes for crime, from their native land, found homes 
and prosperity in America, and used their freedom in mis- 
representing and embarrassing the government which pro- 
tected them. The true interest of our nation was peace and 
friendship with all others, but this was endangered by the 
rival partisans of France and England. 

342. Alien and Sedition Laws. — In these circumstan- 
ces Congress passed an Alien Law, empowering the president 
to send out of the country, at short notice, any person 
whom he might consider dangerous, and lengthening the 
time requisite for becoming citizens of the United States to 
fourteen years. It was followed by a Sedition Law, which 
limited the freedom of the press to criticise the government. 
Under this act it was a crime to "write, print, utter, or pub- 

(199) 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



lish any false, scandalous, or malicious statement" against 
either Congress or the President. These laws were violently 
opposed, — as indeed they were contrary to the spirit of our 
Constitution, — and in the next administration they were re- 
pealed. The great republic accepted the dangers with the 

blessings of perfect free- 
dom, and rested her hope 
of security on the virtue 
and good sense of a ma- 
jority of her people. 

343. Difficulties with 
France grew very seri- 
ous. French men-of-war 
seized American merchant 
vessels on the high seas, 
and demanded ' ' enroll- 
ment papers " describing 
the nationality of every 
sailor. When, as usual, 
these were not found, — 
no American law requiring them, — the ship was confiscated 
and sold for the benefit of her captors. 

344. Our minister to the French Republic was in- 
sultingly dismissed; and when three special envoys 3 were 

sent to re-open communications between the gov- 
ernments, they were refused all recognition in 
their public character, though they were privately informed 
that a large loan to France, and liberal gratuities to high 
French officials, would probably open the doors. "Millions 
for defense, not a cent for tribute," was the spirited reply, 
and the sister-republics seemed to be drifting into war. 

345. War Measures. — Commercial intercourse with 
France was suspended; our army and navy were 
increased and reorganized, and Washington was 

called again to the head of the army. Though war had not 




A. D. 1797. 



A. D. 1798. 



HONORS TO WASHINGTON. 



been declared, six new frigates put to sea and captured 
several French prizes in the West Indies. But in 1799 
Napoleon Bonaparte came to the head of the French gov- 
ernment, and one of his earliest acts was a friendly settle- 
ment with the United States. 

346. Death of Washington. — Scarcely had Washing- 
ton retired to his home, in good hope of a peaceful and 
vigorous old age, when a sudden illness of two 

days ended his grand and useful life. The 
whole country mourned him as a father, and those who had 
been his opponents were most sincere in doing him honor. 
The British fleet lowered all its flags at receiving news of 
his death, and Bonaparte, in announcing the event to the 
French armies, ordered that tokens of mourning should 
drape all the standards in the public service for ten days. 

347. The City of Washington. — The next summer, 
1 800, the government was removed to its ' ' palace in the 
wilderness," on the banks of the Potomac. There was little 
yet to indicate that a beautiful and stately city was to oc- 
cupy the site chosen by Washington. Mrs. Adams, 4 the 
President's wife, on her journey from Baltimore to her new 
home, was actually lost in the woods, and, with her escort, 
"wandered two hours without finding a guide or path." 
She adds, ' ' But woods are all you see from Baltimore until 
you reach this city, which is so only in name." 

348. The rich resources of the country were 
scarcely dreamed of. Anthracite coal had been discovered 
in Pennsylvania, but its value was so little understood that 
it was used for mending roads. Cotton had been intro- 
duced into Georgia in 1786, and the south-eastern states 
were found to contain the finest cotton lands in the world, 
but the separation of a single pound of cotton from its seeds 
required a whole day, and the woven fabric was more costly 
than linen. In 1793 Eli Whitney? of Massachusetts, while 
visiting in Georgia, invented a cotton-gin which could do 



202 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the work of hundreds of men in clearing die fiber from the 
seed. Arktvright, in England, had already perfected his 
machine for spinning cotton, and James Watt his steam- 
engine. These three inventions revolutionized the manu- 
factures of England and America. With the wonderful 
power of steam, England was now able to weave clothing 
for the world, and America was prepared to furnish all the 
raw material that English looms required. Cotton became 
one of the most important products of the United States, 
and a source of enormous wealth to the South. The first 
American cotton mill was set up in Rhode Island by Slater, 
a pupil of Arkwright, and the building nw yet be seen. 

349. In February, 180 Ohio, t'v 1 of five states 

formed from the North -w rritc admitted to the 

Union. Though both 1 i td n had held trading- 

posts on the rivers firsl b\ . jalle and the Jesuits 

(§§156, 158), tl i permanent settlement was at 

Marietta, where 1 .'crnor of the whole territory resided 

(§325). Fort Vvasmngton and the village of Columbia, near 
the junction of the Little Miami and the Ohio, were the 
foundations of greater city of Cincinnati, which took its 

name from t ! . ilitary society formed by Revolutionary offi- 
cers (Note . 178). 

Read I. 'ft Works of John Adams; Hildreth's " History of the 

United S" after Adoption of Federal Constitution, Vol. I. 

NOTES. 

1. John Adams was born at Braintree, Mass., in October, 1735. He was 
a graduate of Harvard College in the class of 17.55, and was admitted to 
the bar three years later. In 1764 he was married. He was an active and 
influential member of both the first and second Continental congresses, 
and by his energy and eloquence did more, perhaps, than any other man 
to crystallize the American sentiment in favor of independence. Jeffer- 
son drew up the immortal " Declaration," but it was Adams who per- 
suaded congress to adopt it. He was the most distinguished signer. Jef- 
ferson himself said that "he [Adams] was the pillar of its support; its 
ablest advocate and defender." The appointment of Washington to the 
chief command of the army was at the suggestion of John Adams. In 
after years he criticised him severely, but lived to see and to acknowledge 
the injustice of his criticism. During the first two years of the war his 



NOTES. 



203 



labors were incessant and overwhelming. Besides being chairman of the 
Board of War and of Appeals, he was at the head of twenty-five impor- 
tant congressional committees. As commissioner to France and Holland, 
and as "minister plenipotentiary to negotiate a treaty with Great Brit- 
ain," the diplomacy ana practical wisdom of John Adams accomplished 
great results. He secured loans of large amounts, and influenced leading 
European powers to make treaties of amity and commerce with the new 
American republic. With Jay and Franklin he framed the preliminary 
treaty of Versailles. After the declaration of peace Adams wasappointed 
minister to the English court, which position he filled until 1788. Con- 
gress passed a resolution thanking him for the " patriotism, perseverance, 
integrity, and diligence " displayed during his career abroad. Bancroft, 
in summing up the character of President Adams, says: "His nature 
was robust and manly, his convictions were clear, his will fixed. His 
overweening self-esteem was his chief blemish ; and if he compared 
himself with his great fellow-workers, there was some point on which he 
was superior to any one of them. He had more learning than Washing- 
ton or any other American statesman of his age; clearer insight into the 
constructive elements of government than Franklin ; more power in de- 
bate than Jefferson ; more force in motion than Jay; so that, by varying 
and defining his comparisons, he could easily fancy himself the greatest 
of them all. . . . His vanity, however, did not reach beyond the sur- 
face ; it impaired the luster, not the hardy integrity of his character. He 
was humane and frank, generous and clement. . . . His courage was 
unflinching everywhere ; he never knew what fear was." 

One of John Adams's grandsons writes of him : " Nobody could see him 
intimately without admiring the simplicity and truth which shone in all 
his actions, and standing in some awe of the power and energy of his 
will. His nature was too susceptible to emotions of sympathy and kind- 
ness, for it tempted him to trust more than was prudent to the professions 
of some who proved unworthy of his confidence. Ambitious in one 
sense he certainly was, but it was not the mere aspiration for place or 
power. It was a desire to excel in the minds of men by the development 
of high qualities,— the love, in short, of an honorable fame, that stirred 
him to exult in the rewards of popular favor." 

Many of the acts of President Adams were violently denounced by his 
partisan opponents, and the press was very bitter in its criticism ; but the 
sober judgment of later years has approved most of his public measures. 
He arid Jefferson became widely alienated for a time ; but before their 
death, which by a singular coincidence occurred on the same day— the 
fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence— a happy recon- 
ciliation had taken place. 

2. The second clause of Section I, Article II, of the United States Con- 
stitution, begins thus: " Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the 
legislature thereof may direct, a number of Electors equal to the whole 
number of Senators and Representatives to which the state may be en- 
titled in the Congress." These Electors meet in their respective states at 
a specified time after a presidential election, and vote by ballot for Presi- 
dent and Vice-president. These bodies of Electors, taken together, are 
known as the Electoral College. 

3. The minister was Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, and the special en- 
voys were Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry. 

4. Abigail Adams was a woman of strong character, sterling good 
sense, and marked intellectual ability. She shared her husband's tastes 
for books, sympathized with his high aims, made his home bright and 
happy, and won the esteem of all with whom she was associated. She 
died in 1818. The published " Letters " between John Adams and his wife 
are among the most valuable literary contributions of their time. 

5. Before the invention of Whitney's cotton-gin the cleaning of a sin- 
gle pound of green-seed cotton was a day's work for a southern field- 
hand. The state of South Carolina paid Whitney $50,000 for the use of his 
invention, and North Carolina a fixed percentage on each machine. But 
a succession of lawsuits for infringements of his patent, the burning of 
his factory, and other misfortunes took away all his profits; and he re- 
trieved his fortunes by the manufacture of fire-arms for the government, 
at Whitneyville, Conn. He died at New Haven in 1825. 



CHAPTER XXIII. 



FOURTH AND FIFTH ADMINISTRATIONS, A. D. 1801-1809. 



Thomas Jefferson, President. 



Aaron Burr, George Clinton, Vice-presidents. 



350. The Third President. — In the year 1800 parties 
were so evenly balanced that no president could be chosen 
by the electors. By a provision of the constitution the 

choice, therefore, devolved 
upon the House of Repre- 
sentatives. After a close 
ballot Thomas Jefferson l 



was declared to be Presi- 
dent-elect, and Aaron 
Burr, 2 of New York, Vice- 
president. 

351. Jefferson may be 
considered as the founder 
of the Dcmoeratie Party, 
which, from the beginning, 
claimed for the several 
states all powers which 
were not expressly con- 
ferred upon the general government ; aimed at the greatest 
possible simplicity and economy in the administration of 
public affairs; and insisted that all material improvements, 
such as bridges and the clearing of river-beds, should be 
made at the expense of the district to which they belonged. 

352. Jefferson was deeply versed in English law, while as 
the framer of the Declaration of Independence he was, per- 
haps, of all men then living, most familiar with the princi- 

(204) 




Thomas Jefferson. 



THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE. 205 

pies of the American constitution. Seven years' residence 
in France had filled him with dread and hatred of absolute 
governments, and with zeal for the universal rights of man. 

353. In his style and demeanor as president he culti- 
vated the extreme of republican simplicity, even receiving 
the British embassador in dressing-gown and slippers. On 
the occasion of his first address to Congress, he rode alone 
to the Capitol, tied his horse to the paling which then sur- 
rounded it, and entered unattended. The formality of an 
address was afterwards dispensed with, a written message 
taking its place. Jefferson called about him a cabinet dis- 
tinguished for high talents and education. James Madison 
was Secretary of State, and Albert Gallatin, 3 a Swiss by 
birth, was in charge of the treasury. 

354. The Treasury. — Distrusting the Federalists, and 
especially Alexander Hamilton, their leader, Jefferson re- 
quested his new Secretary of the Treasury to look sharply 
into the records of his office, thinking that occasion might 
be found for charges against its late chief. Gallatin was no 
less keenly opposed to his predecessor on political grounds, 
but after severe examination he reported to the President 
that no improvement was possible in the management of the 
treasury, for that Hamilton had "made no blunders and 
committed no frauds." 

355. Indian Policy. — The difficult question of a policy 
toward the Indians was settled during this administration 
nearly as it has always remained. The leading points were 
to purchase their lands, excepting what they would them- 
selves cultivate, to lead them to agriculture instead of war 
and hunting, and to remove them west of the Mississippi as 
soon as it could be peacefully and justly done. 

356. The greatest event of Jefferson's term of office 
was the purchase of the vast territory west of 

. ... . A. D. 1800. 

the Mississippi, lately ceded by Spain to France. 

Robert Livingston and James Monroe were the agents of 



206 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the United States. Great anxiety was felt, for, after a short 
and treacherous peace, France and England were again 
on the eve of war; and the latter, with her superior power 
on the sea, might easily have wrested from France all her 
remaining possessions in America. In that case the United 
States could scarcely have maintained their dearly bought 
independence. 

357. For the Territory of Louisiana the commissioners 
agreed to pay fifteen millions of dollars, of which one fourth 
was due from the French government to American citizens 
for depredations upon their commerce (§343). These claims 

were assumed by Congress and paid from the 
A. D. 1803. J & . . 1 

purchase-money. Upon signing the treaty, Bona- 
parte remarked : ' ' This accession of territory strengthens for- 
ever the power of the United States, and I have given to 
England a maritime rival that will humble her pride." Liv- 
ingston said: "We have lived long, but this is the noblest 
work of our whole lives. This treaty will change vast soli- 
tudes into flourishing districts. . . '. and will prepare ages of 
happiness for innumerable generations of human creatures." 

358. Lewis and Clarke's Expedition. — Captains 
Lewis and Clarke 4 were commissioned to explore the north- 
ern part of the acquired territory, which extended from the 
upper Mississippi westward to the Pacific Ocean. Ascend- 
ing the Missouri to its sources, they penetrated a wilderness 
inhabited chiefly by wolves and bears. Crossing a portage 
of only thirty-six miles to the head-waters of the Columbia 
River, they threaded the primeval solitudes to its mouth. 
The story of their travel during two years and three months 
is full of wild adventure. 

359. The Territory of Orleans was organized within 
the present limits of the state of Louisiana ; the 

A. D. 1804. \ . 

remainder of the new possession was known for 
some years as Louisiana Territory. 



WAR WITH TRIPOLI. 



207 




Lewis and Clarke's Expedition. 



360. The humiliating 5 treaty with Algiers (§335) 
had not hindered the attacks upon American ships by pirates 
from Tripoli, another of the Barbary states. In the sea- 
ports of New England it was no uncommon occurrence 
on a Sunday to hear a letter read in church from some 
honored citizen, now a slave on the northern coast of 
Africa, begging his old neighbors to advance money for his 
ransom. 

In 1 80 1 the Pasha of Tripoli declared war against the 
United States, and Commodores Preble and Morris 6 were 
sent to bombard his capital and bring him to terms. Dur- 
ing the blockade the frigate "Philadelphia" was captured by 
the enemy and taken into port. Lieutenant Decatur sailed 
into the harbor by night, with seventy-six men in a small 
vessel, surprised and recaptured the frigate, and burned her 



208 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

to the water's edge under the guns of the Pasha's castle. 
In 1805 that dignitary was glad to obtain peace by prom- 
ises of better behavior. 

361. The death of Alexander Hamilton in a private 
combat with Vice-president Burr in 1804, horrified the 
nation, and went far to put an end to the murderous custom 
of dueling. Hamilton disapproved the practice, but when 
challenged by Burr, on account of some political offense, he 
imagined that honor compelled him to accept. He pur- 
posely fired into the air, and at the same moment received a 
mortal wound. 

362. Jefferson was re-elected the following autumn 
to the head of the government, but with George Clinton, 7 of 
New York, as Vice-president. Burr's reckless spirit drove 
him into the wilderness, where he plotted the formation of a 
new and rival state from the south-western territory of the 
Union. He succeeded in ruining one 8 at least of his accom- 
plices, but he was betrayed by another, 9 and his scheme 

came to nought. He was tried for treason at 

A. D. 1807. . ° 

Richmond, Va. This crime was not proved, 
and he was released; but the career which his brilliant 
talents might have made honorable and useful, was wrecked, 
and his old age was dismally unhappy. 

363. The year 1807 is memorable for the earliest success 
of steam navigation. Several ingenious men had been 
experimenting on the application of Watt's invention to 
modes of travel; but to Robert Fulton, 10 a native of Penn- 
sylvania, is due the credit of having persevered until all 
obstacles were overcome. He was liberally aided by Chan- 
cellor Livingston of New York. His first boat, the "Cfer- 
mont," ascended the Hudson from New York to Albany in 
1807. Five years later he built at Pittsburgh the first Mis- 
sissippi steamer, which, descending the Ohio and Mississippi 
rivers, reached New Orleans in December, 181 2. 



TROUBLES WITH ENGLAND. 209 

364. The furious war now raging between France 
and England seemed destined to engulf the infant com- 
merce of the United States. Each nation desired to prevent 
supplies reaching its rival; neutral vessels were forbidden to 
enter any European port; and thus the American carrying 
trade was cut off at a blow. Equally vexatious was the pre- 
tended "right of search." In June, 1807, the British ship 
"Leopard" fired into the American frigate " Cliesapeake" 
near Fortress Monroe, killed three men, wounded eighteen, 
and carried off four, under the pretense that they were 
British subjects. The king's government expressed ' ' re- 
grets," but re-affirmed the right of search. 

365. Congress retaliated by an Embargo Act, prohibit- 
ing the sailing of all vessels for any foreign port. 

& . . & . . . b . Dec. 22, 1807. 

This was injurious to British commerce, but it 
occasioned yet greater suffering in America. In New En- 
gland, which was more dependent upon trade than the rest 
of the country, it met with determined opposition. Jeffer- 
son always believed that if the Embargo Act could have 
been faithfully observed by the whole people, the war which 
marked his successor's administration might have been pre- 
vented. But the opposing interests were too strong, and 
after fourteen months it was repealed. 

Read Tucker's " Life of Jefferson," and Lord Brougham's review of 
it in "Edinburgh Review," 1837; Lewis and Clarke's Journal; Jeffer- 
son's Autobiography. 

NOTES. 

1. Thomas Jefferson (born at Shadwell, Va., 1743, died at Monticello, 
1826). "Just thirty -three years old, married, and happy in his family, 
affluent, with a bright career before him, he was no rash innovator by his 
character or his position ; if his convictions drove him to demand inde- 
pendence, it was only because he could no longer live with honor under 
the British 'constitution which he still acknowledged to be better than 
all that had preceded it.' . . . No man of his century had more trust 
in the collective reason and conscience of his fellow-men or better knew 
how to take their counsel ; and in return he came to be a ruler over the 
willing in the world of opinion. Born to an independent fortune, he had 
from his youth been an indefatigable student. Of a hopeful tempera- 
ment and a tranquil, philosophic cast of mind, always temperate in his 
U. S. H.— 14. 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



mode of life and decorous in his manners, he was a perfect master of his 
passions. He was of a delicate organization, and fond of elegance ; his 
tastes were refined ; laborious in his application to business or the pur- 
suit of knowledge, music was his favorite recreation. He was a skillful 
horseman, and took a never-failing delight in the varied beauty of rural 
life. The range of his studies was very wide; he was not unfamiliar 
with the literature of Greece and Rome; had an aptitude for mathemat- 
ics and mechanics, and loved especially the natural sciences. . . . Jeffer- 
son was a hater of superstition and bigotry and intolerance; he was an 
idealist in his habits of thought and life. ... In his profession, the 
law, he was methodical, painstaking, and successful. Whatever he had 
to do, it was his custom to prepare himself tor it carefully ; and in public 
life, when others were at fault, they often found that 'he had already 
hewed out the way; so that in council men willingly gave him the lead, 
which he never appeared to claim, and was always able to undertake. 
. . . The nursling of his country, the offspring of "his time, he set about 
the work of a practical statesman, and his measures grew so naturally 
out of previous law and the facts of the past that they struck deep root 
and have endured." — Bancroft. 

2. Aaron Burr was born at Newark, N. J., 1756, and died on Staten 
Island, 1836. His father and his grandfather, the distinguished Jonathan 
Edwards (§202), were both presidents of Princeton College, of which in- 
stitution Burr was a graduate. Before he was three years of age both of 
his parents died, and Aaron was left to the care of relatives. He was a 
great reader in his youth, and an industrious student. He commenced 
reading theology, but soon abandoned it and turned to the profession of 
law. Soon after the battle of Lexington lie enlisted in the patriot army, 
and rose from a sick-bed to join Arnold's expedition to Quebec (§24(ij, and 
valiantly led a forlorn hope in the assault on that citadel (g 247). Owing 
to ill health he resigned his commission in the army in 1779, and com- 
menced the practice of law at Albany in 1782. As a lawyer Aaron Burr 
ranked among the foremost of his day : it is claimed he never lost a case. 
His political life began in the New York legislature in 1784. He was sub- 
sequently attorney-general of the state, and in 1791 was sent to the United 
States Senate. His political honors culminated in the Vice-presidency. 
Alexander Hamilton had vehemently opposed him from his first entrance 
into politics. He believed Burr to be a dangerous man to place in office. 
It was his repeated utterances to this effect which provoked the fatal 
challenge. After the duel Burr was disfranchised from New York state, 
and lost social caste and political influence. He plunged into the wild 
scheme of subjugating Mexico and uniting it to a portion of the south- 
western states, over which he was to rule supreme, and at his death his 
idolized daughter, Theodosia, was to become queen ! His plots were pro- 
nounced treasonable, and in 1806 President Jefferson proclaimed against 
him and authorized his capture. After his trial at Richmond he weut 
to Europe and wandered aimlessly, from city to city, under constant sur- 
veillance, and at times in the depths of poverty. Yet with all his troubles 
and disappointments he never seemed despondent. He returned to New 
York in 1812, and resumed the practice of law with success; but his old 
friends and admirers, except a very few, shunned him. When seventy- 
eight he married Madame Jumel, a wealthy widow, to obtain a home 
during the few years he had yet to live; but they soon had trouble and 
separated, and Burr's last sickness was in humble lodgings provided by 
one of his life-long friends. He was buried at Princeton by the side of 
his father and grandfather. 

3. Albert Gallatin was born in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1761, and died 
at Astoria, N. Y., 1849. In 1779 lie graduated witli lionors from the Univer- 
sity of Geneva, and the next summer left home and friends and brilliant 
prospects to try his fortunes in America. He married in 1789, but his wife 
lived only a few months. To drown his grief Gallatin plunged into poli- 
tics, and soon became a leader of the anti-Federalists. Both political 
parties in Pennsylvania united upon Albert Gallatin for United States 
Senator in 1793, but he was prevented from taking his seat by a Haw in his 
naturalization papers. Serving three years in the Pennsylvania legisla- 
ture he entered Congress in 1795, and by his ability assumed the leadership 
of the Republicans. From 1801 he was for twelve years Secretary of the 
Treasury, and his able administration stamped him as one of the fore- 



NOTES. 211 



most financiers of his time. Owing to his wise statesmanship he was 
frequently selected as commissioner to negotiate important treaties with 
foreign powers. He was United states minister to France from 1816 to 
1823, and to England in 182H-7. In 1824 he was nominated for Vice-presi- 
dent, but withdrew from the candidacy. Gallatin's subsequent business 
career was successful, and his numerous financial and historical writings 
added greatly to his reputation. " His eminent and manifold services to 
his adopted country, his great abilities and upright character assure him 
of a high position in the history of the United States." 

4. Meriwether Lewis and William Clarke were of Virginia birth, and 
both had abundant experience in Indian warfare, so that the perils of 
their long expedition merely added zest to the enterprise. Their return 
to St. Louis, September, 1806, was nearly two and a half years after their 
departure from that point. Lewis was made governor of Missouri terri- 
tory, aud died near Nashville in 1809. Clarke also became governor of 
Missouri territory; and, later, Superintendent of Indian Affairs. He 
died at St. Louis in 1838. 

Many of the Indians met with on this journey were as much surprised 
at seeing white men as the savages who greeted the landing of Columbus 
more than three hundred years before. In the history of their expedi- 
tion, referring to this point they say: " They [the Indians] had, indeed, 
abundant sources of surprise in all they saw. The appearance of the 
men, their arms, their clothing, the canoes, the strange looks of the 
negro, and the sagacity of our dog,— all in turn shared their admiration, 
which was raised to astonishment by a shot from the air-gun : this oper- 
ation was instantly considered as a great ' medicine,' by which they, as 
well as the other Indians, mean something emanating directly from the 
Great Spirit, or produced by his invisible and incomprehensible agency." 

5. When Commodore Bainbridge presented himself on one occasion 
with the yearly tribute at Algiers, he was commanded by the Dey to pro- 
ceed on some business of his to Constantinople. Upon his replying that 
such were not his orders, the Dey remarked : " You are under my orders ; 
your people are my subjects, else why do they pay me tribute?" The 
Commodore suggested to his government that tribute should be paid 
henceforth from the cannon's mouth. 

6. Commodore Edward Preble and Commodore Charles Morris 
were both born in Xew England, and rank among the distinguished offi- 
cers of the American navy. Preble died at Portland, Me., in 1807. During 
the war of 1812 Commodore Morris did conspicuous service. He was 
severely wounded in the fight between the " Constitution " and the 
" Guerriere " (g 372). He died at Washington, D. C, 1856. 

7. " George Clinton (b. 1739, d. 1812) was the undisputed leader of the 
popular party. He had been governor of New York since 1777, and was 
re-elected every other year to that office for eighteen years. . . . Able, 
tough, wary, a self-willed man, wielding with unusual tact the entire 
patronage of the state, and dear to the affections of the great mass of the 
people, he is an imposing figure in the politics of the time, and must ever 
be regarded as the Chief Man of the state of New York during the earlier 
years of its independent existence."— James Partem. 

8. This refers to Harman Blennerhasset, an Irishman of good birth 
and education, who brought to America considerable wealth, and built an 
elegant home on an island in the Ohio River below Marietta. On his way 
west Burr stopped at Blennerhasset's house, and, by his glowing represen- 
tations and pleasant promises, easily won the Irish gentleman's support 
in his wicked schemes. When Burr became emperor of the south-west, 
Blennerhasset was to be made a duke and given the principal foreign 
ministry ! His money and all his estates were lost in the fatal enterprise, 
and he died a broken-hearted old man, on the island of Guernsey, 1831. 

9. General James Wilkinson, then governor of Louisiana, is the per- 
son alluded to. He was believed by many to have been at first a sharer 
with Aaron Burr in his treasonable designs, but was acquitted of such 
complicity in a trial held in 1811. After Jefferson's proclamation, Gen- 
eral Wilkinson used every means to arrest Burr and to defeat his plans. 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



10. Robert Fulton (6. 1765, d. 1815) was in his earlier years more of an 
artist than a mechanic, and he went to London to perfect himself in por- 
trait-painting under the famous Benjamin West. While there he met 
Earl Stanhope, James Watt, and others engaged in finding practical uses 
for the recently invented steam-engine, and his mind was directed to the 
solution of the same problem. His first application of steam-power for 
propelling boats was on the Seine, in 1803, but the experiment was not very 
successful. After the success of the " Clermont," Fulton's reputation was 
world-wide. He built many river steamboats, and constructed the first 
United States steam war-vessel— named "Fulton the First." Among his 
inventions were an improvement in canal-locks, a submarine torpedo, 
and machines for marble-sawing, flux-spinning, and rope-making. 



CHAPTER XXIV. 



SIXTH ADMINISTRATION, A. D. 1809-1813. 



James Madison, President. 



George Clinton, Vice-president. 



366. The Fourth President. — Jefferson, having fol- 
lowed the example of Washington in declining a third term 
of office, was succeeded hy James Madison? of Virginia, who 
was inaugurated March 4, 1809. George Clinton, of New 
York, was re-elected as 
Vice-president. The same 
principles continued to 
control the government, 
and the same harmony 
was visible in the cabinet. 

367. The difficulties 
with England grew 
worse. Our harbors were 
blockaded by British ves- 
sels which boarded every 
American ship entering or 
leaving, and forced sea- 
men, who were supposed 
to be British subjects, into 
their own service. Their doctrine was, "Once an English- 
man, always an Englishman;" while the United States held 
then, as now, that a foreigner can, if he will, renounce his 
allegiance to his sovereign and become a citizen of the Re- 
public. 

368. At least six thousand of our seamen had been thus 
forced into the British navy, and nine hundred American 

(213) 




James Madison. 



214 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




Impressment of Seamen. 



vessels had been boarded within eight years. President 
Madison made every effort to maintain peace between the 
two countries, but in vain. War was declared by the United 
States in June, 1812. 

The Indians of the North-west were now united in a strong 



HULL >S SURRENDER. 2 1 5 

confederacy under the Shawnee chief, Tecumseh, 2 and their 
ravages upon our frontier settlements for a year past were 
supposed to have been incited by British emissaries. Gen- 
eral Harrison, having been sent to subdue them during the 
autumn of the preceding year, had been surprised by a 
night attack near the Tippecanoe; but he received it with 
such spirit, and his men fought so bravely, that the assail- 
ants were routed with great slaughter. 

369. The first movement against the British was 

attended by the greatest disgrace that has ever befallen 
American arms. Marching from Dayton, Ohio, General 
Hull and 1,500 men toiled for a month through dense 
forests to Lake Erie, and thence to Detroit. An invasion of 
Canada was the object ; and after a brief pause for refresh- 
ment Hull crossed the river, but learning that Mackinaw 
had been taken, and that a force of British and Indians was 
approaching, he hastily retreated. 

370. Hull's Surrender. — He was soon followed by 
General Brock, governor of Canada, and Tecumseh, with 
their respective forces. The Americans were eager for a 
fight, but to their amazement and grief Hull raised a white 
flag over the fort without firing a single cannon. Not only 
Detroit, but all Michigan Territory was surren- 

° J Aug. 16, 1812. 

dered to the British. Fort Dearborn, on the 
present site of Chicago, was taken by Indians about the 
same time, and its garrison were either tomahawked or made 
prisoners. General Hull was tried by court-martial and sen- 
tenced to be shot as a coward, but the President spared his 
life. 

371. The invasion of Canada by General Van Rens- 
selaer's command was less humiliating, though scarcely more 
successful. Crossing Niagara River, his men drove the 
enemy from their position on Queenstown Heights ; but the 
commander of the New York militia refused to leave that 



216 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

state to reinforce him, and though Colonel Scott 3 and his 
men fought bravely, they were forced to surren- 
der themselves as prisoners of war. General 

Brock fell in the first action. 

372. Naval Victories. — These losses on land were com- 
pensated by brilliant victories on the sea. The American 
navy had for years been so neglected that it could hardly 
be said to exist. But what was wanting in material was 
made up by spirit and energy. Three days after the sur- 
render of Detroit, Captain Isaac Hull, 4 a nephew 

Aug., 1812. . l > r 

of the disgraced general, attacked the British 
frigate Guerriere, and in an action of two hours so demol- 
ished her that she could not be taken into port. Her crew 
and stores were removed to the victorious Constitution, better 
known by her nickname as "Old Ironsides." 

373. Soon afterward the American sloop-of-war Wasp cap- 
tured the British Frolic, which was convoying a fleet of mer- 
chantmen. So fierce was the forty-five minutes' battle that 

there was not a man on the Frolic able to pull 
down her flag. Before the Wasp could be put 
into a condition to make sail, both she and her shattered 
prize were taken by a seventy-four gun ship of the enemy. 
These are only two of many brilliant actions that might 
be narrated. The President gave letters of marque to a host 
of privateersmen, which scoured every ocean and cap- 
tured in seven months three hundred British merchant ves- 
sels with 3,000 prisoners. These successes gave the more 
surprise because Englishmen had been supposed invincible 
on the sea. 

374. The campaign of 1813 was arranged on nearly 
the same plan as that of the preceding year, but with differ- 
ent officers. General Dearborn, commander-in-chief of all 
the forces, was with the army of the center on Niagara 
River; General Harrison in the North-west, and General 
Hampton on Lake Champlain. As before, the only sue- 



BA TTLES A T SEA. 2 i 7 

cesses of any consequence were on water ; the actions of the 
eastern and central divisions of the army were so indecisive 
that they need not be recorded. 

375. In the west General Harrison undertook the re- 
covery of the ground which Hull had lost. A part of his 
forces captured Frenchtown, on Raisin River, but were de- 
feated a few days later by the British and Indians. The 
latter treated their prisoners with the usual savage brutali- 
ties, and General Proctor, who had pledged his word for the 
safety of the surrendered, so far from checking them, drew 
off his white troops, leaving his allies maddened by liquor 
and excited to butchery by the bounty which he had offered 
for every scalp. A few Kentuckians were dragged as pris- 
oners to Detroit and offered for sale from door to door. 
Tecumseh himself reproached Proctor as unfit to be a gen- 
eral, and used his own influence for the protection of the 
captives. 

376. General Harrison was twice besieged in Fort Meigs, 
on the Maumee, by Proctor and Tecumseh. The enemy, 
twice repulsed, turned to attack Fort Stephenson, on the 
lower Sandusky, commanded by Major Croghan, with only 
one hundred and fifty men; but here they were still more 
summarily defeated, and retired into Canada. 

377. What the World thought of Americans. — 
During the first busy years when our new Republic was re- 
pairing the wastes of its war of independence, and obtain- 
ing a foothold among the nations, the taunting remark was 
often heard that Americans cared only for money-making, 
and had lost the spirit which had won their freedom. '"The 
gallantry with which the national honor was maintained upon 
the sea inspired both surprise and admiration ; and among 
the heroes who regained for America the world's respect, 
none was braver than James Lawrence. 5 

378. In command of the Hornet he vanquished the British 
brig Peacock in a fifteen minutes' fight off Guiana. Re- 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Tl 




"Don't give up the Ship." 

turning home he was transferred to the Chesapeake, then un- 
dergoing repairs in Boston Harbor. Here he was challenged 
by the British flag-ship Shannon to come out and fight. The 
Chesapeake was only partly manned and unready for action, 
but following his first brave impulse he put to sea. He was 
mortally wounded early in the action, but as he was carried 
below he cried with dying breath, "Don't give up the 
ship ! " That order could not be obeyed, but the spirit of it 
inspired many a future victory. 



PERRY'S VICTORY. 21 9 

* 

379. The United States brig Argus, after taking twenty 
merchantmen, was herself captured by the Pelican in August, 
18 1 3. Captain David Porter, of the Essex, passing around 

x^ape Horn into the Pacific Ocean, made prizes of twelve 
English ships and several hundreds of sailors, many of 
whom were glad to take service as Americans. A little 
fleet was thus formed which protected the American whaling 
ships in the Pacific. The Essex was finally taken when in a 
friendly harbor, and Captain Porter wrote home, "We are 
unfortunate, but not disgraced. 

380. The Great Lakes were still controlled by the Brit- 
ish, who possessed Michigan and threatened Ohio. Captain 
Oliver H. Perry 6 was commissioned to dispute that control. 
He had first to create a fleet from the forests on Lake 
Erie, while sailors were brought overland in stage-coaches. 
Scarcely were his nine ships ready for action when the Brit- 
ish fleet bore down upon him near Put-in Bay. Perry's 
flag-ship, the Lawrence, bore at her mast-head a pennon in- 
scribed, "Don't give up the ship!" 

381. Battle of Lake Erie. — The battle was severe, and 
the Lawrence, having fought two of the British squadron at 
once, was riddled and shattered. Perry, seizing his flag, 
sprang into a boat and was rowed to the Niagara, whence 
he ordered a fresh onset upon the enemy's line. 

1 J Sept. 10, 1813. 

He won a complete victory, and went back to 
the sinking Lawrence to receive the surrender upon her 
deck. Then he wrote to General Harrison: "We have met 
the enemy and they are ours, — two ships, two brigs, one 
schooner, and one sloop." 

382. It was the first time that a Avhole British squadron 
had surrendered, and the news was received with pride and 
joy throughout the country. In fact, it virtually ended the 
war, for it led to the breaking up of the Indian confederacy 
and the recovery of all the land lost by Hull's surrender. 



220 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

383. Harrison crossed into Canada and hotly pur- 
sued the British, whom he overtook near the River Thames. 
The Kentuckians rushed into the battle crying, " Remember 
the Raisin ! " Proctor fled. His men laid down their arms, 
and were spared. Tecumseh spurred on his warriors with 
his war-whoop, resounding above the roar of musketry, but 
suddenly it ceased. Then the savages knew that their 
leader was dead, and they sought refuge in the Canadian 
forests. 

In 181 2 the Territory of Orleans (§359) was organized into 
the state of Louisiana, and was admitted into the American 
Union. 

NOTES. 

1. James Madison (6. 1751, d. 1836) was born at King George, Va., of En- 
glish descent. He had unusual educational advantages from his earliest 
years, and after graduating at Princeton, when twenty years of age, he 
pursued an extensive course of study, embracing law, theology, philoso- 
phy, and general literature. At this period of his life he permanently 
impaired his bodily vigor by over-study, and by allowing himself only 
three or four hours' sleep each day. He interested himself at once in pol- 
itics, and in 1776 was elected a member of the Virginia Convention. On 
the return of Jefferson from France, Madison was offered that mission, 
but declined it. He also refused the position of Secretary of State when 
Jefferson vacated it, feeling that he would create a discord in Washing- 
ton's cabinet. At the time of the Constituent Convention he was an 
ardent Federalist, but later changed his views, and was before long recog- 
nized as the leader of the Democratic party. When Jefferson was elected 
President, Madison became Secretary of State, and retained the office 
eight years. 

Madison's contributions to the " Federalist," and his state papers gener- 
ally, are considered among the most able productions of American states- 
men. His writings have been purchased and published by the general 
government. Thomas Jefferson, in his Autobiography, has left the fol- 
lowing estimate of his successor : 

" Mr. Madison came into the House in 1776, a new member and young; 
which circumstances, concurring with his extreme modesty, prevented 
his venturing himself in debate before his removal to the Council of 
State in November, '77. From thence he went to Congress, then consist- 
ing of few members. Trained in these successive schools, he acquired a 
habit of self-possession which placed at ready command the rich resources 
of his luminous and discriminating mind, and of his extensive informa- 
tion, and rendered him the first of every assembly afterwards of which 
he was a member. Never wandering from his subject into vain declama- 
tion, but pursuing it closely, in language pure, classical, and copious, 
soothing always the feelings of his adversaries by civilities and softness 
of expression, he rose to the eminent station which he held in the great 
National Convention of 1787 (§.311); and in that of Virginia which fol- 
lowed, he sustained the new Constitution in all its parts, bearing off the 
palm against the logic of George Mason, and the fervid declamation of 
Mr. Henry. With these consummate powers were united a pure and 
spotless virtue which no calumny has ever attempted to sully. Of the 
powers and polish of his pen, and of the wisdom of his administration in 
the highest office of the nation 1 need say nothing. They have spoken, 
and will forever speak for themselves." 



NOTES. 



At the close of his presidential career Madison retired to his farm of 
" Montpelier," in Virginia, and devoted himself to the agricultural inter- 
ests of the county. For a long period he acted as visitor and rector of 
the University of Virginia. Madison's last public service was in 1829, 
when he was a member of the Virginia Convention to remodel the state 
constitution. His presence produced a great sensation, but from his age 
and infirmities he was unable to take part in the debate. 

2. Tecurnseh was born near the present town of Springfield, Ohio, 
about 1768. lie and his brother, who assumed to be a prophet, endeav- 
ored, in 1805, to unite all the western tribes into one nation against the 
whites. They had partially succeeded, when the defeat of the prophet at 
Tippecanoe, in 1811, prevented further steps in that direction. 

3. This was Winfield Scott, who afterwards became a celebrated gen- 
eral. See Note 4, page 259. 

4. Isaac Hull (b. 1775, d. 1843), the son of a Revolutionary officer, was 
born at Derby, Conn., and when nineteen years old became master of a 
merchant vessel. When troubles with France arose, in 1798, he entered 
the navy as a lieutenant, and distinguished himself by several daring 
exploits. His defeat and capture of the " Guerriere " was felt to be of the 
greatest importance, as it was the first naval action of the war. 

5. James Lawrence {b. 1781, d. 1813) was born in Burlington, N. J., and 
entered the navy as a midshipman when seventeen years old. In the 
war with Tripoli he served with distinction, and took part in the destruc- 
tion of the "Philadelphia" (§300). Congress rewarded him with a gold 
medal for his capture of the " Peacock." 

6. Oliver Hazard Perry (b. 1785, d. 1819) was born in Newport, R. I., and 
in 1799 first saw active service in the navy as a midshipman on the frigate 
" General Greene," under the command of his father. The battle of Lake 
Erie was his greatest achievement, although he did good service through- 
out the- war. In 1819, while cruising on the Columbia coast, South Amer- 
ica, he contracted yellow fever, and died just as his vessel reached Port 
Spain, on the island of Trinidad. 



CHAPTER XXV. 

SEVENTH ADMINISTRATION, A. D. 1813-1817. 

James Madison, President. Elbridge Gerry, Vice-president. 

384. The southern Indians had this summer surprised 
Fort Mimms, in Alabama, and murdered men, women, and 
children to the number of nearly four hundred. The vol- 
unteer troops of Georgia, Mississippi, and Tennessee mus- 
tered to avenge the massacre, and among them General 
Jackson gained confidence by his quick, decisive move- 
ments. Several victories were won in the autumn of 1813, 
and in spite of hardships, — the men having sometimes no 
food but acorns,— Jackson resolved to hold the country all 
winter. In March the last battle was fought at Horse-shoe 
Bend, where a thousand Creek warriors, with many women 
and children of their tribe, were slain without pity. The 
Holy Ground of the Creeks, which they had thought could 
never be taken, passed into the possession of their con- 
querors. 

385. Burning of Washington.- — During these two 
years the British visited the coasts of Maryland, Virginia, 
and the Carolinas, more in the character of pirates and 
plunderers than of honorable warriors, — burning villages and 
farm buildings, robbing churches, and even murdering the 
sick in their beds. Meeting very little opposition, General 
Ross, in 1 8 14, marched to Washington and destroyed most 
of the buildings and records belonging to the government, 
together with much private property. 1 

386. Bombardment of Baltimore. — Both fleet and 
army then advanced upon Baltimore, but the city was well 

(222) 



BATTLE OF LUNDY'S LANE. 223 

defended by the Maryland militia, while Fort McHenry 
withstood a storm of balls and bombs, which 

Sept., 1814. 

lasted from sunrise until after midnight, without 
the slightest apparent injury. It was during this bombard- 
ment that Francis S. Key, an American patriot, detained on 
board the British fleet, wrote the "Star Spangled Banner." 
Failing of their purpose, the enemy withdrew. It is only 
fair to say that Admiral Cockburn, 2 the chief marauder, was 
denounced by some of the best people in his own country 
as a disgrace to the British navy. 

387. The New England States suffered even more 
than the Southern, for their commerce and fisheries were 
broken up by a strict blockade. The light-houses were kept 
in darkness, as they served only as guides to the enemy. 
Owing to a temporary peace in Europe, the British were 
largely reinforced in 18 14, and American operations were 
mainly defensive. 

Oswego was attacked in May by a force from Canada, and 
Colonel Mitchell, unable to defend it, withdrew his garrison. 
The enemy burned the barracks, dismantled the works, and 
retired. The spirit of the Americans rose with difficulties. 
On the third of July they captured Fort Erie, opposite 
Buffalo, and two days later defeated General Riall at Chip- 
pewa, after a hard-fought battle. 

388. Lundy's Lane. — Three weeks later Generals 
Brown 3 and Scott gained a brilliant victory at Lundy's 
Lane, near Niagara Falls, where General Riall 

. . . July 25, 1814. 

was made a prisoner. Seeing that a hill 
crowned with cannon was the key to the British position, 
General Brown said to Colonel James Miller, 4 "Colonel, 
take your regiment, storm that work, and take it." "I'll 
try, sir," was the reply, and marching steadily up the hill, 
he took it. 

389. The British made repeated attempts to regain Fort 
Erie. Early in August they commenced a regular siege 



224 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




Battle of Lundy's Lane. 



which lasted more than six weeks; but on the 17th of Sep- 
tember a spirited sortie was made by the garrison, resulting, 
after a severe contest, in the capture of all the British 
works. Quitting the siege in disgust, General Drummond 
marched away, and the attempt was not renewed. In No- 
vember the fort was demolished, and the American army 
retired to winter-quarters at Buffalo and Black Rock. 

3go. War unpopular in New England. — From the 
beginning the war had been unpopular in New England, 
where the Federalists were most numerous. The English 
thought it possible to separate the eastern from the southern 
states, and even to win them back to their old obedience. 
To this end they planned in the campaign of 18 14 to repeat 
the movement of Burgoyne (§262). An army of 14,000 
men and a fleet of gun-boats entered the state of New York 
by way of Lake Champlain. 



END OF THE WAR OF 1S12. 225 

391. Battle of Plattsburgh. — They were met near 
Plattsburgh by Commodore McDonough 5 on the lake and 
by General Macomb" on land. The naval battle lasted only 
two hours, but the American victory was com- 

. . . Sept., 1814. 

plete. The British commodore was killed ; his 
larger vessels were captured. The combat on land was 
equally severe, but it ended in success for the Americans, 
and the invading forces marched back into Canada. 

392. The Hartford Convention. — The opposition in 
New England to a continuance of the war had now reached 
its height. In December some of the leading Federalists 
held a convention at Hartford. Its consultations were se- 
cret, and its enemies considered them disloyal. In the joy 
of the success at Plattsburgh, most people had become 
better affected toward the war, and the Federal party lost 
much ground in consequence of the Hartford Convention. 

393. Treaty of Ghent. — Before its sessions were ended 
peace had been signed at Ghent by the commis- 

. . . . Dec. 24, 1814. 

sioners of the United States and Great Britain. 
But as ocean steamers and telegraphs were not yet in exist- 
ence, a needless battle was fought below New Orleans be- 
fore the news arrived in America. 

394. Learning that the British were about to attack the 
city, General Andrew Jackson marched thither with the 
same forces that had subdued the Creeks (§384). Nine 
miles below New Orleans he formed a breastwork, chiefly of 
cotton-bales and sand-bags. Here he was attacked, January 
8, by General Pakenham and his veteran army of 12,000 
men, most of whom had been trained in the wars with Na- 
poleon. To oppose them Jackson had less than half that 
number of undisciplined troops, but among these were the 
sharp-shooters of Kentucky and Tennessee. 

395. Battle of New Orleans. — The British advanced 
in splendid order under the fire of the American cannon, 

U. s. H.— 15. 



226 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



but as soon as they came within rifle-range they wavered, 
and their brilliant columns were strewn upon the plain. 
They were rallied, but only to break again, and fall under 
the deadly aim of the marksmen. Pakenham was killed, 
and his two next officers were severely wounded. The 
British captured one important battery, but they could not 
follow up their success, and the American victory was one 
of the most complete of the war. After a loss of more than 
2,000 men the invaders withdrew to Lake Borgne, and soon 
afterward embarked for Jamaica. 

396. The news of peace was hailed with irrepressible 
joy by the whole nation. Bells rang merrily; bonfires 
blazed ; messengers on fleet horses spurred to inland villages, 
shouting the glad tidings as they rode. The ' ' Second War 
of American Independence " had commanded the respect of 
other nations, and though the "right of search" was not 
mentioned in the treaty of Ghent, it was never again as- 
serted by Great Britain. 

397. The Barbary States had taken advantage of the 
war to renew their attacks upon vessels of the United States. 
Commodore Decatur 7 was sent with a squadron to mend 
their behavior. Having captured two of the largest Alge- 
rine frigates, he sailed successively into the harbors of 
Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, where he obtained the release of 
all American prisoners, and payment for some, at least, of 
the losses inflicted by the pirates, and put an end forever to 
claims of tribute from the United States. 

398. Great distress followed the war. While cut off 
from all trade with Europe, Americans had employed their 
money in manufactures, which for a few years were very 
prosperous. As soon as the war was over, and the superior 
but cheaper fabrics of France and England began to flood 
our markets, home manufactures were ruined. To protect 
our rising industries, and at the same time meet the interest 



NOTES. 227 

of a war debt of a hundred millions, duties were imposed on 
foreign goods entering our ports. This "American System," 
as it was called, of protection for home industries, found 
favor with the Federalist party and the manufacturing states; 
while the agricultural states and the Democratic party have 
usually favored free trade. 

399. In 1 81 6 Indiana became the nineteenth state in the 
Union. Michigan had been organized as a separate Territory 
in 1805, and Illinois, including Wisconsin, in 1809. 

Read Jefferson's Works, Vol. I.; Benton's "Thirty Years in the 
United States Senate," Vol. I.; Hildreth's "History of the United 
States;" Cooper's "History of the American Navy;" Lossing's 
"Field Book of the War of 1812;" Life of Madison in "National 
Gallery of Distinguished Americans," Vol. 11. 

NOTES. 

1. The British force numbered 4,000. The news of their approach cre- 
ated a panic, and the undisciplined ami inexperienced militia, hurriedly 
gathered to oppose them, lied at the first fire. " Such," says Hildreth, 
" was the famous battle of Bladensburg, in which very few Americans 
had the honor to be either killed or wounded, not more than fifty in all; 
and yet, according to the evidence subsequently given before a con- 
gressional committee of investigation, every body behaved with wonder- 
ful courage and coolness, and nobody retired except by orders or for want 
of orders." 

2. This was Sir George Cockburn (6. 1772, cl. 1853), who afterwards rose 
to the highest rank in the English navy, and served in several important 
official positions. In 1815 lie carried out the sentence of Napoleon, con- 
veying him to St. Helena on board his ship. 

3. General Jacob Brown (6. 1775, d. 1828) was of Quaker origin, and 
was born in Pennsylvania, but at the time of the war of 1812 was a resi- 
dent of the state of New York. Throughout the war he maintained a 
reputation for great bravery and military skill, and at its close he re- 
ceived a gold medal and a vote of thanks from Congress. He remained in 
the regular army after peace was declared, and finally attained the chief 
command. Brownsville, on the site of his estate in Jefferson County, 
New York, is named after him. 

4. James Miller was born at Peterborough, New Hampshire, in 1776, 
and was educated for the profession of law; but finding it distasteful, he 
entered the United States army, In 1808, with the commission of major. 
He was distinguished throughout the War of 1812 for his remarkable 
bravery, and this exploit at Lundy's Lane won for him the rank of brevet 
brigadier-general and a gold medal from Congress bearing the motto, " I'll 
try." This battle was fought on a dim moonlight night, and Miller's com- 
mand succeeded in creeping up the hill in the shadow of an old rail-fence 
undiscovered by the British until almost upon them. Miller resigned his 
commission in 1819 to accept the governorship of Arkansas; he held this 
position six years, and was then made collector of the port at Salem, 
Mass. He held the latter office until 1849, when he was disabled by par- 
alysis, and in 1851 a second stroke of the disease killed him. 



228 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



5. Commodore Thomas McDonough (6. 1783, d. 1825) was born in New- 
Castle County, Delaware, and entered the navy as a midshipman when 
sixteen years of age. He was one of the officers of the "Philadelphia," 
and only escaped capture by the Algerines through having been left 
with a prize at Gibraltar. He afterwards assisted, under Decatur, in re- 
capturing and burning his old vessel (§360). His victory on Lake Cham- 
plain was rewarded by Congress with a gold medal, and by various cities 
and towns with civic honors. The state of Vermont presented him with 
a tract of land overlooking the scene of his victory. He died on board a 
vessel sent to bring him home from his command of the Mediterranean 
squadron, to which he had been appointed after the War of 1812. 

6. General Alexander Macomb (6. 1782, d. 1841), a native of Detroit, 
was an officer of the United States army from his seventeenth year until 
his death, beginning as a cornet of cavalry and ending as major-general 
in command of the army. The battle of Plattsburgh was his greatest 
achievement, and won him a vote of thanks and gold medal from Con- 
gress, as well as his brevet as major-general. 

7. Commodore Stephen Decatur was the son of a naval officer of the 
Revolution, and was born at Sinnepuxent, Maryland, in 1779. When 
twenty years old he entered the navy, and a few years later brought him- 
self prominently into notice by recapturing and burning the " Philadel- 
phia " (§360). For this exploit lie was at once promoted to a captaincy, and 
served with distinction in succeeding actions during the Tripolitan War. 
His greatest victory in the War of 1812 was the capture of the " Mace- 
donian," an English frigate, after a stubborn tight of an hour and a half. 
For this action Congress voted a gold medal to Decatur, and a silver one 
to each commissioned officer under him. in 1820 he had a correspondence 
with Commodore Barron in reference to the affair of the "Chesapeake" 
and "Leopard," J; 364 (Barron having commanded the former vessel), 
which resulted in a duel between the two officers: both fell at the first 
Are. Decatur was wounded mortally, and died within twenty-four hours. 
Barron recovered. 



CHAPTER XXVI. 



EIGHTH AND NINTH ADMINISTRATIONS, A. D. 1817-1825. 



James Monroe, President. 



Daniel D. Tompkins, Vice-president. 



400. The Fifth President.— /awes Monroe, 1 of Virginia, 
the fifth President of the United States, had a happy and 
popular administration. The country speedily recovered 
from the disasters occasioned by the war ; the fame of its 
rich, unoccupied lands _., 

drew a tide of immigrants 
from Europe, whose labor 
helped to develop the nat- 
ural wealth of the country, 
and, by making roads, 
bridges, and canals, to 
supply outlets for its pro- 
ductions. 

401. Slavery. — In co- 
lonial times negroes had 
been held as slaves in the 
North as well as the 
South (§148); but while 
corn and most of the 
northern products could be more profitably raised by free 
laborers, — cotton, rice, sugar, and tobacco, the four chief 
staples of the South, were supposed to require the labor of 
slaves (§135). Notwithstanding this there had been opposi- 
tion to the introduction and extension of slavery by the 
South itself from the earliest colonial times (§§152, 148). 
The Federal Constitution did not mention slaves, but left to 
each state existing at the time of its adoption, the duty of 

(229) 




James Monroe. 



23° 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




making or modifying laws concerning them. The territories 
being under the direct government of Congress, this question 

had to be decided for 
them and for all states 
to be formed from them. 

402. The Missouri 
Compromise.— Thomas 

Jefferson, a slave owner, 
made the first proposition 
in Congress to restrict 
slavery in 1784. It then 
failed to pass, but when 
the North-west Territory 
was organized, in 1787, 
slavery was there pro- 
hibited by a unanimous 
vote of Congress, and the 
act was approved by 
Washington. One northern state after another emancipated 
its slaves, and the boundary line of slavery separating the 
North and the South became more strictly defined. In 181 7 
the state of Mississippi was admitted to the Union ; Illinois 
followed in 1818, Alabama in 1819, and Maine in 1820. 
Upon the application of Missouri for leave to form a state 
constitution, the important question arose in Congress 
whether any more slave-states should be admitted. After 
long discussion it was supposed to be settled by the Missouri 
Compromise, which «admitte^ that state with its 
slaves, but prohibited the extension of slavery 
into any territory of the United States north of 36 ° 30' north 
latitude. 

Henry Gay,' 1 of Kentucky, was the chief advocate of the 
compromise, and he used all his eloquence in calming the 
angry passions which the discussion had excited, and in pro- 
moting peace and brotherly confidence. 



Henry Clay. 



Aug. io, 1821. 



MONROE'S FOREIGN POLICY. 



231 



403. Events of 1819, — The first ocean steamer crossed the 
Atlantic, from Savannah to Liverpool, in 1819. The same 
year a treaty was made by which Spain ceded Florida, of 
which she had again obtained possession (§193), to the United 
States, the latter undertaking to pay five millions of dollars 
due from the former power to American citizens. Florida 
became a territory under the control of Congress, and the 
President appointed General Jackson to be its governor. 

404. The Monroe Doctrine. — A ten years' revolution 
had now resulted in the separation of mqst of the Spanish 
colonies from their mother- 
country (§299). In recog- 
nizing Mexico and five 
South American republics 
as independent states, Pres- 
ident Monroe announced 
the principle of his foreign 
policy : ' ' The American 
continents, by the free and 
independent position which 
they have assumed and 
maintained, are not to be 
considered as subject to 
future colonization by any 
foreign power." "Friend- 
ship with all, entangling 
alliances with none," has been the spirit of international 
relations founded upon the "Monroe Doctrine." 

At the close of his first term Mr. Monroe was re- 
elected by the votes of every state. 

405. Visit of La Fayette. — In 1824 La Fayette, then 
an old man, revisited the country which in his youth he 
had aided to make free. Every-where he was welcomed by 
tokens of the gratitude and love of the people. He stood 
with reverent affection at the tomb of Washington ; he laid 




La Fayette. 



232 HISTORY OF THE UiVITED STATES. 

the corner-stone of Bunker Hill Monument on the spot 
where Warren had fallen fifty years before ; and when he re- 
turned home, it was in a national frigate, named The Brandy- 
wine in honor of his first battle in the cause of American 
freedom. 

406. Removal of Indians. — In 1825 Mr. Monroe rec- 
ommended to Congress the removal of all Indian tribes to 
the country west of the Mississippi, far beyond the limits 
of the states and territories then existing. The Creeks and 
Cherokees of Georgia had so improved their lands that they 
were unwilling to remove. At last, however, terms were 
agreed upon, — a large sum of money to be paid by the 
United States, with a guarantee of undisturbed possession of 
lands in the Indian Territory, — and under the two following 
presidents the removal was effected. 

407. The Cherokees, owning immense numbers of 
cattle, horses, hogs, and sheep, were the most civilized of 
all the tribes. Mills, salt works, churches, schools, and well- 
ordered farms soon rewarded their industry in their western 
homes. Native merchants sold the cotton and other prod- 
ucts of their lands for merchandise. Spinning, weaving, and 
other mechanical arts found place among them, though plant- 
ing and cattle-raising are their chief employments. Many 
of their men are highly educated, and their government is 
carried on under written laws with a dignity and propriety 
not always to be found among people longer civilized. 

408. The Creeks are less united, each chief having his 
own village and retainers ; but they, too, are peaceful culti- 
vators of the soil, and export great quantities of grain. 
They are less given to manufactures than the Cherokees. 

Read Monroe's "Tour of Observation through the North-eastern and 
North-western states in 1817;" Life of Monroe in "National Portrait 
(lallery of Distinguished Americans," Vol. II. 



NOTES. 233 



NOTES. 

1. James Monroe (6. 1758, <l. 1831) was a Virginian by birth, and was 
educated at William and Mary ( 'ollege. During the Revolution he fought 
as a subordinate officer at Trenton, Brandywine, Germantown, and Mon- 
mouth, and after the war took a prominent part in politics, both in the 
Virginia Assembly and in Congress. He appreciated the weakness and 
inefficiency of the general government under the first articles of confed- 
eration, and the Constituent Convention (§314) was the ultimate result of 
his motion in Congress to invest that body with the power to regulate 
trade between the states. However, in the Virginia Convention he 
strongly opposed the adoption of the Constitution as submitted, thinking 
it conferred too much power on the general government. His conduct as 
minister plenipotentiary to France, to which office he was appointed in 
1794, greatly offended the administration, whose policy he opposed, and he 
was recalled. From 1799 to 1802 he was governor of Virginia, and was 
then sent by Jefferson to negotiate for the purchase of Louisiana. In 1811 
he was again elected governor of Virginia, and during the same year was 
appointed by Madison as his Secretary of State. He also held the position 
of Secretary of War at the same time, and finding the treasury empty, 
he pledged his own means in order to secure the defense of New Orleans. 
Under Monroe's administration party lines disappeared, and the period 
came to be known as " the era of good feeling." He was a man of sterling 
character, and worked earnestly for the good of the whole country. His 
administration gave new life to every branch of the public service, and 
the resources of the country were developed in an unprecedented man- 
ner. He died in New York City July 4th, 1881, and was buried there ; but 
in 1858 his remains were removed in state to Richmond, Virginia, and 
there re-interred in the Hollywood Cemetery. 

2. Henry Clay (b. 1777, d. 1852) was born near Richmond, Va. His 
father, a Baptist preacher, died when Henry was live years old. His 
mother married a second time, and removed to Kentucky, leaving Henry 
at work as clerk in a retail store in Richmond. He soon abandoned this 
position, however, and became a copyist in a law office. Licensed as a 
lawyer in 1797, he removed to Lexington, Ivy., and soon established a 
flourishing practice through his remarkable power of influencing juries. 
He took a prominent part in the discussion over the constitution drawn 
up for the state of Kentucky, and in 1803 was chosen a member of the 
state legislature. In 1800, although hardly of legal age, Clay was chosen to 
fill a vacancy in the United States Senate. Here he made an impression 
by warmly advocating the policy of internal improvement. The follow- 
ing year he was again elected to the legislature of Kentucky and was ap- 
pointed speaker. While in this office he was accused as a demagogue by 
Mr. Humphrey Marshall; a duel ensued, in which both parties were 
wounded. Clay's popularity continuing, he was sent to the House of 
Representatives in 1811, and at his first appearance was made speaker, 
an honor unprecedented since the meeting of the first Congress. He was 
a strong advocate for the war against Great Britain, and, in fact, may lie 
said to have forced Madison into his declaration ; at its close he was sent 
to negotiate the peace of Ghent (§393). Clay's weighty speeches also 
brought about the recognition of the South American states (£404). In 
1824 live candidates were nominated for the presidency, Clay being one 
of them. As no one received the requisite number of votes, Congress 
had to choose among the three highest candidates, Andrew Jackson, 
John Quincy Adams, and William H. Crawford. Clay and his friends 
voted for Adams, who was elected, and when the latter appointed Clay 
his Secretary of State the cry of "Bargain!" was immediately raised. 
This charge occasioned a duel between Clay and John Randolph, in which 
neither was hurt. Clay had retired from public life in 1842, but in 1848 he 
was again sent to the Senate, where he struggled hard to avert the great 
battle on the slavery question. Unfortunately his health gave way, and 
in 1851 he was compelled to retire to private life, and in the following 
year, on the twenty-ninth of July, he died. Congress adjourned on the 
news of his death, and the following day eulogies were delivered in both 
Senate and House. New York and the chief cities of Kentucky honored 
the day of bis funeral. 



CHAPTER XXVII. 

TENTH ADMINISTRATION, A. D. 1825-1829. 

■Inhn Quincy Adams, President. John C. Calhoun, Vice-president. 

409. The Sixth President. — Among four candidates 
for the presidency in the autumn of 1824, the electors failed 
to make a choice; the decision, therefore, devolved again 
0?35°) u P°n the House of Representatives, and John Quincy 
Adams, 1 of Massachusetts, son of the second President 
(§340), received the highest office in the gift of the people. 
John C. Calhoun? of South Carolina, was Vice-president, 
and Henry Clay became Secretary of State. 

410. Character of the Younger Adams.— Trained 
from his childhood in the service of his country, the new 
President was a statesman of great ability and of upright 
character. He had filled several important foreign missions, 
and had been at different times senator and Secretary of 
State. Nevertheless his administration, though peaceful and 
prosperous, was not altogether popular. With the multipli- 
cation of industries the conflict of interests became more 
violent. 

411. Public Improvements. — One party desir.ed that 
Congress should appropriate money for great public works 
which were needed to develop the resources of the country ; 
the other insisted that each section must take care of itself. 
The greatest of these works then in progress was the Erie 
Canal, which connects the waters of Lake Erie with Hud- 
son River, and the grain-fields of the West with the markets 
of Europe. It was formally opened in October, 1825, when 
the Governor of New York and many guests sailed from 
Buffalo to the city of New York, in a state-barge attended 
by music and the roar of cannon. 

( 2 34) 



FIRST RAILROAD IN AMERICA. 



235 



in the 



Aug., 1829. 



412. Within a few years the first steam locomotk 
United States was put in service on the "Dela- 
ware and Hudson Canal Railroad." Steam was 
soon introduced on the "Baltimore and Ohio" and the 
"Albany and Schenectady" railroads, and on that of South 
Carolina from Charleston to Hamburg. Gradually the iron net- 
work overspread the whole country, and the remotest corners 
of the land were brought 
into swift and constant 
communication with the 
great cities of the coast. 

413. The semi-cen- 
tennial of American 
Independence was cel- 
ebrated with joy and grat- 
itude, July 4, 1826. On 
that day the President's 
venerable father and 
Thomas Jefferson died at 
their widely separated 
homes, in Massachusetts 
and Virginia. Fifty years 
before both had set their names to the Declaration which 
gave their country her rightful place among the nations; 
both had served her in missions abroad and in the highest 
office at home. 

414. The President absolutely refused to employ the in- 
fluence of the government to secure his re-election : he was 
opposed by many of his own officers, and General Andrew 
Jackson received the greatest number of votes. Soon after 
his retirement from the presidency, Mr. Adams returned to 
Washington as representative from Massachusetts. He 
served his native state in that office until 1848, when he 
died at his post in the Capitol. He had been in high public 
service fifty-three years. 




John Quincy Adams. 



236 



HISTOR Y OF THE UNITED ST A TES. 



NOTES. 

1. John Quincy Adams was born at Braintree, Mass., July, 1767. As a 
boy he was very precocious, and attracted attention wherever he went 
for his vigor of mind and body. At the age of eleven he accompanied 
his father to France, and was placed at school in Paris. In the summer 
of 1780 he went with his father to Holland and entered the University of 
Leyden. For fourteen months he was private secretary to the American 
minister to Russia, and after this service he made the tour of Sweden, 
Norway, the Netherlands, France, and England. He was a youth of keen 
powers of observation, and kept a faithful record of all that he saw and 
heard in these foreign lands. Returning to America, young Adams 
entered the junior class at Harvard College, and graduated in 1788. Three 
years later he was admitted to the Boston bar. A series of trenchant 
political letters which he contributed to the newspapers about this time 
drew attention to Adams as a man of more than ordinary power. Presi- 
dent Washington appointed him minister to The Hague, and later to Por- 
tugal. In 1797 lie was married to Miss Johnson, and was transferred by 
his father— then President — to Berlin. In 1803 he was chosen United States 
senator by the Federalists. In 1809 he was appointed minister to Russia. 
He negotiated commercial treaties with Prussia, Sweden, and Great Brit- 
ain, and was the most conspicuous of the American commissioners in 
the important treaty of Ghent, 1814. He was President Monroe's Secre- 
tary of State during the eight years of his administration, which posi- 
tion he filled with signal ability. In the presidential election of 1824 the 
three candidates besides John Quincy Adams were Andrew Jackson, 
Henry Clay, and William H. Crawford— all four belonging to the same 
political party. Jackson received ninety-nine electoral votes, Adams 
eighty-four, Crawford forty-one, and Clay thirty-seven. Henry Clay 
threw his influence in favor of Adams, which secured his election. The 
friends of the other two defeated candidates formed a coalition against the 
new President which made his office very uncomfortable, and insured his 
defeat for a second term. He entered Congress in 1831, and ably repre- 
sented his district for seventeen years, until stricken with death on the 
floor of the House of Representatives February 21st, 1848. " John Quincy 
Adams," says the Hon. George S. Hilliard, " had more learning, perhaps, 
but John Adams had much more genius. In energy, spirit, firmness, and 
indomitable courage, John Q. Adams was his father's equal ; in self- 
command, in political prudence, and even, perhaps, in capacity for hard 
work, his superior. In some respects the son was far more fortunate than 
the father. The brilliant period of his career was towards its close. The 
longer he lived the higher he rose, and he died as such men prefer to die, 
still an admired and trusted champion, with harness on his back and 
spear in hand." Adams's strength in debate while in Congress gained for 
him the title of "the old man eloquent." 

2. John Caldwell Calhoun (b. 1782, d. 1850). This great statesman, and 
champion of southern rights and opinions, was born in Abbeville Dis- 
trict, South Carolina. His ancestors on both sides were Irish Presby- 
terians. In youth he was very studious, and made the best use of such 
opportunities for education as the frontier settlement afforded. He grad- 
uated at Yale College in 1804, and studied law at Litchfield, Connecticut. 
In 1808 he was elected to the legislature of Sonth Carolina; and, three 
years later, he was chosen to the national House of Representatives. 
During the six years that he remained in the House, he took an active 
and prominent part in the stirring events of the time. In 1817 he was 
appointed Secretary of War, and held the office seven years. From 1825 
to 1832 he was Vice-president of the United States. He then resigned this 
office, and took his seat as senator from South Carolina. In 1844 Presi- 
dent Tyler called him to his cabinet as Secretary of State; and, in 1845. 
he returned to the Senate, where he remained till his death. During all 
his public life Mr. Calhoun was active and out-spoken. His earnestness 
and logical force commanded the respect of those who differed most 
widely from him in opinion. He took the most advanced ground in 
favor of ''State Rights," and defended slavery as neither morally nor 
politically wrong. His foes generally conceded his honesty, and respected 
his ability; while his friends regarded him as little less than an oracle. 



CHAPTER XXVIII. 



ELEVENTH AND TWELFTH ADMINISTRATIONS, A. D. 1829-1837. 



Andrew Jackson, Pres. 



John C. Calhoun, Martin Van Buren, Viee-pres. 



415. The Seventh President. — President Jackson 1 
differed from his predecessor in his lack of" education and 
early advantages ; but he was a successful and popular gen- 
eral, and no man doubted his courage, honesty, or energy 
of will. He began by 
making a clean sweep of 
all public offices, dismissing 
ten times more men in one 
year than all former presi- 
dents had removed since 
the adoption of the Consti- 
tution. Their places were 
filled by his political 
friends. The ' ' system of 
rotation," thus begun, has 
ever since prevailed, on the 
principle that "the spoils 
of the enemy belong to 
the victor." 

416. Violent debates arose in Congress on questions con- 
cerning the public lands and the raising of a revenue for the 
government. The opposing interests of the North and the 
South now became more fiercely clamorous. Daniel Web- 
ster, 2 of Massachusetts, and Robert Hayne, 3 of South Caro- 
lina, argued with great eloquence, the one for ' ' Liberty and 
Union, now and forever," the other for "State Rights" of 
nullification or secession. 

(237) 




Andrew Jackson. 



'3§ 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



417. In 1832 additional duties were imposed by Congress 
upon foreign goods. A convention in South Carolina de- 
clared the act to be null, and prepared to resist at Charles- 
ton the collection of the duties. The legislature of that 
state even threatened to secede and place Mr. Calhoun, then 
Vice-president of the United States, at the head of a 
"Southern Confederacy" in case the government should 
attempt to enforce its laws. But the prompt appearance of 

war vessels and an army 
under General Scott proved 
the sincerity and the power 
of the government. Mr. 
Clay exerted his peace- 
making influence in another 
compromise bill, providing 
for a gradual reduction of 
duties, and the excitement 
was allayed. 

418. Several Indian dis- 
turbances occurred during 
this administration. The 
Sacs and Foxes of Illinois 
had sold their lands to the 
United States; but they re- 
fused to remove, and, in concert with the Winncbagoes of Wis- 
consin, attacked the miners who were now congregating in the 
rich lead region about Galena. The Indians were defeated 
in several battles by government troops, and in 1832 their 
noted chief, Black Hawk, with others, was taken as a cap- 
tive to Washington. Having witnessed the power and 
wealth of the United States as displayed in the eastern cities, 
the chiefs returned and counseled their people to lay down 
their arms. The Winnebagoes, as well as the Sacs and 
Foxes, now exchanged their lands for tracts west of the Mis- 
sissippi, with yearly supplies of money and provisions. 




John C. Calhoun. 



INDIAN WAR IN FLORIDA. 



419. The Seminole war was longer and more ob- 
stinate. The everglades of Florida afforded refuge to many 
fugitive slaves, who, marrying Seminoles, became closely 
allied with them in inter- 
ests, and increased their 
power. A daughter of 
one of these marriages 
was the wife of Osceola, a 
famous and powerful chief. 
Nevertheless, in visiting 
with her husband a United 
States fort, she was seized 
and carried away as the 
slave of a family from 
whom her mother had es- 
caped. Her husband, ex- 
pressing his rage, was 
thrown into irons. 

420. Osceola's Venge- 
ance. — Meanwhile a treaty had been made with certain 
chiefs for the removal of the Seminoles to lands west of the 
Mississippi. Osceola pretended to consent, and was re- 
leased ; but it was only to plot a terrible vengeance against 
the whites. General Thompson, who had so grossly ill-used 
him, was surprised and killed; a hundred men under Major 
Dade were massacred the same day in Wahoo Swamp. The 
war was relentless on both sides. Osceola was taken at 
length by treachery, and died of fever in Fort Moultrie. 
His people kept up their resistance for seven years, in im- 
penetrable marshes, whose noxious vapors fought for them, 
destroying thousands of lives among their assailants. Gen- 
erals Scott and Taylor at length completed the work which 
Ja< kson had begun, and the war ended in 1842, after a cost 
of thirty millions of dollars and innumerable lives. 

421. No President has ever made so unsparing use of his 




Daniel Webster. 



240 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

veto power as did Jackson. Congress having passed an act 

renewing the charter of the United States Bank, 
A. D. 1832. ° . ..... 

which was to expire in 1836, he refused his sig- 
nature, and proceeded of his own authority against the 
advice of his cabinet, to remove the public funds deposited 
in its vaults. 

422. Prosperous Times. — These funds were distributed 
among eighty-nine banks of deposit in various states, which 
lent them out on easy terms to merchants and farmers, and 
thus increased the mania for wild speculations which had 
taken possession of every class. Public lands were bought 
to the amount of $24,000,000 in a year. Villages and even 
cities were laid out by hundreds; great works were pro- 
jected, and state debts were incurred for their completion. 
Foreign goods were imported in greater quantities than ever 
before. Foreign immigrants thronged to the fertile lands of 
the North-west. Foreign capital, disturbed by revolutions in 
Europe, sought investments here. Proud of its great, rich 
territory, and of its rapid growth in wealth, the "universal 
Yankee nation " doubtless offended the taste of its less fortu- 
nate contemporaries, and acquired a reputation for conceit 
which it has not even yet lived down. 

423. A Full Treasury. — The government was not only 
out of debt, but had in the banks a surplus of $37,000,000 
beyond all needful reserves. This was distributed among 
the several states for public uses, the principal to be re- 
turned when called for. The Middle and Western states 
used this additional income in the improvement of thorough- 
fares and the perfecting of their systems of public schools; 
the Southern States, largely, in increasing the area of cotton 
production; for the improved mill machinery of England de- 
manded, at good prices, all the cotton that American fields 
could furnish. 

424. The Specie Circular. — While the banks were em- 
barrassed by the withdrawal of the government money, Pres- 



NOTES. 241 

ident Jackson issued his famous Specie Circular, requiring all 
payments for public lands to be made in coin. This was 
only a reasonable precaution, for such a multitude of banks 
had been founded for mere speculation that their notes might 
easily become worthless, but in the excited state of the 
money market it hastened a crisis of which we shall learn in 
the next chapter. 

425. Troubles with France. — The President's foreign 
policy was equally energetic and decisive. The king of 
France had agreed in 1831 to pay $5,000,000 for damage 
done to American commerce during the wars of Napoleon. 
Payment being delayed, President Jackson proposed to make 
reprisals on French merchant ships. England then inter- 
vened as mediator; France paid her debts, and war was 
averted. 

426. At the autumn election of 1836 Martin Van Buren, 
of New York, was chosen to be President. The electors 
failed to unite upon a Vice-president, and the Senate chose 
for it's presiding officer Colonel Richard M. Johnson, of 
Kentucky. Arkansas was admitted as a state in June, 1836; 
Michigan in the following January. 

Read "Lives" of Jackson by Eaton, Cobbett, or Kendall. Account 
of his administration in Williams's and Lossing's "National History 
of the United States." 

NOTES. 

1. Andrew Jackson was born at the "Waxhaw settlement, North Caro- 
lina, March 15, 1767. His father had died a short time before, and the 
hapless orphan's lot at first seemed an unpromising one. At the age of 
thirteen he volunteered under General Sumter, and was taken prisoner 
the next year. After the Revolution he supported himself by working 
at saddlery and teaching school,— his spare hours being employed in the 
study of law. Admitted to the bar in 1786, he removed to Nashville two 
years later; and, when Tennessee became a territory, President Wash- 
ington appointed young Jackson district attorney. His law practice at 
this period was large and lucrative. His popularity was such tbat he was 
chosen, in 1796, as the first Representative in Congress from the new state 
of Tennessee. The next year he was made United States Senator, but 
soon resigned to accept a supreme judgeship in his own state. This posi- 
tion he filled until 1804, when he retired from the bench, went into trade, 
and settled on his plantation—" the Hermitage "—near Nashville. Jack- 
son's violent temper, and his quickness to resent an injury, involved him 
U. S. H.-16. 



242 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



in many personal quarrels. In a duel with Charles Dickinson, in 1806, he 
was severely wounded, and his opponent was killed. When Aaron Bun- 
came west in 1805, and again in 1806, he was the guest of Jackson ; and the 
Tennessee politician at first entered warmly into his plans, believing 
them to mean simply war against Spain. But when Jackson discovered 
the treasonable designs of Burr he at once denounced- him, and informed 
President Jefferson of his suspicions. 

Andrew Jackson's military career may be said to have begun in the 
Creek War of 1813. In May, 1814, he was made a major-general in the 
United States army, and marched without orders upon Mobile and Pen- 
sacola. He next moved upon New Orleans, and by skillful maneuvering 
and great generalship won his famous victory of January 8, 1815 (g 395). 
The Seminole War was his next opportunity for the display of military 
skill. In 1823 Jackson was again sent to the Senate, and in 1824 received 
fifteen more electoral votes for President than John Quincy Adams, but 
the decision of the House gave to Adams the high office. In the election 
of 1828, however, Jackson received one hundred and seventy-eight votes, 
while but eighty-three were cast for Adams. At his second election 
Andrew Jackson received the votes of all but seven states. His strong 
common sense, unswerving honesty, indomitable energy, and shining 
patriotism made amends for the lack of softer and more refined traits; 
marked his administration with deeds of moral courage; and stamped it 
as a political and social era in the history of our country. His foreign 
policy was highly creditable. The nullification movement, the bank 
war, the Indian troubles, and the hot debates on the currency, tariff, and 
slavery questions— all together made Jackson's term of office an exciting 
one. He was glad to retire to the quiet scenes of his " Hermitage," where 
he died of dropsy, June, 1845. 

2. Daniel Webster born in Salisbury, N. H., 1782, died at Marshfield, 
Mass., 1852) had as a boy no educational advantages beyond the home in- 
struction of his father and motherland a few terms in the district schools 
of the neighborhood. He passed nine monthsof diligent study at Phillips 
Exeter Academy, and finished his preparation for college in the family 
of a minister at Boscawen. He graduated from Dartmouth, with high 
honors, in 1801. During his college course he had shown special pro- 
ficiency in the classics, in English literature and history, in vigor of writ- 
ing, and power in debate. At this period he is described by his -friend, 
George T. Curtis, as having " a faculty for labor something prodigious, a 
memory disciplined by methods not taught him by others, and an in- 
tellect expanded far beyond his years. He was abstemious, religious, of 
the highest sense of honor, and of the most elevated deportment. His 
manners were genial, his affections warm, his conversation was brilliant 
and instructive, his temperament cheerful, his gayety overflowing. He 
was beloved, admired, and courted by all who knew him." In 1805 Daniel 
Webster was admitted to the bar in Boston, and located in Portsmouth, 
N. H., in 1807; in 1808 he was married to Miss Grace Fletcher; in 1812 he 
was elected to Congress by the Federalists, and was a prominent member 
of the House for two terms. Then he removed to Boston, and, during the 
busy practice of his profession for the next seven years attained the repu- 
tation of the greatest lawyer of his time. In 1823 Webster was again sent 
to the national House of Representatives, and was twice re-elected ; but, 
in 1827, he was transferred to the Senate, of which body he was, perhaps, 
the most conspicuous figure during the next twelve vears. Webster mar- 
ried a second time in 1829. As Secretary of State under Harrison and 
Tyler, and again under Fillmore, he managed the foreign affairs of the 
nation with consummate skill. He was returned to the United states 
Senate in 1845, where he continued until he entered Fillmore's cabinet in 
1850. In May, 1852, he was thrown from a carriage and severely injured. 
This accident, no doubt, hastened his death. 

3. Robert Young Hayne (6. 1791, d. 1840) entered the United States 
Senate in 1823, and served two terms. He was educated for the law, 
fought in the War of 1812, was speaker of the house in the South Caro- 
lina legislature, and attorney-seneral for the state before coming to 
Washington. Before his senatorial term was ended he was chosen gov- 
ernor of South Carolina, and boldly defied President Jackson to enforce 
his proclamation in regard to the nullification acts. 

Hayne possessed brilliant talents, and was especially strong in debate. 



CHAPTER XXIX. 



THIRTEENTH ADMINISTRATION, A. D. 1837-1841. 



Martin Van Buren, President. 



Richard M. Johnson, Vice-president. 






427. The Eighth President. — President Van Buren 1 
was of the same political party with his predecessor, under 
whom he had been Vice-president the last four years. His 
term began with panic and ruin in the commercial world, 
owing partly to the reaction 

that must always follow ex- 
travagant speculation, partly 
to bad harvests and high 
prices of food, partly to a 
check in the demand for 
cotton, and partly to abrupt 
money movements under 
Jackson's administration. 

428. Commercial Dis- 
asters.- — A great firm in 
New Orleans failed on the 
day of Van Buren's inaugu- 
ration ; within two months 
New York merchants had 
failed to the amount of one 

hundred millions, and those of New Orleans to half that 
sum. Every part of the country shared the distress. 
Banks failed ; public works and manufactures ceased ; hun- 
dreds of thousands of people were thrown out of employ- 
ment, and multitudes lacked bread. Eight states were 
bankrupt, and even the general government had to delay 
the payment of interest on its bonds. 

(243) 




Martin Van Buren. 



244 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




The Charlotte. 

429. The Bank of the 
United States had been 
re-chartered by the state of 
Pennsylvania. It failed in 
1 84 1 for the third and last 
time, but all its debts were 
ultimately paid in full. So were those of the Union and of 
all the states excepting Mississippi and Florida ; but it was 
long before American bonds ceased to be a name of re- 
proach in the money-markets of Europe. 

430. The Sub-treasury Law. — To prevent similar 
disasters in future, the President proposed an act requiring 
all public moneys to be kept, not in banks, but in the 
treasury at Washington, or in sub-treasuries at other cities. 
Banks were required to limit and secure their operations by 



SYMPATHY WITH CANADA. 245 

depositing funds with the government. The "Sub-treasury 
Bill" was unpopular, and defeated the re-election of the 
President; but it finally became a law in 1839, and though 
repealed in 1841 it was re-enacted in 1846, and circumstan- 
ces have proved its wisdom. 

431. In 1837 Canada was in rebellion against England, 
and many people on our northern border wished her success. 
But when good wishes took the shape of arms and war 
material for the insurgents, the President ordered all citizens 
to abstain from hostilities under penalty of forfeiting the 
protection of their government, and General Scott was sent 
to the frontier to preserve the peace. The steamer Char- 
lotte, which had been fitted out with supplies for the Cana- 
dians, was seized by a British party, and, having been set 
on fire, was allowed to drift over Niagara Falls. The 
boundary line between Maine and New Brunswick was addi- 
tional cause of trouble, and there was great excitement 
among restless spirits who were eager for a fight, but happily 
good sense prevailed; the President's proclamation was re- 
garded, and the danger of war passed by. 

432. The Democratic party had now been in power 
forty years, with the exception of the four years of the 
second Adams's administration. The Whigs, who had lately 
assumed that name in memory of revolutionary times (§248 
and Note) comprised all that were left of the Federalists, 
with those who for various reasons had become dissatisfied 
with Democratic policy. 

433. General William Henry Harrison was the Whig 
candidate in 1840. Memories of his victories at Tippecanoe 
and the Thames (§§368, 383), together with the affection 
inspired by his benevolent and upright character, made the 
campaign a very enthusiastic one. Harrison's simple frontier 
life was ridiculed by his opponents in the nick-names ' ' Log 
Cabin Candidate" and "Hard Cider Campaign;" but these 



246 



HISTOR Y OF THE UNITED ST A TES. 



were caught up by his partisans and made their rallying 
cries. Harrison was elected by an immense majority, with 
John Tyler, of Virginia, as Vice-president. 

NOTES. 

1. Martin Van Buren (b. 1782, d. 1862) was born at Kinderhook, N. Y., 
and alter being educated as a lawyer entered on his political career at the 
early age of eighteen, when he was sent as a delegate to the nominating 
convention of the Democratic party. In 1812, and again in 1816, he was 
elected to the state senate, and from 1815 to 1819 he was attorney-general 
of New York. Not being entirely satisfied with some of the Democratic 
principles, he reorganized the party in his own state in 1818, and this new 
faction held control of public affairs there for twenty years. In 1821 Van 
Buren was elected a member of the convention called to revise the New 
York state constitution, and took a prominent part in the discussions of 
that body. During the same year he was elected to the United States 
Senate, and was re-elected in 1827. He, however, resigned in 1828 to ac- 
cept the office of governor of New York. President Jackson made Van 
Buren his Secretary of State in 1829, but the latter resigned in 18.31, and a 
few months later was sent as minister to England. After his arrival in 
that country the Senate refused to confirm his nomination, claiming that 
as Secretary of State he had pursued a weak course toward England in 
reference to questions of trade between her West Indian colonies and 
America. In return for this piece of " party persecution," the Democrats 
elected Van Buren Vice-president in 1832 over the very Senate that had 
refused to confirm him. In January, 1837, the electoral vote for President 
stood: Martin Van Buren, 170; William H. Harrison, 73; Hugh L. White, 
26 ; Daniel Webster, 14 ; W. P. Mangurn, 11 ; and the following March Van 
Buren took his seat. 

Although defeated in 18-10 by such a sweeping majority, Van Buren's 
friends tried to effect his renomination for the presidency in 1844, but. they 
failed in their object through his openly avowed opposition to the an- 
nexation of Texas. Van Buren and his followers withdrew from the 
Democratic party in 1848, disagreeing on the question of slavery in newly 
acquired territories, and formed a new party known as the "Free Dem- 
ocrats." Van Buren was nominated by them for Vice-president but was 
defeated. He then retired permanently from politics, passing his remain- 
ing days in the pleasures of European travel and in the quiet seclusion 
of his estate at Kinderhook. 



CHAPTER XXX. 



FOURTEENTH ADMINISTRATION, A. D. 1S41-1845. 



William H. Harrison, President. 



John Tyler, Vice-president. 



434. The Ninth and Tenth Presidents. — President 
Harrison ' lived only one month after his inauguration. 
"Killed by office-seekers" would probably be the true ver- 
dict ; for, anxious to do justice to all men, he gave to the 
throng of applicants time 
which he needed for re- 
pose. He died April 4, 
1 84 1. John Tyler, 2 of 
Virginia, became Presi- 
dent, retaining the same 
cabinet which Harrison 
had appointed and the 
Senate had confirmed. 

435. National Bank 
Question. — On the ques- 
tion of re-chartering a 
National Bank, President 
Tyler was in violent oppo- 
sition to his party. Twice 
a bill for that purpose was 
passed by Congress, and twice it was vetoed by the Presi 
dent. All his cabinet resigned, excepting Mr. Webster, 
Secretary of State, who was engaged in negotiating an im- 
portant treaty with Great Britain. 

436. This "Webster and Ashburton Treaty" dis- 
posed of two long vexed questions between the two coun- 

(247) 




William H. Harrison. 



248 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



tries. 



A. D. 18 



The north-eastern boundary-line of the United States 
was fixed where it still remains ; the ' ' right of 
search" was formally renounced by Lord Ash- 
burton on the part of Great Britain; and it was now agreed 
that the navies of the two nations should unite in the sup- 
pression of the slave-trade. 

437. Dorr's Rebellion. — Domestic peace was inter- 
rupted by "Dorr's Rebellion" in Rhode Island. The con- 
stitution of that state was 
no other than the old colo- 
nial charter granted by 
Charles II., which allowed 
only property owners to 
vote, and in other respects 
was unsuited to the altered 
conditions of the times. 
All parties agreed that there 
must be a change, but in 
choosing the manner of it 
the "suffrage party," with 
Thomas Dorr 3 at its head, 
was opposed to that of "law 
and order." Dorr and his 
partisans attempted to seize 

the state arsenal, but were repulsed by the militia and after- 
wards dispersed by United States forces. The "law and 
order party" prevailed, and a new constitution was adopted 
in 1843. 

438. The Mormons. — Far more serious difficulty arose 
with the Mormons, a sect founded in 1830 at Manchester, 
N. Y., by Joseph Smith, 4 who pretended to have received a 
revelation from Heaven. As the new religion promised free- 
dom from restraints, its followers were many; but for the same 
reason they were not wanted as neighbors. It must be said, 
however, that they were more orderly than a large part of 




John Tyler. 



TEXAN INDEPENDENCE. 249 

the community about them. Being expelled from Ohio by 
the citizens in 1838, and from Missouri by the state militia 
in 1839, they built a new city and a splendid temple at 
Nauvoo, in Illinois. 

439. Brigham Young in Utah. — Here again they came 
into collision with the laws ; their prophet and his brother 
were imprisoned, and were killed by a band of 

ruffians who broke open the jail. At length the 
Mormons, under their new leader, Brigham Young, 5 went 
beyond the Rocky Mountains to the valley of the Great 
Salt Lake. Here their industry soon transformed the arid 
plains (§15) into blooming gardens. Recruits flocked in 
from all parts of the world, chiefly from Great Britain and 
northern Europe. In 1850 Utah was organized as a terri- 
tory of the United States, and Brigham Young was ap- 
pointed by Congress to be its governor. His opposition to 
judges and other officers of the United States caused him to 
be superseded the next year, but he continued to be the 
prophet and absolute chief of the Mormons until his death 
in 1877. 

440. Texas. — The most exciting question of Tyler's ad- 
ministration concerned the fate of Texas. Until 1836 that 
great country was part of the republic of Mexico, though 
the most powerful party among its citizens, both for num- 
bers and energy, had of late been emigrants from the United 
States. Under their leadership 6 Texas declared her inde- 
pendence in 1835, and secured it the next year by the de- 
cisive battle of San Jacinto. 6 She then asked admission to 
the United States, but was refused. The application was re- 
newed in 1844, the Democrats strongly favoring acceptance 
and the Whigs opposing it. 

441. Annexation of Texas. — Mr. Calhoun frankly de- 
clared that the purpose in annexing Texas was ' ' to extend 
the influence of slavery, and secure its perpetual duration." 



250 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

This was not desired by the northern people, who also ob- 
jected to the burden of the Texan debt, which the United 
States were to assume, and to the war with Mexico, which 
must grow out of the unsettled dispute as to boundaries. 
Henry Clay was the candidate of the Whig party; James K. 
Polk, of Tennessee, that of the Democrats. The latter was 
elected, and as the question of annexation was thus decided 
by popular vote, Texas was admitted before his inaugura- 
tion. Florida was also made a state on the last day of 
Tyler's term of office. 

442. The electro-magnetic telegraph, invented by 
Professor Samuel F. B. Morse, was now first put to practi- 
cal use. Congress appropriated $30,000 to test the inven- 
tion, and a line was built from Washington to Baltimore. 
The first public dispatch ever sent over the wires was the 
announcement of Polk's nomination, May 29th, 1844. 



NOTES. 

1. William Henry Harrison (b. 1773, d. 1841) was the son of Benjamin 
Harrison, a signer of the Declaration of Independence and, later, governor 
of Virginia. At the age of nineteen he entered the army as an ensign, 
and served in the expeditions against the Indians conducted by Governor 
St. Clair and " Mad Anthony " (g 326). He thus became experienced at an 
early age in Indian warfare, and prepared the foundations of his later 
renown. At the age of twenty-two he was made a captain, and com- 
manded Fort Washington on the site of Cincinnati ; two years later he 
resigned in order to accept the position of secretary of the North-west 
Territory. He held this office two years, and then was sent to represent 
the people of that district as their delegate to Congress. In 1801 the North- 
west Territory was divided, and Harrison was appointed governor of the 
" Territory of Indiana," which included the present states of Indiana, 
Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. During his governorship he made 
several important treaties with the Indians, and fought the celebrated 
battle of Tippecanoe (g 368, and Note). Harrison's part in the War of 1812 
has been described in the text (§§375, 376, 383). After the war he turned 
his attention to politics, and served in both branches of Congress and in 
the Ohio state senate. Under John Quincy Adams he was sent as minis- 
ter plenipotentiary to Colombia, S. A., but being recalled immediately after 
Jackson was elected, Harrison retired from politics, and during the next 
seven years led a quiet and peaceful life on his farm near Cincinnati. In 
1836 he again entered the political arena, and was defeated for the Presi- 
dency by Van Buren ; but, four years later, the nomination of the same 
candidates gave rise to one of the most exciting campaigns our country 
has witnessed. As stated in the text, Harrison's success cost him his life. 

2. John Tyler (b. 1790, d. 1862) was born in Charles City Co., Virginia. 
His father was a Revolutionary patriot, and for some years was governor 
of the state. Tyler graduated at William and Mary College, studied law, 
and shortly after being admitted to the bar was elected to the legislature. 
This was the beginning of a long political career, during which he served 






NOTES. 251 



at various times in the House and Senate, in his state legislature, as gov- 
ernor of "Virginia, and linally as Vice-president and President of the 
United States. His course as President was condemned by his own party, 
the Whigs, while it gained him no support among the Democrats; and, 
although nominated for a second term by a convention held in Baltimore, 
he found himself so unpopular that he was compelled to withdraw from 
the contest. When the Southern States seceded, in 1861, Tyler was sent as 
a delegate from Virginia to the Peace Convention at Washington, of 
which he was president. This convention failed of its purpose, and, re- 
turning to his native state, he espoused the Southern cause. At the time 
of his death he was a member of the Confederate Congress. 

3. Thomas William Dorr, the leader of the suffrage party, was tried 
and convicted of treason. He was sentenced to imprisonment for life, 
but was released in 1847. 

4. Joseph Smith was of Scotch descent, and was born in Sharon, Ver- 
mont, in 1805. He led a dissolute life when young, and was very ignorant. 
When twenty-one years of age he pretended to have received from an 
angel tablets of gold upon 'which was written the "Book of Mormon." 
He deciphered the hieroglyphics of this book by means of a pair of won- 
derful spectacles provided by the angel, and dictated its contents to his 
secretary to write in English. This secretary and two other persons bore 
witness to the actual existence of the golden tablets, and to their mysteri- 
ous disappearance as soon as they were transcribed. Unfortunately for 
the new religion Smith quarreled with these witnesses shortly after, and 
they denounced the whole story as a hoax. Smith attempted to intro- 
duce polygamy into the Mormon belief when they settled at Nauvoo, Illi- 
nois, but was strongly resisted by certain of the community, who estab- 
lished a press and published opposition articles. Smith headed a mob 
which demolished this press, but this act cost the " prophet " his liberty, 
and ultimately his life, as narrated in the text. 

5. Brigham Young was born at Whitingham, Vermont, in 1801, and 
was a man of limited education. He first joined the Mormons while they 
were located at Kirtland, Ohio, and soon became a prominent leader 
among them through his eloquent preaching and strong personal influ- 
ence. After Smith's death Young was the successful candidate for presi- 
dency of the church against three competitors. In 1852 he introduced 
polygamy as "the celestial law of marriage " into the Mormon belief, de- 
claring that it had been revealed to Smith nine years before. Young 
died in 1877, and the Mormons are rapidly losing control of Utah. 

6. The most prominent American in the Texan revolt was General 
Samuel Houston, one of the most remarkable characters in American 
history. He was born near Lexington, Virginia, in 1793. His mother, a 
poor widow, removed to Tennessee in 1807, but her son shortly left her, 
and went to live with the Cherokee Indians in Arkansas, where he made 
many strong friends among the chiefs. Three years later he returned, and 
after teaching school for a time enlisted as a private in Jackson's cam- 
paign against the Creeks (g 38f). Retiring at the close of the war with the 
rank of lieutenant, he commenced the study of law, and was soon a prom- 
inent politician. After holding several minor offices he was elected to 
Congress, and kept his seat there for four years, when he was elected gov- 
ernor of Tennessee, at the age of thirty-four. Two years later he mar- 
ried, but almost immediately separated from his wife, resigned from the 
governorship, and went to live with his old friends the Cherokees. 

In 1832 Houston went to Texas and took a prominent part in the rev- 
olutionary movement. After Texas declared her independence, Houston 
was made commander-in-chief of her army. Santa Anna, the Mexican 
general, butchered two American forces that had surrendered to him, in 
cold blood, and then attacked Houston, who had but 783 men, with a 
force of 1,600 men. This was the famous battle of San Jacinto, in which 
630 Mexicans were killed, and nearly all the rest were captured ; among 
the latter was Santa Anna. The American loss was eight killed and 
twenty-five wounded. Houston worked earnestly for the annexation of 
Texas to the United States, and after it was accomplished was elected 
United States Senator. In 1859 he was elected governor of Texas, but be- 
ing opposed to secession he resigned his office when that state went out 
of the Union, and retired to private life. He died July 25th, 1863. 



CHAPTER XXXI. 



FIFTEENTH ADMINISTRATION, A. D. 1845-1849. 



James K. Polk, President. 



George M. Dallas, Vice-president. 



443. The Eleventh President. — Early in Mr. Polk's 1 
term of office the northern boundary of Oregon was settled 
by treaty with Great Britain. Columbia River had been 
first visited and named by an American sea-captain 2 in 

1792. After its exploration 
by Lewis and Clarke (§358) 
the colony of Astoria was 
founded on its southern bank 
by John Jacob Astor, 3 of 
New York, as a depot of the 
fur trade. British subjects 
meanwhile settled on the 
northern branch of the Co- 
lumbia and on the Fraser 
River. 



444. Boundary of Or- 
egon and British Amer- 
ica. — So long as the fur 
trade was the only object, 
the two nations could agree to occupy the land together. 
But in 1834 the Willamette Valley began to be settled by 
American citizens, who desired the protection of their own 
government. Others were for claiming the whole coast to 
latitude 54 40', and "Fifty-four forty, or fight," was a 
party cry in the election of 1844. But in 1846, after several 
years' negotiation, the boundary was drawn at 49 , and there 
it still remains. Oregon Territory was organized in 1848. 
(252) 




James K. Polk. 



THE MEXICAN WAR. 253 

In 1859 the state of Oregon and the territories of Washington 
and Idaho were formed from the same lands. 

445. The south-western boundary was not so peace- 
ably settled. Mexico claimed the Nueces River, Texas the 
Rio Grande, as the dividing line ; and the United States had 
now undertaken the Texan quarrel. General Taylor, with 
an "Army of Occupation," entered the disputed territory, 
and in April, 1846. built Fort Brown, on the Rio Grande. 

446. War with Mexico. — The Mexicans began hostili- 
ties by surprising and killing or capturing a party of United 
States dragoons. Soon afterward they attempted to cut off 
General Taylor himself, who had gone for supplies to Point 
Isabel, but they were defeated in a hard-fought battle at Palo 
Alto, and still more decisively the next day at the ravine of 
Resaca de la Palma. War was now formally declared, and 
fifty thousand volunteers were called for. Three hundred 
thousand pressed forward, eager for adventure. Crossing 
the Rio Grande, Taylor captured Matamoras and several 
other Mexican towns. 

447. Three plans comprised the campaigns of 1846 and 
1847 : (*) General Taylor, as before, was to hold the line of 
the Rio Grande. (2) General Kearney, with the Army of the 
West, was to cross the Rocky Mountains and conquer New 
Mexico and California. (3) General Scott, 4 commander-in- 
chief, was to advance from Vera Cruz to the City of Mexico. 

448. Capture of Monterey. — In September, 1846, 
General Taylor moved upon Monterey. The city was de- 
fended by the mountain gorges which obstructed approach, 
and by strong works manned by 10,000 Mexicans. It was 
taken, however, in four days, and the Americans fought 
their way from house to house, until all had surrendered. 

44g. General Santa Anna 5 was now President of the 
Mexican Republic and at the head of her forces. With a 
fine army of 20,000 men he marched to attack Taylor 



254 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

in the mountain-pass of Buena Vista. The Americans num- 
bered less than 5,000, but they fought furiously, 

Feb., 1847. , , , ,, , . 

and at every charge the Mexicans were repulsed. 
At length these fled to the southward, and General Taylor 
remained in undisturbed possession of the valley of the Rio 
Grande. 

450. Capture of Vera Cruz. — He had already sent the 
greater part of his forces to the aid of General Scott, who 

'landed in March with 12,000 men before Vera Cruz. This 
place was defended by the strong castle of San Juan 
de Ulloa, but after a heavy cannonade of four days both 
castle and city were surrendered. 

451. Advance on the Capital. — The main army then 
commenced its march to the capital, which lies 7,500 feet 
above the sea-level. On the heights of Cerro Gordo Santa 
Anna was found strongly posted with 15,000 men. His 
positions were all stormed and carried; 3,000 Mexicans 
were made prisoners, and the invading army pressed on. 
Pueblo, a city of 80,000 people, was taken without resist- 
ance, and here General Scott waited three months for addi- 
tional forces. 

452. Arriving in August at the summit of the Cordilleras, 
the American army could look down upon the City of Mexico, 
lying in its beautiful valley studded with lakes and encircled 
by lofty mountains. But all the roads thither were guarded 
by strong works and defended by Santa Anna with 30,000 
Mexicans. Choosing a difficult route to the southward, 
Generals Pillow and Twiggs forced the strongly intrenched 
camp at Contreras, in a spirited fight of only seventeen min- 
utes, and the same day captured the heights of Churubusco, 
while General Worth stormed San Antonio. 

453. Surrender of Mexico.- — The way was now open 
to the gates of the capital, for the reserve forces of Santa 



CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF MEXICO. 255 




Invasion of Mexico. 



Anna were routed by Generals Shields and Pierce, and the 
city government sent to ask a truce. On the 7 th of Sep- 
tember the army was again in motion; the great fortress of 
Chapultepec, commanding the city, was taken by storm; 
Santa Anna and his officers fled ; and on the 4th the flag of 
the United States floated over the imperial palace of the 
Montezumas. 6 



256 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



454. Other Movements. — Meanwhile General Kearney 
had captured Santa Fe (§48) and dispatched Colonel Doni- 
phan with a thousand men to conquer the province and city 
of Chihuahua. He defeated 
the Mexicans in two battles, 
and completely accom- 
plished his mission. Kear- 




Gold Digging. 



ney, with only 400 dragoons, proceeded to the conquest of 
California. This, however, was achieved before his arrival. 

455. Captain John C. Fremont, with a party of en- 
gineers, was exploring the region of the Rocky Mountains 
for a new route to Oregon, when he heard that the Mexican 
commander in California was about to expel all Americans 
from his province. At the same time Fremont received 




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I: | M r. V,.7C i 1C.XXXIII. 



GOLD IN CALIFORNIA. 257 

orders from his own government to protect the interests of 
its citizens as far as was possible. 

456. California Independent. — Raising a force of vol- 
unteers among the Americans who were in California for 
purposes of trade, Fremont many times defeated the Mexi- 
cans in the Sacramento Valley, and in concert with Commo- 
dore Stockton, who was cruising with an American fleet off 
the Pacific coast, completely gained control of the country. 
California declared her independence of Mexico, July 5, 
1846. 

457. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. — With the sur- 
render of her capital the power of Mexico was broken. By 
the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Upper California, with 
Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico, was ceded to 
the United States. The latter agreed to pay fifteen millions 
of dollars for these territories, and to assume the debts due 
to American citizens from the Mexican government. The 
other captured places were restored. 

458. Gold Discovered. — Scarcely was this treaty signed 
when news came that gold had been discovered on the 
American Fork of Sacramento River. The report spread 
around the world, and from every country a throng of ex- 
cited adventurers rushed toward the ''diggings." Ships 
were deserted, while officers and men joined in the scramble 
for sudden wealth. From the Atlantic States thousands em- 
barked for the long voyage around Cape Horn; others 
crossed the fever-haunted Isthmus; while multitudes jour- 
neyed overland, many of whom died of hunger and hard- 
ship on the desolate plains. 

459. San Francisco, from a sleepy Spanish "mission" 
(§48), surrounded by a village of mud cabins, became in a 
year a busy town of 15,000 people. At first the rough and 
reckless crowd had its own way, and the worst disorders 
prevailed; but at length the best citizens formed themselves 

U. S. H.-17. 



258 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

into "vigilance committees," and succeeded in enforcing 
justice ; so that society became as peaceful as in older 
states. As the gold fever subsided, mining continued to be 
an important and regular industry of California, while the 
inexhaustible wealth of her soil and the wonderful equability 
and healthfulness of her climate drew thousands of new cit- 
izens. 

460. The Wilmot Proviso. — On the question of gov- 
erning the great, rich countries acquired from Mexico, violent 
contests arose. As early as 1846 David Wilmot 7 had in- 
troduced into Congress a bill for excluding slavery from all 
future territories of the United States. This "Proviso" was 
defeated, but in the election of 1848 both Whigs and Dem- 
ocrats were opposed by a "Free Soil Party." It was not 
strong enough to secure even one electoral vote, but its prin- 
ciple — that of limiting slave-labor to the states it already oc- 
cupied — was gaining ground. 

461. New States.— During Polk's administration Iowa 
(1846) and Wisconsin (1848) were admitted to the Union. 
Iowa was first occupied by a Frenchman named Dubuque, 
who carried on trade with the Indians from a fort and fac- 
tory near the town which bears his name. The towns of 
Burlington and Dubuque were founded in 1833 by emigrants 
from Illinois. French missions and trading stations were 
also the first white settlements in Wisconsin, whose name 
means "the gathering-place of waters." In later years 
many industrious people from Norway, Sweden, Denmark, 
and northern Germany have found homes in the state. 

Point out on Map No. 9, the Columbia River. The northern bound- 
ary of the United States, from the Lake of the Woods to the Pacific 
Ocean. On Map No. 7, the south-western boundary as claimed by 
Mexico in 1S45 '■> as claimed by Texas. General Taylor's first position 
in 1846. The sites of his principal victories. The march of General 
Scott from the coast to the capital of Mexico. The route of General 
Kearney. The boundaries of the lands ceded by Mexico in the Treaty 
of Guadalupe Hidalgo. San Francisco. 



NOTES. 259 



Read Jay's "Mexican War" and Ripley's "War with Mexico;" 
Dawson's "American Battle Fields." 

NOTES. 

1. James Knox Polk (6. 1795, d. 1849) was born in Mecklenburg County, 
North Carolina, his grand-uncle having been one of the promoters of the 
Mecklenburg Resolutions (§242). The family moved to Tennessee in 1806, 
and Polk received his education at the University of Nashville. After 
graduating he studied law, and in 1823 commenced his political career as a 
member of the state legislature. From 1S24 to 1839 he was a member of 
Congress, where he distinguished himself in his opposition to the admin- 
istration of John Quincy Adams, and later by his support of Jackson. 
He was elected governor of Tennessee in 1839. but failed in his attempt for 
re-election two years later. As President, Polk displayed ability in his 
administration of public affairs, although he was not a man of remark- 
able gifts or attainments. In character he was amiable, little given to 
display, grave in manner, and irreproachable in his private life. Three 
months after his successor took the presidential chair, Polk died, after a 
very short illness, at his home in Nashville, Tenn. 

2. This was Captain Robert Gray, of Boston, Mass., who entered the 
river on the 11th of May, in his vessel, "Columbia Rediviva," after 
which the stream was named. 

3. John Jacob Astor (6. 1763, d. 1848) was the son of a German peasant, 
and was born near Heidelberg. When sixteen years of age he went to 
London and joined his brother, a maker of musical instruments. He 
worked at that trade until the close of the American Revolution, when 
he started for Baltimore with some musical instruments, which he pro- 
posed to sell on commission. During the passage he became acquainted 
with a fur trader, who revealed the profit to be made in furs; and Astor, 
acting on this, exchanged his instruments for furs on his arrival, and thus 
began a business which, before long, assumed colossal proportions. 

4. "Winfield Scott (b, 178(3, d. 1866) was born at Petersburgh, Va. After 
graduating at William and Mary College he adopted the profession of 
law, but almost immediately abandoned it, entering the army as a cap- 
tain in 1808. His brilliant career in the War of 1812, the Creek War, and 
tin- war with Mexico, has made him one of the most renowned of Amer- 
ican generals, while the tact and judgment displayed in managing the 
delicate questions of the tariff trouble in South Carolina, and the Cana- 
dian agitation of 1837 (§ 431), marked him as a skillful diplomate. He was 
retired in 1861 on full pay and rank, and passed his remaining days at 
West Point. He has left behind him several military works, a few let- 
ters, and a book of memoirs of his life. 

5. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was one of the most prominent 
characters in Mexico during the revolutionary times which existed there 
from 1810 to 1870. He commenced his military career in 1821, when only 
twenty-three years of age, and during his life, besides holding prominent 
military commands, was three times elected president and twice made 
dictator. He was banished or compelled to nee the country no less than 
five times; and on one occasion, being convicted of treason, his vast 
landed estates were confiscated. They were never returned to him, and 
he died at Vera Cruz in comparative poverty and obscurity, in 1876. 

6. The Montezumas were emperors of ancient Mexico. 

7. David Wilmot (6. 1814, <l. L868) was born at Bethany, Pa., and was a 
member of Congress from 184-5 to 1851. The " Proviso " which has made 
his name celebrated was an amendment to a bill appropriating §2,000,000 
for the purchase of Mexican territory, and was simply a repetition of the 
language of the Ordinance of 1787 by which the North-west Territory was 
organized (§324). It provided that "neither slavery nor involuntary 
servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, 
whereof the party shall first be duly convicted." 



CHAPTER XXXII. 



SIXTEENTH ADMINISTRATION, A. D. 1849-1853. 



Zachary Taylor, President. 



Millard Fillmore, Vice-president. 



462. The Twelfth President. — General Zachary Taylor, 1 
of Louisiana, a popular hero of the Mexican War, was 
elected by the Whig party, and became President of the 
United States in 1849. Soon afterward California, having 

adopted a state constitu- 
tion, asked for admission to 
the Union. This aroused 
all the sectional disputes, 
for the Californians had 
decided to have no slaves. 
The South opposed the ad- 
mission of a free state as 
contrary to the Missouri 
Compromise (§402). The 
North replied that the 
Compromise applied only 
to the Louisiana purchase; 
that a large part of Cali- 
fornia was north of 36 30' 
north latitude ; and that, 

moreover, the people of the new state had a right to choose 

for themselves. 2 

463. The Compromise of 1850. — Henry Clay acted the 
part of peace-maker, as he had done before, but the effect of 
his compromise was only to delay for ten years the appeal to 
arms. Six things were proposed in his "Omnibus Bill:"* 
(1) California to be admitted as a free state; (2) The admis- 

(260) 




Zachary Taylor. 



FILLMORE AS PRESIDENT. 



261 



sion of new states legally formed by the division of Texas; 
(3) Utah and New Mexico to be organized as territories 
without mention of slavery; (4) The claims of Texas to New 
Mexico to be bought by the United States for ten millions of 
dollars; (5) The slave-trade 
to be forbidden in the Dis- 
trict of Columbia; and (6) 
Slaves escaping to free states 
to be arrested and returned 
to their owners. After long 
debate, in which Clay and 
Webster bore a distinguished 
part, the bill was passed. 

464. The Thirteenth 
President. — While it was 
under discussion, President 
Taylor died, after only six- 
teen months of office. Pub- 
lic duties, amid the intense 
excitement of the time, had 
weighed the more heavily upon him because he was unused 
to political life. His last words were, ' ' I have 
tried to do my duty; I am not afraid to die." 
Millard Fillmore,* of New York, the Vice-president, now came 
to the head of the government. Daniel Webster was ap- 
pointed Secretary of State. Part of the duties of that office 
were devolved upon the new " Department of the Interior," 
which has charge of the public lands, of dealings with the 
Indians, and of issuing patents. 

465. The Gadsden Purchase. — By peaceful agreement 
with Mexico, a large tract of land south of the River Gila 
was added to the territory of Arizona. Twenty 
millions of dollars were paid by the United States 
for this "Gadsden Purchase," so called because it was nego- 
tiated by Senator Gadsden of South Carolina. 




Millard Fillmore. 



July, 1S50. 



Dec, 1853. 



262 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

466. Within less than three years three public men died 
who were unsurpassed by any of their countrymen in elo- 
quence or in their control of the destinies of the nation. 
Calhoun died in March, 1850; Clay in June, 1852; and 
Webster in the following October. Though often strongly 
opposed on questions of policy, each thoroughly respected 
the personal character of his opponents. All had been un- 
successful candidates for the highest office. Clay had re- 
signed his hopes and his favorite policy in the effort to make 
peace between extreme parties, replying to his friends who 
remonstrated: "I would rather be right than be President." 
Many think that Webster made a similar sacrifice in his 
famous "Seventh of March Oration" in New York, where 
he strove to conciliate the Southern interests at the expense 
of his influence in New England. 

467. The Fugitive Slave Law. — All party questions 
were now absorbed in the overwhelming excitement concern- 
ing slavery. "The Fugitive Slave Law," a part of the 
" Omnibus Bill," was bitterly resented in the Northern States. 
Most northern people had been content to feel that slave- 
holding, whether right or wrong, was no concern of theirs, 
and to leave the responsibility to those who had assumed it. 
It was a different matter to see fugitives hunted by officers of 
the United States in the streets of Boston, and to be even 
required to assist in the pursuit. On the other hand, the 
South felt that northern men were willing to accept a large 
share in the profits of slave-labor, while refusing their support 
to the system, and even assuming to censure those who were 
directly involved in it. 

468. Personal Liberty Laws. — Several of the states 
enacted " Personal Liberty Laws," 5 practically annulling the 
obnoxious decree. While the excitement was at its height the 
election of 1852 resulted in the elevation of Franklin Pierce, 
of New Hampshire, to the Presidency, by the Democratic 
party, which commanded the entire suffrage of the South. 



A T OTES. 263 



NOTES. 

1. Zachary Taylor (b. 1784, d. 1850) was of Virginian birth ; his father, a 
Revolutionary officer, removed to a plantation near Louisville, Ky., when 
Zachary was still a baby, and became one of the prominent politicians of 
the state. Zachary lived on the plantation until twenty-four years of 
age, and had but meager opportunities for education. He then entered 
the army as a lieutenant, and two years later distinguished himself by the 
brave defense of a fort on the Wabash, under his command, against a 
much superior force of Indians. This was at the opening of the War of 
1812, and established Taylor's reputation as an Indian fighter. He was 
accordingly almost constantly employed on the western frontier and in 
Florida, either fighting or as .an Indian agent, until the opening of the 
Mexican War, when he had risen to the rank of brigadier-general. 

His soldiers were devoted to him. They called him "Old Rough-and- 
Ready," and this name became the rallying cry of the party which 
elected him President. While Taylor declared himself willing to accept 
the nomination for President, he at the same time expressed his doubts as 
to his fitness for the position, and insisted upon entire freedom from party 
pledges. He was conservative in his views; and although an advocate of 
shivery, was strongly opposed to the Secession party, which began to 
gain power in the South during his term of office. 

One of his daughters married Jefferson Davis, and his son. General 
Richard Taylor, was one of the last Confederate generals to surrender to 
the United States. 

2. This principle came to be known as " Squatter sovereignty." A little 
later (§173) we shall see its advocates and opponents changing sides. 

3. Called the " Omnibus Bill " from its including so many widely differ- 
ent provisions. Before passage it was divided into separate bills. 

4. Millard Fillmore (b. 1800, d. 1874) was born in Cayuga County, N. Y., 
which at that time was very sparsely settled, and the young boy had the 
simplest of rudimentary education. He was apprenticed to a trade when 
fourteen, but being ambitious he studied hard during spare hours, and 
finally obtaining a release from his master he entered a law office as a 
clerk. After two years of drudgery there he went to Buffalo, and al- 
though at first almost penniless and an entire stranger he succeeded in 
making a living, and in winning friends who secured his admission to the 
bar. His abilities soon made him known, and his rise was rapid. 

His political life commenced in 1828, when he was elected to the state 
legislature. In 1832 he was first elected to Congress, and served one term. 
He was reelected in 1836, and held his seat until 1842, when he declined a 
renomination. In doctrine he was a staunch Whig, -and took an active 
part in the debates in Congress. He was appointed chairman of the com- 
mittee of ways and means, a most important post, and took the leading 
part in drawing up the tariff of 1842. After retiring from Congress, Mr. 
Fillmore was a candidate for Vice-president, but, failed to secure the nom- 
ination. He was also defeated as the Whig nominee for governor of New 
York in 1844 ; but in 1S47 he was elected comptroller of the state, and dis- 
played great ability in that office. 

As President, Fillmore won the sincere admiration of his cabinet. His 
messages to Congress contained many suggestions of great value to the 
country, but none of them were carried out owing to purely political 
reasons. Fillmore signed the various acts comprised in Mr. Clay's com- 
promise measures, being convinced of their constitutionality ; but the 
Fugitive Slave Law, which was included, wasso offensive to the Abolition 
Party that when Mr. Fillmore was again nominated for President in 1856 
by the "American" party, he was unable to secure the electoral vote of 
a single northern state. He then retired to private life in Buffalo, N. Y., 
where he died in 1874, of paralysis. 

5. Tbese laws aimed to secure the liberty of escaped slaves who might 
enter the several free states, and were at once denounced as contrary to 
the Constitution (Article 4, Section 2). 



CHAPTER XXXIII. 

SEVENTEENTH ADMINISTRATION, A. D. 1853-1857. 
Franklin Pierce, President. William R. King, Vice-president. 

469. The Fourteenth President. — Two peaceful events 
marked the summer of 1853. Following an example set by 
London two years before, a ' ' Crystal Palace " was opened 
at New York in July for an " Exposition of the arts and in- 
dustries of all nations." Several "World's Fairs" have 
been held since then; and it may be hoped that the im- 
proved acquaintance with each other's resources, and the 
mutual interests which may be founded upon them, have 
done something to promote among all nations unity, peace, 
and concord. 

470. Perry in Japan. — During the same month, July, 
1853, Commodore Perry, in command of an American fleet, 
entered the harbor of Yeddo, and announced the desire of 
his government to make a treaty with Japan. That interest- 
ing empire had kept itself secluded for centuries from all in- 
tercourse with other nations, and the doors were now opened 
only with caution and reserve. But in 1854 a treaty was 
concluded which admitted American merchants to Japanese 
ports, and a rich commerce soon sprang up, leading to won- 
derful changes in the policy and relations of Japan. 

471. Pacific Railroad Explorations. — It had now 
become evident that great advantages would be gained if 
the rich Pacific coast could be connected with the East by 
railroads; and, although many deemed the scheme absurd, 
Congress ordered surveys to be made by a corps of en- 
gineers. Accordingly, five different routes were explored 

(264) 



STRIFE IN KANSAS. 



265 



during 1853-4, and the possibility of building such roads 
was ascertained. 

472. The Ostend Manifesto. — Cuba had always been 
viewed with longing eyes by the United States, but several 
attempts to purchase it failed, and a filibustering expedition, 1 
undertaken in 185 1, to seize the island by force, ended in 
disaster. In 1854 another attempt at purchase was made. 
The American ministers to 
England, France, and Spain 
met at Ostend, Belgium, 
and published a manifesto 
which set forth the advan- 
tages to be derived by both 
Spain and the United States 
from the transfer of Cuba, 
at a reasonable price, as 
well as the danger to both 
nations of allowing it to 
remain in the possession 
of Spain. England and 
France, however, joined 
Spain in opposing the plan, 
and after some temporary excitement the matter was dropped. 

473. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill. — The great political 
events of Pierce's' 2 administration arose from a bill intro- 
duced into Congress by Senator Stephen A. Douglas, 3 of 
Illinois, "to organize the territories of Kansas and Ne- 
braska." Disregarding the Missouri Compromise (§402) 
this bill left to the majority of people in each territory the 
choice whether to enter the Union as a slave or a free state. 
It became a law after five months of violent debate. Then 
began a rush for the first possession of the land. 

474. Kansas was the immediate object. Missourians 
were earliest on the ground, and, guarding the nearest ap- 




\v? 



Franklin Pierce. 



266 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

proaches, forced emigrants from New England to take a 
circuitous route through Iowa. In 1856 a convention at 
Lecompton framed a state constitution admitting slavery. 
Another convention at Topeka declared the first to be illegal, 
as the ballot had been controlled by armed voters from Mis- 
souri, and proceeded to organize Kansas as a free state. 
Two capitals and two legislatures claimed to be the lawful 
centers of government. 

475. Civil war broke out. Lawrence, which had been 
settled by Massachusetts people, was plundered and burnt. 
Murder and all kinds of violence were unrestrained. Con- 
gress refused a seat to the delegate from Kansas, and sent 
a committee to investigate the manner of his election. It 
was made evident that there had been no true expression of 
the will of the majority. Governor Geary * was appointed 
with a military force sufficient to secure order. 

476. The Republican Party was now organized on the 
principle of resistance to the extension of the slave-holding 
interest. It comprised the greater number of Whigs, all the 
Free-soilers, and those Democrats who opposed the exten- 
sion of slavery in the territories. Fremont 5 was the Repub- 
lican candidate for the Presidency in 1856, and received the 
electoral votes of eleven states. One state voted for Fill- 
more, who had been nominated by the American or 
"Know-Nothing" party. The remaining nineteen states 
gave their votes to James Buchanan, the Democratic candi- 
date, who became the fifteenth President of the United 
States. 

NOTES. 

1. The " Filibusters," as they were called, were a lawless set who, after 
the Mexican War, organized expeditions within the United States against 
Cuba and Central America. The expedition against Cuba consisted of 500 
men, commanded by a Cuban named Lopez. They were defeated and im- 
prisoned, and Lopez was executed. 

2. Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, was born 1804, and died, 1869. 
He graduated at Bowdoin College in the class of 1821, and was admitted 
to the bar three years later. He was very successful as a lawyer. His po- 
litical life began in the legislature of his state, from which, in 18*3, he was 



NOTES. 267 



transferred to the lower house of Congress. In 1837 he was chosen United 
States Senator. Twice Mr. Pierce refused cabinet appointments by Pres- 
ident Polk, and once'deelined the nomination of his party for governor 
of New Hampshire. He favored the annexation of Texas, and was 
among the first to volunteer for the Mexican War (§ 453). For bravery in 
action he rapidly rose from the ranks to a brigadier-generalship, and was 
commissioned by General Scott to arrange an armistice after the battle of 
Ohurubusco. When made President, in 18.52, he received 251 electoral 
votes to 42 cast for Winfield Scott. Pierce's entire administration was one 
of intense political excitement. Party feeling ran high in all parts of the 
country. The President was an advocate of the doctrine of " State 
Bights," and opposed every anti-slavery movement. After the expiration 
of his term of office Mr. Pierce made an extended European tour, and 
then settled down in his quiet New Hampshire home. 

3. Stephen Arnold Douglas was born in Brandon, Vt., 1813, and died 
at Chicago, 1861. He emigrated to the West in 1833, and a year later com- 
menced the practice of law in Jacksonville, 111. He showed such ability 
in his profession that at the youthful age of 22 years he was chosen attor- 
ney-general of the state. In 1840 he was appointed secretary of state, and 
the same year a judge on the supreme bench of Illinois. Douglas first 
became a candidate for Congress In 1837, but was defeated. Again nomi- 
nated by the Democrats in 1843, he was more successful. He was re-elected 
to the House of Representatives the two following terms, and in 1847 was 
promoted to the Senate. He was an acknowledged leader in this high 
body for the remainder of his life. During his long congressional career 
Mr. Douglas took part ably in the discussion of every important political 
question before the nation. He was a master of constitutional law, a 
powerful debater, and exerted a strong personal influence over his au- 
diences. He was a man of large frame, though not tall, and was popularly 
styled " the little giant." His Kansas-Nebraska bill, which embodied the 
doctrine of " squatter sovereignty " (as termed by the papers of the day) 
was the cause of exciting controversy throughout the land, and led to the 
formation of the Republican party. At the Baltimore Convention, in 
1852, Mr. Douglas received 92 votes as candidate for the Presidency; and 
at Cincinnati, in 1856, 121 votes. In 1860 he was the nominee of thenorth- 
ern wing of the Democratic party, and received a very large popular vote. 
He greatly deplored the Civil War, and strongly denounced the doctrine 
of secession. 

4. John W. Geary (6. 1819, d. 1873) was a well known Pennsylvania 
politician and soldier. He served with valor in the Mexican War ; went 
to California in 1849, where he held several important offices; accepted 
the governorship of Kansas during the stormy times of 1850, but was 
compelled to yield to the stronger faction ; recruited a regiment of Penn- 
sylvania volunteers in 1861, and fought gallantly till the close of the Civil 
War, having been promoted to the rank of major-general. After the war 
he was twice elected governor of his native state. 

5. John Charles Fremont is of French descent, and was born in 
Savannah, Georgia, 1813. To him more than to any other man are Amer- 
icans indebted for the early exploration and first intelligent survey 
of the vast territory betweenthe Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean. 
He was a fine mathematician and a good civil engineer. His proposal to 
the government to explore the unknown region of the Rocky Mountains 
was accepted, and in 1842 he set out on his first expedition. Much valu- 
able information was gained, and soon after his return Fremont fitted out 
a second exploring party much larger than the first. During the next 
half dozen years he crossed the continent many times, often suffering the 
most extreme dangers from cold, and hunger, and the Indians. He be- 
came known as "the pathfinder." Under Fremont's leadership upper 
California was taken from the Mexicans. The American settlers on the 
Pacific slope elected him governor of California in 1846, and the next Jan- 
uary he dictated the terms of surrender to the Mexican forces. President 
Taylor commissioned Fremont to run the boundary line between Mexico 
and the United States. In 1850 he was sent as United States Senator from 
the new state of California. 

In the presidential election of 1856 he received 114 electoral votes to 
Buchanan's 174. During the Civil War he was a major-general in the 
Union army : his campaigns were in Missouri and Virginia. In 1878 Pres- 
ident Hayes appointed John C. Fremont governor of Arizona Territory. 



CHAPTER XXXIV. 



EIGHTEENTH ADMINISTRATION, A. D. 1857-1861. 

James Buchanan, President. John C. Breckenridge, Vice-president. 

477. The Fifteenth President.— Early in Mr. Bu- 
chanan's administration two northern states were added : 
Minnesota in 1857, and Oregon in 1859, making thirty-three in 
all. The new President 1 desired to appease all strife, but 

the conflict of principles 
was now too serious to 
yield to persuasion. The 
Chief-justice 2 of the United 
States declared that slaves 
might be carried by their 
masters into any state of 
the Union. But this was 
contrary to the laws of 
several states and to the 
Ordinance of 1787 (§324), 
which prohibited slavery in 
the North-west Territory. 

478. The excitement be- 
came greater when John 




James Buchanan. 



Oct., 1859. 



Brotvn, 7, formerly of Kansas, actually invaded the state of. 
Virginia with a party of about twenty men, for 
the purpose of liberating slaves. He gained 
possession of the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, thinking to arm 
the negroes whom he expected to join him. He was easily 
captured, — his party being either killed or dispersed, — and 
was tried, convicted, and put to death under the laws of 
Virginia. Though this rash movement had no support, the 
(268) 



MOVEMENTS TOWARD DISUNION. 



269 



news of it excited a rage of resentment throughout the 
South, where it was considered as an expression of universal 
Northern feeling. 

479. The Democratic Party itself, in convention at 
Charleston, became divided on the question of 

slavery in the territories. The seceding minority 
formed a new convention at Richmond, and nominated 
John C. Breckenridge, 4 of 
Kentucky, to be the next 
President. The majority ad- 
journed to Baltimore and 
nominated Stephen A. Doug- 
las, of Illinois. A third 
party named John Bell, 5 of 
Tennessee, and Edward Ev- 
erett, 6 of Massachusetts, for 
President and Vice-presi- 
dent. The Republicans 
meanwhile nominated Abra- 
ham Lincoln, of Illinois, and 
Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine. 

480. By dividing its forces, 
the Democratic Party lost the 
power which it had held for twelve out of fifteen presidential 
terms since the accession of Jefferson. Mr. Lincoln was 
therefore elected by a plurality of votes. He was a native 
of Kentucky. He had educated himself, in spite of poverty 
and adverse circumstances, to be a successful lawyer and a 
popular representative in Congress, and had fairly won the 
confidence of his fellow-citizens by his energetic and upright 
character. 

481. Secession. — Immediately after the election of Lin- 
coln, the political leaders of South Carolina put in operation 
their plan of withdrawing from the Union. A convention, 




Jefferson Davis. 



270 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



called for that purpose, passed an ordinance of secession, 
which was ratified by the state legislature, December 20, 
i860. Within a few weeks Georgia and all the Gulf States 
had followed the example. 

' 482. The Star of the West. — In Charleston Harbor 
Major Anderson, commanding the government troops in 
Fort Moultrie, removed by night to Fort Sumter, — a much 
stronger position. But his supplies were low, and his men 
were few; he could not long withstand an attack from the 
batteries which had been erected on the land. Early in 
January, 1861, President Buchanan determined to secretly 
send reinforcements and provisions to the beleaguered na- 
tional fort. To this end, he ordered the steamer "Star of 
the West" to Charleston Harbor with men and supplies. 
But news of her coming reached South Carolina before the 
vessel ; and, on attempting to approach Fort 
Sumter, the steamer was fired upon from Morris 
Island, and struck several times. She was obliged to put 
back to New York without accomplishing the mission of the 
President. This was the opening act of the Civil War. 

Kansas was admitted to the Union as a free state on the 
29th of this month, and took an active part in succeeding 
events. 

483. Confederate States of America. — A convention 
of delegates from six of the seven seceding states met at 
Montgomery, Alabama, in February, 1861, and organized a 
new government under the title of the "Confederate States 
of America." The main features of its constitution were 
modeled upon those of the United States, but the sovereign 
rights of each state were recognized; the favor of foreign 
nations was sought by pledges of free trade; and slavery 
was guaranteed protection not only in existing states but in 
territories yet to be acquired. 

Jefferson Davis,' 1 of Mississippi, and Alexander H. Stephens* 



NOTES. 271 

of Georgia, were elected President and Vice-president of the 
new Confederacy. 

484. Washington itself was the headquarters of se- 
cession during the winter of 1860-61. Many leaders of 
the movement were in the cabinet of Mr. Buchanan and in 
the Senate of the United States. The national government 
was paralyzed. Its navy was scattered to the most distant 
seas, and a great part of its cannon, rifles, and military 
stores were in southern forts and arsenals, which were taken 
almost without exception by the authorities of the Confeder- 
ate States. Many southern officers in the army and navy, 
believing their obedience due to their native states rather 
than to the Union, resigned their commissions and offered 
their services to the Confederate government. 

485. Fort Pickens, near Pensacola, and Fort Sumter, in 
Charleston Harbor, were still held for the United States ; 
and Fortress Monroe, the strongest work on the coast, was 
never lost, but served as a base of operations at sea. 

NOTES. 

1. James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, was born 1791 ; graduated at 
Dickinson ( lollege, 1809; was admit led to the bar, 1812; elected to the lower 
branch of Congress, 1828; appointed minister to Russia, 1831; was United 
States Senator from 1833 to 1845 ; became Secretary of State under Polk, 
and minister to England under Pierce. He was nominated for President 
by the Democrats in convention at Cincinnati, in the summer of 1856. 
I lis administration covered the stormy political period just before the 
outbreak of the Civil War. He was blamed by the Unionists for not tak- 
ing measures to prevent secession, but after his retirement from the Pres- 
idential chair he wrote a book explaining and defending his policy while 
in office. Buchanan was never married ; he died in 1868. 

2. Roger Brooke Taney (6. 1777, d. 1864) of Maryland was the Chief- 
justice who made this decision. The case is known as "the Dred Scott 
case." Taney was appointed Chief-justice by President Jackson in 1835, 
and took his seat upon the Supreme bench in 1837. 

3. John Brown was born in the year 1800 at Torrington, Conn. When 
a boy he moved to northern Ohio. Going to Kansas in 1855, he and four 
grown sons were prominent in their armed opposition to the pro-slavery 
party. Their home was near the town of Ossawotomie, from which the 
father became known as " Ossawotomie Brown." His invasion of Vir- 
ginia with so small a number of followers would seem to indicate his in- 
sanity at the time. Even his enemies credit him with undaunted 
bravery. 

4. John Cabell Breckenridge (b. 1821, 0. 1875) was of an excellent Ken- 
tucky family, received a good education, and took a prominent part in 
national politics. He was a major in the Mexican War, and afterwards 



272 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



was elected to his state legislature. In 1851, and again in 1853. he was sent 
to the United .States House of Representatives.. He was Buchanan's Vice- 
president, and in 1800 was made United States Senator. He defended the 
Southern Confederacy on the floor of the Senate, and then joined the 
Confederate army. He was created a major-general, and took part in 
several of the most important conflicts of the war. He was appointed 
Confederate Secretary of War in 1865, and after the close of the struggle 
went to Europe, where he remained for a few years. He died at his home 
in Kentucky. 

5. John Bell (b. 1797, d. 1869) was a statesman upon whom his native 
state conferred many political honors. First elected a member of the 
United States House of Representatives in 1827, he was returned for seven 
consecutive terms • in 1884 he was chosen Speaker of the House. President 
Harrison selected Mr. Bell as his Secretary of War. In 1847 he was elected 
to the United States Senate, and again in 1853. His nomination for the 
Presidency was by the " Constitutional Union " party. 

6. Edward Everett (b. 1794, d. 1865) was a distinguished American 
statesman, orator, and writer. Robert C. Winthrop, of Massachusetts, 
sums up Everett's character thus: " He was an ardent and gifted scholar, 
an accomplished and devoted professor, a cautious and conservative 
statesman, a sincere and earnest patriot, an exhaustless and consum- 
mate rhetorician. He was a true man, an ever-obliging and faithful 
friend, a good citizen. . . . The annals of our country to the day of his 
death will be searched in vain for another so ready, prolific, and brilliant 
a writer and speaker, or for one who has done more both to adorn Ameri- 
can literature, and to advocate and advance every public interest and 
patriotic cause." 

7. Jefferson Davis was born in Kentucky, 1808; graduated from the 
United States Military Academy, West Point, 1828; was employed for a 
time in arduous frontier service, and fought bravely in the Mexican War. 
He was severely wounded at the battle of Buena Vista. He first entered 
Congress — the lower house— in 1845, and was promoted to the Senate in 
1847. During President Pierce's administration, Davis was his Secretary 
of War. Afterwards he returned to the Senate, and was one of the most 
prominent Democratic leaders until the outbreak of the Civil War. His 
fortunes in the Confederacy are related in the text. 

8. Alexander Hamilton Stephens was born near Crawford ville, Ga., 
1812. He was a graduate of the State University at the age of 20; was ad- 
mitted to the bar in L834 ; and entered the state legislature two years later. 
Since that date he has been actively engaged in political life most of the 
time. He was sent to the United States House of Representatives in 1843, 
where he remained for sixteen years— a statesman whose ability was rec- 
ognized by all parties. After the Civil War the Georgia general assembly 
elected Mr. Stephens to the United States Senate; but, the state not hav- 
ing been fully restored to the Union under the reconstruction require- 
ments, he was not permitted to take his seat. Since 1872, however, he has 
been a member of the United States House of Representatives. 



QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. — Part IV. 



9- 

IO. 



13- 

14. 

15- 
16. 

'7- 



19. 
20. 
21. 



Describe the condition of the states at the close of 
the Revolution. 

What arrangements were made with the Indians? 

Describe the formation and adoption of the Con- 
stitution. 

Name the first President and his cabinet. 

What was their policy in money matters ? 

What four causes of disturbance in Washington's 
time ? 

What three foreign treaties were made ? 

What did Washington say of the advantages of 
union ? 

Describe his character and habits as President. 



Section 
309, 3IO 

3", 312 

313-319 

320, 321 

322 

3 26 -33 
33i. 334, 335 

337 
336, 338, 339 



Describe the two political parties and their princi- 1 333, 340, 351, 

pies. 
What three cities have been seats of the Federal 

Government ? 
What occasioned the Alien and Sedition laws, and 

why were they repealed ? 
What troubles with France during Adams's ad- 
ministration ? 
How did cotton become profitable? 
Describe the beginning of Ohio. 
What can you tell of Jefferson, his policy and 

character ? 
How was Louisiana acquired, and what was done 

with it ? 
Describe the successive dealings of the govern 

ment with the Barbary States. 
Tell the story of Aaron Burr. 
What caused the War of 1812 ? 
Describe the first campaign on land. 

W r hat was done by the American navy ? 

U. S. H.— 18. 



39°. 392, 398 
320, 323, 347 

34i - 342 

343-345 

348 

324, 325, 349 

35!-353 

356-359 
- ) 329, 335> 360, 
} 397 
350, 361, 362 
364-368 
368-371 
372, 373, 377- 
382 
(273) 



274 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



23. What was done by General Harrison ? 

24. Describe two campaigns of Jackson. 

25. Describe the war on the coast. 

26. What was the cause of the Hartford Convention ? 

27. What occurred in 1814 in northern New York? 

28. Describe the return of peace. 

29. What seven states were admitted A.D. 1812-1820? 

30. Describe the progress of slavery. 



3 1 - 

32. 
33- 
34- 
35- 
36. 

37- 



39- 

40. 

41- 
42. 

43- 
44. 

45- 
46. 

47- 
48. 

49- 
50. 

5i- 

52. 
S3- 
54- 
55- 



Describe the progress of steam navigation. 

What is the "Monroe Doctrine?" 

What was Mr. Monroe's Indian policy? 

Describe J. Q. Adams's administration. 

Describe the policy of Jackson. 

What was the subject of Webster's and Hayne's 
debate ? 

Describe Indian affairs during Jackson's adminis- 
tration. 

Describe the financial condition and policy of the 
Government. 

What changes during Van Buren's term? 

Describe Harrison's election and time of service. 

Describe Tyler's policy. 

What happened in Rhode Island ? 

Tell the story of the Mormons. 

What treaties were made with Great Britain in 
1842 and 1846? 

What occasioned a war with Mexico? 

Describe its main events. 

What were the terms of peace ? 

Consequences of the gold discovery? 

What was the Wilmot Proviso ? 

How were Iowa and Wisconsin first settled ? 

Describe Taylor's administration. That of Fillmon 

Foreign treaties made and attempted. 

Pacific Railroad explorations. 

Consequences of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. 

What were the great events of Buchanan's term ? 





Section 


375, 


376, 383 


384, 


394, 395 




385, 386 


387, 


39o, 392 




39o, 39i 


393, 


396, 398, 


400 




383, 


399, 402 


62, 


135, '48, 


152, 


251, 401, 


402, 


441 




363, 403 




404 




406 




409-414 


415 


, 421-425 




416, 417 




418-420 




422-424 




427-430 




433, 434 




435 




437 




438, 439 


436, 


443, 444 


440, 


44i, 445 




446-456 




457 




458, 459 




460 




461 




462-468 




470, 472 




47i 




473-476 




477-485 



PART V.— THE WAR OF THE STATES. 



CHAPTER XXXV. 

NINETEENTH ADMINISTRATION, A. D. 1861-1865. 
Abraham Lincoln, President. Hannibal Hamlin, Vice-president. 




The First Gun,— Battery Stevens. 

486. The Sixteenth President. — No President since 
Washington had taken upon him so heavy a burden with the 
oath to " preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the 
United States." That Constitution had secured great happi- 
ness to the people during seventy-two years of seldom-broken 
peace : it was yet to be seen whether it would bear the strain 
of civil war, — such a war as the world had not known in 
nineteen hundred years. 

(275) 



276 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



487. In his inaugural address Mr. Lincoln 1 declared 
that he had neither the right nor the wish to interfere with 
Southern institutions, but designed to hold and 
defend the property of the United States against 
any who should assail it. He threw upon the politicians of 

the South the whole respon- 



March 4, 1861. 




sibility of the calamities which 
must follow the destruction of 
the Union, assuring them that 
there could be no conflict un- 
less they themselves should 
choose to begin it. 

488. Miscalculations. — 
No one, probably, imagined 
the horrible magnitude of the 
struggle then commencing. 
Mr. Seward, 2 then Secretary 
of State, predicted that the 
war,— if there was a war, — 
would not last more than 
ninety days. The South, on 
the other hand, relied upon the great number of her sympa- 
thizers in the North to prevent any energetic action on the 
part of the Government. Moreover, she believed that if 
her cotton was withheld from European factories, France 
and England would combine to put an end to the war and 
procure the needed supply. 

489. Fall of Fort Sumter. — Before daylight of the 
1 2th of April, 1 86 1, the first cannon-ball from a Confederate 
battery struck the wall of Fort Sumter. The bombardment 
was kept up for thirty-four hours, until at midnight of the 
13th Major Anderson found that longer resistance was im- 
possible. By the terms of surrender he marched out with 
his eighty men, with all the honors of war, and spent the 



Abraham Lincoln. 



ARMING FOR CIVIL WAR. 



277 



remnant of his powder in a last salute to the stars and 
stripes. 

490. The news flew along the electric wires and aroused 
both divisions of the country to more decided action. Vir- 
ginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee, which had 
wavered, renounced the Union and joined their fortunes 
with the Confederate States. On the other hand, Missouri, 
Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware refused to secede. The 
navy-yard at Norfolk, with its 2,000 cannon and immense 
stores of war materials were seized by Virginia troops. The 
United States arsenal at 
Harper's Ferry was 
burned by order of the 
Government. 

491. Formation of 
Armies. — Both presi- 
dents called for volun- 
teers, and both calls 
were answered with en- 
thusiasm. For the de- 
fense of the national 
capital, which was in 
immediate danger, mili- 
tia regiments hastened 
from Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New York. The 
"Sixth Massachusetts" was attacked in its passage through 
Baltimore, and several men were killed. It was the eighty- 
sixth anniversary of the battle of Lexington, where their 
great-grandfathers had shed the first blood in the struggle for 
freedom (§232). Even then it was felt to be unnatural and 
degrading that men of the same English race should destroy 
each other. The present strife was more unnatural, and all 
who were not maddened by excitement felt that victory on 
either side must be mingled with regret. 




Sketch of Charleston Harbor. 



278 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

492. In the east the main field of war was Virginia; 
in the west, at first, Missouri. Though the latter state had 
voted against secession, it contained a strong Confederate 
party, and sixty battles were fought upon its soil within a 
year. In the part of Virginia west of the Alleghanies a 
majority of the people were attached to the Union. In 
1861-62 the necessary steps for organization were taken, and 
the separate state of West Virginia was admitted to the 
United States in June, 1863. Meanwhile General McClellan, 
with his Union army, gained repeated victories over the 
Confederate generals Garnett, Floyd, and Lee, who sought 
to retain West Virginia by force. 

493. Richmond, the capital of old Virginia, was also the 
capital of the Confederate States. The Southern cry, "On 
to Washington!" was echoed by the Northern shout, "On 
to Richmond ! " The most serious battle of the year took 
place at Bull Run, on Sunday, July 21. General Beaure- 
gard 3 commanded the Confederate army of 40,000 men; 
General McDowell's forces consisted of a nearly equal num- 
ber of volunteers for ninety days. For six hours the North- 
ern men stood their ground, and kept or regained all their 
positions. The Confederates were once broken and driven 
a mile and a half from the field; but they were rallied by 
"Stonewall" Jackson, whose inflexible bravery and noble 
character made him one of the great heroes of the war. 

494. A Southern Victory. — At the moment when the 
Confederate cause seemed lost, suddenly General Kirby 
Smith arrived with fresh forces for their relief. The Union 
troops, exhausted by intense heat and furious fighting, were 
thrown into confusion, and battle was changed to flight. A 
confused throng of fugitives filled all the roads to Washing- 
ton, and never rested until they were safely over the Long 
Bridge across the Potomac. Later in the evening Colonel 
Einstein, of Pennsylvania, returned to the battle-field and 
brought off six cannon. 



CREATION OF A NAVY. 



279 



495. According to Mr. Pollard, the Southern historian, the 
victory at Bull Run was a misfortune to the Confederacy, for 
it led to ill-grounded confidence. Southern volunteers left 
the army in crowds, thinking that the war was over. The 
National Government was roused to more serious effort. 
Congress voted five hundred 




millions of dollars and half a 
million of men. General 
George B. McClellan, 4 who 
had distinguished himself in 
West Virginia, was called to 
command the Army of the 
Potomac; and when, a few 
months later, General Scott 
retired from active service, 
McClellan became com- 
mander-in-chief of all the 
forces of the United States. 



496. Of the national 
navy only one war-steamer Geor e e B - McClellan. 

was on the Atlantic coast, and there was not a gun on the 
Mississippi or any of its branches. With wonderful energy 
the Government created a great steam-navy to blockade the 
Southern ports, and a fleet of gun-boats to patrol the Missis- 
sippi. 5 Though European governments declared that a 
blockade of so long a coast-line could never be enforced, 
they acknowledged within a few months that it was complete 
and effective. 

497. The Blockade. — The South had been used to re- 
ceive all manufactured articles from Europe in exchange for 
her cotton and other agricultural products. Now that she 
was cut off from intercourse with the civilized world, cotton 
could not go out and cannon could not come in; and 
though she had begun the war with abundant supplies of 



280 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

money and material (§484), its continuance must depend on 
breaking or "running" the blockade. 

498. Many a spirited chase occurred between the 
national steamers and the low, light, neutral-colored craft 
which swarmed in bays and sounds, and slipped out at 
night, bound for the West Indies or for Europe. President 
Davis issued "letters of marque" to privateers who made 
reprisals upon Northern commerce. Captain Semmes, 6 of 
the Sumter, had many successes; but at length he was 
blockaded in the port of Gibraltar, until he sold his vessel 
and traveled to England to buy a new one. This was the 
far-famed Alabama, so called, though she was registered only 
by her number, 290, on the builder's list. In her cruise of 
twenty months she almost drove American commerce from 
the sea, destroying sixty-five vessels and property worth 
$10,000,000. She was sunk at last in a battle with the 
United States war-steamer Kearsargc, commanded by Cap- 
tain Winslow, on the coast of France, June, 1864. 

499. Messrs. Mason and Slidell, envoys to England 
and France from the new Confederacy, were taken in the 

Bahama Channel from the English mail-steamer 
Trent, by Captain Wilkes, of the United States 
steam sloop-of-war San Jacinto. Great wrath was expressed 
at this "insult to the British flag," and it was predicted that 
England within twenty days would break the blockade and 
declare war against the United States. 

500. End of the Trent Affair. — Mr. Lincoln's govern- 
ment, however, promptly disavowed the act of Captain 
Wilkes, and set the envoys at liberty, having no mind to 
assert a "right of search" which had been so justly resented 
when exercised by Great Britain before 1812 (§367). 
France, England, and Spain had proclaimed neutrality 
toward both "belligerent powers," thus recognizing the 
Confederacy as on nearly the same footing as the United 



NOTES. 281 

States. The neutrality was infringed in England by the fit- 
ting out of vessels in the Confederate interests, but the 
damage thence resulting was made good by the payment of 
$15,500,000 after the war. 

501. Before the end of 1861 the National Government 
had regained a considerable part of the Atlantic coast by the 
capture of the forts at Hatteras Inlet and Port Royal En- 
trance, 7 and the occupation of Tybee Island, near the mouth 
of Savannah River. The army, which had numbered 16,000 
at the beginning of the year, had risen to 600,000 by the 
first of December, and the Secretary of War announced that 
the Government was able not only to protect itself, but to 
attack any foreign power which should meddle with our do- 
mestic affairs. 

NOTES. 

1. Abraham Lincoln (6. 1800, d. 18(55) was born in Hardin (now Larue) 
County, Ky. His father could neither read nor write, and when his son 
was in his eighth year he migrated to the backwoods ot Indiana. Here 
Abraham grew to manhood as a farm laborer and store clerk, with but 
little time or opportunity tor education. In 1N28 he was hired by a flat- 
boatman, and made a trip to New Orleans. After his return his family 
removed to Illinois, and he was employed for some time in assisting his 
father to split rails for the fences. In the succeeding years we find him 
employed variously as a flat boatman, clerk, surveyor, postmaster, and 
river pilot. During the Black Hawk War (1 118) he served as captain, and 
on his return, becoming interested in politics, he was elected to the Illi- 
nois state legislature in 1831. In the midst of his varied occupations he 
managed to study law, and was admitted to the liar in 1837. He settled 
at Springfield, Illinois, where he attained great reputation as a lawyer. 
He took a prominent part in the Presidential campaigns of 1810 and 1844, 
and was elected to the House of Representatives in 1846. From this time 
he was not prominent in politics until the repeal of the Missouri Com- 
promise (§402), when he was called upon to reply to a speech made by 
Stephen A.Douglas at Springfield, 111., in support of the Kansas-Nebraska 
bill. Lincoln's speech on this occasion is considered the most effective 
ever made by him. It carried the audience by storm, and tit once 
stamped Lincoln as the proper candidate to pit against Douglas. The 
contest between these two for the United .States Senatorship resulted in 
Douglas's favor, but brought Lincoln prominently before the country, and 
led to his nomination in 1860 for the Presidency. 

In appearance, as in character, Lincoln was a most remarkable man. 
He was six feet four inches high, gaunt and rugged, a fitting tvpe of the 
class from which he sprang. But the rough exterior covered a noble 
mind and a heart that bore "malice toward none, with charity for all." 
In his death the South felt that it had lost its best friend; the North, its 
grandest President ; and the colored people, their emancipator. His name 
is fitly coupled with that of Washington, and "The Martyred President" 
will ever remain sacred in the memory of the American people. 

2. William Henry Seward (b. 1801, d. 1872) was born in Florida, Orange 
County, N. Y., and after graduating at Union College commenced the 
practice of law. He was soon drawn into politics, and before he was 



HISTOR Y OF THE UNITED ST A TES. 



thirty years of age was elected to the state senate. From this time for- 
ward we find him prominent in the councils of both state and nation. 
Twenty-four years of his life were spent in the three important posts of 
governor of New York, Senator in Congress, and Secretary of State. In 
the latter position he had the most difficult office to fill in Lincoln's cab- 
inet, owing to the great importance at that time attached to our foreign 
relations. His keen, far-seeing judgment and prompt, decisive action 
justified the President's selection. Mr. Seward was a man of indomitable 
perseverance and courage. " Few public men of any note have been sub- 
jected to more sudden and desperate reverses, and none ever bore them 
with more fortitude or set to work more energetically to recover from 
them." While these qualities made him respected and admired of his 
friends, they also roused the most bitter feelings in his opponents; and 
during the latter part of his political career, as an adherent of Andrew 
Johnson, he was repeatedly subject to savage attacks even by his own po- 
litical party ; but Seward remained unconquered to the end, and, though 
broken in health, spent the declining years of his life in a trip around the 
world. This was followed on his return by the publication of a book de- 
scribing his travels, and full of keen observations on all that he had seen. 
He died at Auburn, New York, in the seventy-second year of his age. 

3. General Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard, one of the most 
prominent and efficient generals of the South, was born near New Or- 
leans, in 1818, and was educated at West Point, where he graduated in 1838. 
He was twice breveted for gallant service in the Mexican War, first as a 
captain and afterward as a major. At the close of that war he was made 
a member of a special board of engineers for the improvement of har- 
bors and rivers, and the erection of defenses on the Gulf of Mexico. Later 
he had charge of the construction of the custom-house, quarantine ware- 
houses, and marine hospital at New Orleans. In January, 1861, he was 
appointed superintendent of West Point, but almost immediately re- 
signed the position and entered the army of the Confederacy with the 
rank of brigadier-general. At the time of the surrender he had attained 
the highest possible rank. He then retired to private life in New Orleans. 

4. General George Brinton McClellan was born in Philadelphia in 
1826, and graduated at West Point with high honors. He saw his first 
active service in the war with Mexico, where he distinguished himself for 
gallant conduct, and was breveted first lieutenant and captain. As an en- 
gineer, he accompanied exploring expeditions up the Red River and over 
the route of the Northern Pacific Railroad. The Government appointed 
him on a commission to visit the seat of the Crimean War in 1855, and on 
his return published his official report on the " Organization of European 
Armies, and Operations in the Crimea." He has also written and trans- 
lated other works of a military nature. In 1857 he resigned from the 
army, and interested himself in various railroad enterprises until the 
breaking out of the Civil War. Much dissatisfaction was felt at his ap- 
parently dilatory conduct of the war in Virginia, and he was finally or- 
dered on November 7, 1862, to proceed to Trenton, N. J., and there await 
further orders. He took no further part in the war, and resigned his po- 
sition in the army on November 8th, 1864, the day he was defeated as the 
Democratic nominee for President. For the three years succeeding Jan- 
uary 1, 1878, he was governor of New Jersey. 

5. This was due to the energy and ability of Mr. G. V. Fox, Assistant 
Secretary of the Navy. " For four years his ardent mind, practical and 
full of resources, effectively controlled the department, and at the expira- 
tion of those memorable four years he retired without aspiring to any 
other reward than the satisfaction of having served his country well." 

5. Raphael Semmes was the Paul Jones of the Civil War (§283). He 
was born in Charles County, Maryland, in 1809, and entered the navy as a 
midshipman in 1826. He gained his first experience in the Mexican War, 
where he served both on board ship and on shore. He has published sev- 
eral works giving accounts of the Mexican War, and the exploits of the 
" Sumter " and " Alabama." 

7. The bombardment of Fort Walker, one of the forts guarding Port 
Royal, was so severe that the garrison was compelled to evacuate it, ex- 
cepting three brave men, who remained, and for half an hour continued 
to load and fire the only gun that replied to the enemy. 



CHAPTER XXXVI. 

NINETEENTH ADMINISTRATION EVENTS OF 1 862. 

Abraham Lincoln, President. Hannibal Hamlin, Vice-president. 

502. Three objects were now kept steadily in view by 
the Union generals: (i) The opening of the Mississippi 
River; (2) The recovery of the coast; and (3) The capture 
of Richmond. 

The first was accomplished by a severe and continuous 
struggle of eighteen months. General Albert Sidney John- 
ston ' commanded the Confederate forces in the West. His 
main task was to protect the ' ' Memphis and Charleston 
Railroad," which connected the country west of the Missis- 
sippi with Richmond and the coast, and conveyed supplies 
of Texan beef to the Southern army. His line of defense 
extended from Columbus to Bowling Green in Kentucky; 
and its strongest points were near the center of the line, at 
Fort Henry, on the Tennessee, and Fort Donelson, on the 
Cumberland River. 

503. Fort Henry was first attacked by the Union gun- 
boats under Commodore Foote, 2 and was taken after an 
hour's fighting ; but the garrison made good their retreat to 
the stronger works of Fort Donelson. This was besieged by 
General Grant with a Union army, in concert 

J Feb. 12, 1862. 

with the gun-boats which arrived two days later 
up the Cumberland. An attack was made, but a heavy can- 
nonade from the fort repulsed the gun-boats, and Com- 
modore Foote received a serious wound. Early the next 
morning the garrison attempted to break through the be- 
sieging lines and escape to Nashville ; but though the fight 
was desperate, they were defeated and driven within their 

(2*3) 



284 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

trenches. The national soldiers lay three nights on the 
frozen ground, pelted by storms of sleet and snow. 

504. Surrender of Donelson. — Before daylight of Feb- 
ruary 15, General Buckner, then commanding the fort, — as 
his superiors, Floyd and Pillow, had consulted their own 
interests by retiring, — sent to ask what terms of capitulation 
would be accepted. Grant replied, ' ' None, but uncondi- 
tional surrender;" and added, "I propose to move imme- 
diately upon your works." Fort Donelson was surrendered 
with 15,000 men, and the line of defense thus broken was 
necessarily abandoned. Nashville, Columbus, and Bowling 
Green were occupied by Union troops, and the Mississippi 
was open as far as to Arkansas. 

505. Grant was placed in command of the new military 
department of Western Tennessee, and the field of conflict was 
removed to the southern border of that state. The ' ' Mem- 
phis and Charleston Railroad " was now the object of attack, 
especially at Corinth, where it crosses the " Mobile and Ohio 
Railroad." Ascending the Tennessee River, Grant posted 
himself near Pittsburg Landing, at Shiloh, awaiting rein- 
forcements from Buell. 

506. Battle of Shiloh. — Here he was attacked by Gen- 
erals Johnston and Beauregard with a fine Confederate army 
of 40,000 men. The battle raged all day mainly to the ad- 
vantage of the assailants, who captured the Union camp, 
with thirty flags, 3,000 prisoners, and an immense quantity 
of war materials. They were compelled to fall back, how- 
ever, with the loss of their general-in-chief, while Generals 
Grant and Sherman rallied the Union forces, many of whom 
had never been in battle before, and saved the first day's 
engagement from being an utter rout. 

507. The next morning the fight was renewed. BuelPs 
fresh forces had arrived upon the field, and the tide turned. 
The second day's battle continued from before sunrise until 



INVASION OF KENTUCKY. 285 

late in the afternoon. At last the Confederates retreated in 
good order toward Corinth, and Grant remained in posses- 
sion of the field. Island Number Ten was sur- 

April 7, 1862. 

rendered on the same day, after a three weeks' 
bombardment, and its garrison of 5,000 men became pris- 
oners of war. 

508. A battle on the Mississippi between the Union 
gun-boats and the Confederate iron-clads, resulted in victory 
to the former. Fort Pillow was abandoned, Memphis was 
taken, and the great river was open to the Union forces as 
far south as Vicksburg. Beauregard abandoned Corinth, 
and fell back on his third line of defense, extending through 
central Mississippi to Alabama. 

During this grand campaign for the Mississippi and the 
railway connections in the South, the war in Missouri had 
been virtually ended by the expulsion of General Price and 
the defeat of his army, — now transferred to General Mc- 
Culloch, — at Pea Ridge, in Arkansas. The Confederates had 
increased their numbers by several thousands of Indians ; 
but these were thrown into confusion by the terrific roar and 
fatal effects of the Federal artillery, so that they only con- 
tributed to the defeat of their allies. 

509. A Double Movement. — "The war was in truth a 
vast siege," but the South was unwilling to have it so. A 
double movement was now made to break through the be- 
sieging lines and carry the conflict into the North. 

On the same day, Lee moved into Maryland and 
Bragg 3 into Kentucky, hoping to secure those border states, 
— whose people were almost equally divided in sympathy 
between the Union and the Confederacy, — and then march 
on to dictate terms of peace in Philadelphia or New York. 
We will follow the western movement first. 

510. The Campaign in Kentucky. — Bragg marched 
from Chattanooga to Frankfort, pursued by Buell, whose 



286 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

force was increased by all the men whom Grant could spare. 
General Kirby Smith defeated a Union army at Richmond, 
Kentucky, and threatened Cincinnati. The first object of 
both Confederate generals was Louisville; but this was saved 
by the arrival of Buell a few hours in advance, and the in- 
vasion of the North was abandoned. Bragg and Smith set 
up a provisional government at Frankfort, and urged all the 
people of Kentucky to join the cause of the Confederacy. 

511. But while the Confederate generals were offering 
peace and brotherhood, their foragers were stripping farms 
of live-stock, and mercantile houses of clothing and provis- 
ions, paying only in worthless Confederate scrip (§579). 
Assuming that Kentucky was now in the Confederacy, they 
even drafted men into their ranks according to the law in 
force in the South. Their losses by desertion were greater, 
however, than their gains by conscription, and though many 
refugees accompanied their retreating army, taking with them 
their slaves, whom they were afraid of losing by the success 
of the North, the mass of the plundered Kentuckians felt less 
disposed than ever to break their connection with the Union. 

512. National Victories. — Though defeated at Perry- 
vz'/le, Kentucky, Bragg effected the retreat of his ' ' wagon- 
train forty miles long " to Chattanooga. While Grant's army 
in Mississippi was weakened (§510) by Buell's detachments, 
Sept. 19. the Confederates attacked Inka and Corinth. They 
Oct. 3 . were defeated at both places, — at the latter with 
immense loss. 

513. Murfreesborough. — Neither government was satis- 
fied with the campaign in Kentucky. Buell was superseded 
by Rosecrans, and Bragg was ordered northward again to 
finish his work. On the last day of 1862 the two armies 
met before Murfreesborough, in Tennessee. At first the Con- 
federates were victorious ; but Sheridan's bold and prompt 
action saved the Union cause. The carnage was frightful; 
and during New Year's Day, 1863, "the two armies, breath- 



NEW ORLEANS CAPTURED. 287 

less with their death struggle, stood looking at each other." 
The fight was renewed January 2d, — the next day. Bragg 
retreated, and another costly victory had been won for the 
nation. 

514. On the lower Mississippi, meanwhile, yet more 
important events had occurred. Early in April Captain 
Farragut, 4 with a fleet of armed steamers and mortar-boats, 
in concert with a land force under General Butler, under- 
took the capture of New Orleans. This largest and richest 
city of the Confederacy was defended by two great forts 
seventy miles down the river; below these a strong iron 
chain stretched from bank to bank ; and the river was 
guarded by gun-boats, fire-rafts, and a floating battery. 

515. Surrender of New Orleans. — A heavy cannon- 
ade from the fleet produced no effect upon the forts, and 
Farragut determined to pass them. Protecting his gun-boats 
with iron chains and bags of sand suspended over their 
sides, he steamed boldly up the river, encountered and 
destroyed twelve out of thirteen of the Confederate armed 
steamers, and advanced to the city. Confiding in the river 
defenses, the commandant at New Orleans had sent a large 
detachment of his troops to reinforce Beauregard and Bragg. 
As soon as the Union fleet came in sight, fire was set to the 
immense stores of cotton, ships, gun-boats, steamers, and 
docks. General Butler took military possession of the city. 
The forts and fleet below were soon afterward surrendered. 
Farragut, ascending the river, captured Baton Rouge and 
Natchez, and, passing the guns of Vicksburg, joined the 
Union fleet above. 

NOTES. 

1. Albert Sidney Johnston (6.1803, d. 1862) was born in Mason County, 
Kentucky. He graduated at West Point in 1826, and had seen active serv- 
ice in frontier ditty and in tbe Black Hawk War. He then resigned and 
went to Texas, where he attained chief command of the Texan forces. 
He also served as a volunteer in the war between the United States and 
Mexico, and in 1849 re-entered the regular army with the rank of major. 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



At the breaking out of the Civil War he had attained the rank of brevet 
brigadier-general, bestowed for meritorious service in Utah. He would 
doubtless have borne a more conspicuous part in the war but for his early- 
fall at Shiloh. 

2. Andrew Hull Foote (6. 1800, d. 1863) was born in New Haven, Con- 
necticut, and entered the Navy, 1822. In 1801 he was made flag officer of 
the Western naval fleet, and personally conducted the building of the 
gun-boats to be used. 

Through neglecting his wqund received at Fort Donelson he nearly lost 
his life, and was compelled for a time to retire from active service. He 
was made a rear-admiral, and in May, 1803, was ordered to take command 
of the South Atlantic Squadron, but while on his way to do so he was 
taken suddenly ill in New York, and died. 

Admiral Foote was a man of great moral as well as physical courage, 
and did much to improve the morals of those under his command. He 
commanded the respect and admiration of the entire Navy and his loss 
was keenly felt. 

3. General Braxton Bragg (b. 1817, d. 1876) was born in Warren County, 
North Carolina, and was educated at West Point. In the Mexican War 
he was breveted on three separate occasions for gallant conduct. He re- 
signed from the army in 1850, and settled on a plantation at Thibodeaux, 
La. At the opening of the Civil War he was made a brigadier-general in 
the Confederate army, and on the death of A. S. Johnston at Shiloh suc- 
ceeded him in command, with the full rank of general. After the battle 
of Perryville he was relieved of his command and placed under arrest by 
the Confederate authorities. He was almost immediately released, how- 
ever, and restored to his former rank. He was again relieved after defeat 
at Mission Ridge, and was called to Richmond as military adviser to the 
Confederate president, with whom he was a great favorite. At the close 
of the Civil War he was engaged as chief engineer in the improvements 
in Mobile Bay. 

4. David Glascoe Farragut (b. 1801, d. 1870) was the most illustrious 
naval officer of the Union in the Civil War. His naval career began at 
the early age of eleven, when he served on board the "Fssex" in the War 
of 1812 (§379'>. He then received the highest praise from Commodore Por- 
ter in his official report of a battle with the British "Argus,"' and would 
have been promoted in rank had he been old enough to allow of it. 
Aside from an attack and capture of a pirate stronghold in Cuba, in 1823, 
Farragut saw no active service until the war broke out in 1801, when he 
had advanced to the rank of captain. He received the thanks of Con- 
gress for his gallant capture of New Orleans, and was placed first on the 
list of rear-admirals. After the capture of Mobile (§560) Farragut again 
received the thanks of Congress, and a new grade of rank, that of vice- 
admiral was created for him : this was followed in July, 1800, by the crea- 
tion of the still higher rank of Admiral, which was conferred on him as a 
mark of most distinguished honor. The following year Farragut joined 
the European squadron, to the command of which he had been appointed, 
and every-where received marks of the highest respect from the foreign 
powers. After his return from this command his health began to fail, 
and, while on a journey for its improvement, he died at the Portsmouth 
navy-yard. 



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CHAPTER XXXVII. 

NINETEENTH ADMINISTRATION EVENTS OF 1862 {Continued). 

Abraham Lincoln, President. Hannibal Hamlin, Vice-president . 

516. On the 8th of March, 1862, a strange-looking craft 
appeared in Hampton Roads. It was the old United States 
steamer Merritnac, now in Confederate service, cut down to 
the water's edge and fitted with a sharp steel prow and a 
sloping iron-plated roof. Steering directly for the sloop-of- 
war Cumberland, it so disabled her by one blow of her steel 
beak that she sank, with her flag flying and with all her 
men on board. 1 

517. The United States frigate Congress was next attacked. 
She was run ashore, but the Merrimdc poured into her such 
a storm of shot and shell that she was forced to surrender. 
The new sea-monster then retired to Norfolk, intending to 
complete its work of destruction the next day. Early in the 
morning it steamed out again, and approached the steam 
frigate Minnesota; but before it had fired a gun a new cham- 
pion appeared upon the scene. 

518. It was the iron-clad Monitor of Captain Ericsson, 2 
which had arrived from New York during the night, just in 
time for its first trial of strength. Its deck near the surface 
of the water was protected by a heavy iron sheathing; it 
was surmounted by an iron tower, which, slowly revolving, 
turned its two enormous guns in every direction. The duel 
between these odd antagonists was not unlike David fighting 
Goliath, for the Monitor was less than one fifth the burden 
of the Merritnac. But the shot and shells of the latter rolled 
harmlessly off the iron sheathing of her little opponent, while 
her huge beak passed above the deck and could not reach 
the tower. The Monitor glided nimbly away from every 

U. S. H.— 19. (289) 



290 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



charge, and found out every 
weak spot in the Merrimads 
armor, where a heavy ball 
from her guns could make a 
leak. 

519. At length, unable 
either to silence her assailant 




Monitor and Merrimac. 



or to engage any other vessel while she was present, the Mer- 
rimac withdrew to Norfolk for repairs. She was blown up 
by the Confederates two months later, on the surrender of 
Norfolk to the United States. The national government im- 
mediately contracted with Captain Ericsson for a fleet of 
" Monitors," which effectually defended the coast, and made 
the United States for a time the greatest naval power in the 
world. 

520. The movement toward Richmond by the 

Union forces was attended with tremendous difficulties and 
losses, and no favorable result. A second march to Manas- 



BATTLES IN V IRC, IN '/.-/. 291 

sas was rewarded by the capture of Quaker guns 3 and an 
empty camp. The Army of the Potomac was then removed 
to Fortress Monroe, and spent a month and more in digging 
intrenchments — and graves — in the deep mud of the penin- 
sula which had witnessed the surrender of Cornwallis (§302). 
When, at length, the Federals were ready to assault York- 
town, the Confederates again gave them the slip, and re- 
treated towards Richmond. 

521. A battle at Williamsburg resulted in loss to both 
and gain to neither party, except that the Confederate gen- 
eral succeeded in covering the retreat of 'his baggage-train. 
The Federals kept the hard-won field, and buried their dead. 
McClellan then slowly advanced, and after two weeks saw 
the spires and roofs of Richmond. The Confederate Con- 
gress hastily adjourned, and a mass of retreating fugitives 
clogged all the roads to the southward. 

522. Defense of Richmond. — But while McClellan 
awaited reinforcements, J. E. Johnston, the Confederate 
commander-in-chief, warded off his intended blow by send- 
ing "Stonewall" Jackson up the Shenandoah Valley to 
threaten Washington. This brilliant dash was successful in 
preventing McDowell's march to the aid of McClellan, and 
the attack upon Richmond. 

523. A two days' battle at Fair Oaks would probably 
have ended in victory to the Confederates but for the dis- 
abling of their chief by a serious wound. General Robert 
E. Lee, 4 who succeeded him, had time to raise immense 
numbers of recruits and strengthen the defenses of Rich- 
mond ; and by severing McClellan from his supplies, forced 
him to move his army to the James. This difficult move- 
ment was only accomplished with seven days' tremendous 
fighting, usually successful, but fearfully costly of life. The 
Federal army, still outnumbering its enemy, then posted 
itself at Harrison's Landing below Richmond. 



292 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



524. Washington was now seriously threatened. Gen- 
eral Pope, commanding the Union forces in northern Vir- 
ginia, was defeated at Cedar Mountain, and three weeks later 
had to encounter the whole army of Lee on the 
old battle-field of Bull Run. Two days' fighting 
ended in a severe defeat of the Federals ; and, after another 

sharp conflict at C/iantilly, 

Pope retreated to Washing- 

gl^ ton and resigned his com- 




mand. 

525. Lee crossed the 
Potomac and invaded Mary- 
land, pursued by McClellan, 
who had restored the Union 
army to perfect condition 
after its ruinous campaign. 
Stonewall Jackson seized Har- 
per's Ferry with its arsenal of 
cannon and small arms, and 
twelve thousand Union pris- 
oners; but on the same day 
Lee was defeated at South 
Mountain, and his northward march was arrested. 



Robert E 



526. Battle of Antietam. — At Sharpsburg, in the beau- 
tiful valley of Antietam, one of the most terrific battles of 
the war was fought, on the 17th of September. For four- 
teen hours the mountains echoed to the roar of five hundred 
cannon and mortars, and when night came 25,000 men lay 
dead or wounded upon the field; but neither side could 
claim a victory. Lee retreated into Virginia, followed at a 
distance by McClellan, who was soon afterward relieved of 
command by General Burnside, of Rhode Island. 

527. Battle of Fredericksburg. — Burnside advanced 
in December to attack the strong Confederate works in the 



NOTES. 



293 



rear of Fredericksburg on the Rappahannock. The assault 
was made with splendid courage and steadiness, and was five 
times renewed under a storm of cannon-balls, but it was re- 
pulsed with a loss of twelve thousand Union men. 

528. General Results. — The year had been, on the 
whole, disastrous to the national interests in the East, though 
the control of the Atlantic coast had been extended by the 
recovery of Norfolk in Virginia, of Roanoke Island and 
several points in North Carolina, of Fort Pulaski near Sa- 
vannah, and of the eastern ports of .Florida. 

On the other hand the year had been marked by great 
successes in the J Test, and only two posts on the Mississippi, — 
Vicksburg and Port Hudson, — were held by the Confed- 
eracy. The operations against Vicksburg were 
checked for a time by the destruction of Grant's 
magazines of supplies at Holly Springs, in Mississippi, by 
General Van Dorn and his cavalry. Fifteen hundred pris- 
oners were taken, and the property destroyed was variously 
valued at from one to four millions of dollars. 

NOTES. 

1. "Through the hole she had made, large enough for a man to enter, 
tlic water poured in. In vain Lieutenant Morris, who commanded the 
"Cumberland," worked the pumps to keep her afloat a few moments 
more, hoping that a lucky shot might find some weaker place. He only 
abandoned his guns, as, one after another, the settling of the sinking ship 
swamped them in the water. The last shot was fired by Matthew Tenney 
from a gun on a level with the water. That brave man then attempted 
to escape through the port-hole, but was borne back by the incoming 
rush, and went down with the ship. With him went down nearly one 
hundred dead, sick, and wounded, and those who, like him, could not ex- 
tricate themselves. The "Cumberland" sank in fifty-four feet of water. 
The commander of her assailant saw the flag of the unconquered but 
sunken ship still flying above the surface. "—Draper. 

2. John Ericsson was born, in 1803, in the province of Vermeland, 
Sweden ; and at an early age displayed great mechanical ability. After 
serving some years as an engineer in the Swedish army, he went to En- 
gland, where he introduced several important inventions which attracted 
great attention and gained the inventor several medals and prizes. His 
invention of the propeller not being well received, however, he came to 
the United States in 1889, and two years later built a war steamer, the 
"Princeton," for the Government, which was the first steamship ever 
built with the propeller machinery. This vessel Was also furnished with 
numerous other ingenious inventions of Ericsson's which have since 
come into common use. The revolving turret, however, is the most im- 
portant of Ericsson's inventions, and has caused a complete change in the 
naval architecture of the world. 



294 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



3. "Quaker guns" are wooden imitations of cannon, frequently used 
to deceive an enemy as to the strength of a position. 

4. Robert Edward Lee (b. 1807, d. 1870) was one of the ablest generals, 
and one of the most noble characters brought into prominence by the 
Civil War. He was born at Stafford House, Westmoreland County, Va., 
and graduated, second in his class, at West Point in 1829. He displayed 
his great ability, and was employed in the most responsible positions 
even during the times of peace, and when war was declared with Mexico 
he was appointed chief engineer. The professional ability and personal 
bravery there displayed added new laurels to his fame, and rapidly won 
him the brevets of major, lieutenant-colonel, and colonel. At the close 
of the war he was recognized by the army as the fitting successor of Gen- 
eral Scott whenever the latter should retire from the head of the army. 

A letter written to his sister after the secession of Virginia plainly indi- 
cates his feeling in regard to the < 'ivil War, and sets forth his reason for giv- 
ing his services to the Confederate cause. In it he says : " Now we are in a 
state of war which will yield to nothing. The whole South is in a state 
of revolution, into which Virginia, after a long struggle, has been drawn ; 
and though I recognize no necessity for this state of things, and would 
have forborne and pleaded to the end for redress of grievances, real or 
supposed, yet in my own person I had to meet the question whether I 
would take part against my native state. With all my devotion to the 
Union, and the feeling of loyalty and duty of an American citizen, I have 
not been able to make up my mind to raise my hand against my rela- 
tives, my children, and my home. I have therefore resigned my com- 
mission in the army, and, save in the defense of my native state, with the 
hope that my poor services will never be needed, I hope I may never be 
called on to draw my sword." 

During the first year of the war, although one of five generals appointed 
by the Confederate Congress, Lee was kept in the background, but on his 
appointment as commander-in-chief, in 1802, new life was infused into the 
armies under him, and that energy which never flagged to the bitter end 
began to make itself felt. Although outnumbered,— sometimes by more 
than two to one,— he kept up the unequal light for three years, and in 
the battles during that period usually inflicted far heavier losses than 
he received. Probably not even Napoleon was so devotedly loved by his 
soldiers as was Lee, and under his command they were almost invincible. 
He has been charged with grave mistakes in several instances, such as 
the invasion of Pennsylvania, which led to the defeat at Gettysburg, and 
the defense of Petersburg: but in these two, at least, the only error that 
can be assigned him is in giving way, against his own judgment and ad- 
vice, to a higher political authority. 

The war left him homeless and penniless, and he gladly accepted the 
presidency of what is now called the " Washington and Lee University," 
at Lexington, Va. Here, after a quiet, useful life of five years, he died. 
It is worthy of record that during these last years he used all his influ- 
ence, in a quiet way, to remove the bitter sectional feelings induced by 
the war. 



CHAPTER XXXVIII. 

NINETEENTH ADMINISTRATION EVENTS OF 1 863. 

Abraham Lincoln, President. Hannibal Hamlin, Vice-president. 




A Truce in the Trenches. 



529. The year 1863 opened with the greatest event of 
the war. Until July of 1862 the President had acted in 
all sincerity upon his avowed intention to leave slavery un- 
molested in the states where it existed, though his party was 
pledged to prevent its extension into new states and terri- 
tories. General Butler had indeed confiscated the negroes 
whom he found employed upon the Confederate earthworks 
near Fortress Monroe, considering them as "contraband of 

(295) 



296 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



war," and they had been fed and protected as Union ref- 
ugees. But when Fremont, in Missouri, and other generals, 
had undertaken to liberate the slaves of those who were 
fighting against the Government, the President had disap- 
proved and reversed their action. 

530. The South, on the other hand, had declared one 
chief object of secession to be the founding of a republic, 
of which African slavery should be the corner-stone. If 
the war was ever to end, this corner-stone must be removed. 
On the 22d of September, 1862, five days after the battle of 
Antietam, President Lincoln issued a proclamation declaring 
that aftej* one hundred days ' ' all persons held as slaves 
within any state or designated part of a state, the people 
whereof shall be in rebellion against the United States, shall 
be then, thenceforward, and forever free." 

531. The Emancipation became effective on the first 
day of January, 1863. Freedmen were invited to enter the 
service of the United States, and regiments of colored troops 
were organized in South Carolina and Kansas. Free negroes 
had already been armed and drilled for Confederate service, 
and General Butler, commanding at New Orleans, had re- 
ceived several such regiments into the armies of the United 
States. Within the year more than fifty thousand colored 
men had enlisted as soldiers and sailors, and they contrib- 
uted much to the final victories of the Union on the Mis- 
sissippi. 

532. Chancellorsville. — In January, 1863, General 
Hooker 1 succeeded to the command of the Army of the 
Potomac. He found it greatly demoralized: 80,000 men and 
3,000 officers were absent from their posts. His rigorous 
discipline soon made it the "finest army on the planet." 

It was defeated, however, in a two days' battle at 

May 2, 3. . 

Chancellorsville, with a loss of 17,000 men. To 
the South the joy of victory was clouded by the loss of 
"Stonewall" Jackson, 2 whose impetuous charge with 25,000 



INVASION OF PENNSYLVANIA. 



297 



men upon the Union right had decided the fortunes of the 
day. He was returning in the evening to his camp, when 
he was fired upon through a blunder of some of his own 
men, and was mortally wounded. 

533. New York Riots. — The Southern leaders were now 
ready for a vigorous in- 
vasion of the North, and 
their cause seemed about 
to triumph. The Union 
armies were weakened by 
the expiration of terms 
of enlistment, and a riot 
broke out in New York 
in resistance to a draft. 
For three days the dis- 
orders continued; a col- 
ored orphan asylum and 
an armory were plun- 
dered and burned; ne- 
groes were assaulted and 
even killed by the mob. 
The peace party had gained strength by the long continu- 
ance of the war, with its ruinous cost in blood and treasure; 
and the force of the Government was correspondingly dimin- 
ished. 

534. Invasion of the North. — Perhaps nothing could 
so effectually have reunited and nerved the Northern people 
as the actual invasion of their soil. Lee advanced to Cham- 
bersburg, in Pennsylvania, and on the 1st of July met the 
Army of the Potomac at Gettysburg. General Meade 3 was 
in command, having superseded Hooker only two days be- 
fore. The armies were equal in numbers, each counting 
eighty thousand men, but the Union forces had greatly the 
advantage in a strong natural position along the crest of 
Cemetery Ridge. 




Stonewall Jackson. 



298 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

535. Battle of Gettysburg. — Three days the battle 
raged which was deciding the fate of a continent. On either 
side men admired the magnificent valor and steadiness of 
their opponents. Finally, on the afternoon of July 3d, the 
flower of the Confederate army, 18,000 strong, made a des- 
perate charge upon the center of the Union line, and in the 
face of a terrible fire forced their way into the very intrench- 
ments. Here fierce hand-to-hand fighting lasted a few min- 
utes, and then the assailants gave way. The Southern loss 
is said to have been 36,000 men; that of the North, 23.000. 
The battle-field was afterwards consecrated as a national 
cemetery. 

536. The retreat of Lee and the surrender of 
Vicksburg occurred at the same hour, and the result of 
the war was no longer doubtful. The great stronghold of 
the Mississippi had been invested by the Federal armies on 
the 19th of May. Their terrific bombardment on the three 
following days failed to take the place, and a regular siege 
began. Citizens refused to leave the town, but dug caves in 
the damp earth of the hill-sides to avoid the storm of mortar- 
shells exploding in their streets. 

537. The Confederate soldiers, who had been sadly de- 
moralized by five severe defeats within twenty days, recov- 
ered themselves within the strong works of Vicksburg. 
Often their pickets were posted within ten yards of those of 
the Federals ; and, laying aside their arms by mutual con- 
sent, the men would spend the night-watches in friendly 
chat, regardless of the fact that they might be ordered to 
become each other's murderers before another sun should 
set. But these informal truces never made either party less 
brave or less obedient when the stern command was given. 

538. End of the Siege.— The outworks of Vicksburg, 
— Haines's Bluff and Chickasaw Landing, — were soon gained 
by the Federals, and the latter became their base of sup- 



OPE XING OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 299 



plies. Both parties suffered from want of water and from 
the poisonous vapors of the swamps during the burning days 
and chilly nights of June. The Confederates, besides, were 
pinched with hunger, and exhausted by forty-seven days and 
nights of unrelieved duty in the trenches, when on the 3d 
of July General Pemberton proposed a surrender. It took 
place on the 4th, — 15 generals, 31,600 men, and 172 can- 
non, — the greatest surrender of men and material that had 
then ever been made in war, and only surpassed since in the 
capture of Metz and Paris by the Germans. 

539. Port Hudson, which had been enduring a similar 
siege by General Banks, surrendered four days later 

. . July 8. 

than Vicksburg. The war was ended on the Mis- 
sissippi ; the divided members of the Confederacy were never 
reunited ; and the great river flowed, unvexed by hostile 
craft, from Minnesota to the Gulf. 

540. Morgan's Raid. — During this eventful month of 
July the Confederate General Morgan made a dash into In- 
diana and Ohio with 4,000 cavalry. He entered the former 
state at Brandenburg, and, after scouring the country around 
Cincinnati, thought to leave Ohio at Parkersburg. Here, 
however, his retreat was cut off by the Federal gun-boats in 
the Ohio River, and he was overtaken by the state militia. 
Most of his men were captured, and he spent four months 
in the penitentiary at Columbus. 

541. Autumn of 1863. — The most important events of 
the autumn were in the mountain region of eastern Ten- 
nessee and northern Georgia. Throughout the South the 
people of the mountainous regions were ready to aid and 
support the National cause ; and the Government desired to 
protect them, as well as to hold the great natural barriers 
between the Atlantic slope and the Mississippi Valley. 

542. The cliff, which the Indians had named Chattanooga, 
or Eagle's Nest, rises like a wall two thousand feet from the 



300 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



:=:.--: 




1 ~ -^1. ■ ,-'i>i-.j-.:w 



- fr r ^im 



Lookout Mountain. 



banks of the Tennessee. Its English name is Lookout 
Mountain, while the Indian name of the cliff has been ap- 
plied to the town near its base. This was and is a great 
railway center, through which the whole interior of the 
cotton region is connected with the North. Missionary 
Ridge, on the east and south, was the boundary of the Cher- 
okee Nation before its removal to the westward ; and here, 
two hundred years ago, the French missionaries held their 
schools of native children. * 

543. Siege of Chattanooga.— General Rosecrans, dur- 
ing the summer of 1863, gained all Tennessee for the Union 



CAMPAIGN NBA R CHA TTANOOGA. 301 

cause; but in September he was severely defeated on the 
Chickamauga River, nine miles from Chattanooga, and was 
closely besieged for two months in the town by General 
Bragg. At this point Rosecrans was relieved of command ; 
and the three military departments of the Ohio, the Ten- 
nessee, and the Cumberland were united under General 
Grant. He arrived at Chattanooga, October 23, and in five 
days threw open the road to Nashville, by which abundant 
supplies reached the starving National troops. As the first 
provision train steamed into the station, soldiers, sick with 
hunger, thronged to embrace the very locomotive as if it had 
been a living friend. 

544. Their health and spirits were suddenly restored. 
General Thomas, 4 who had saved the battle on the Chicka- 
mauga from being a rout, commanded the Army of the Cum- 
berland. General Hooker arrived from Virginia with 23,000 
men ; Sherman, with four divisions of his victorious army of 
the Tennessee, came to have part in the decisive battle which 
was now to be fought for the possession of the gate-way to 
the South. 

545. Battle of Lookout Mountain. — On the 23d of 
November Thomas seized and fortified Orchard Knob, ad- 
vancing the National line one mile beyond that which the 
Confederates had occupied a few hours before. Here Grant 
stationed himself to watch the great battle-field thirteen miles 
in length. The next day Hooker charged up Lookout Moun- 
tain above the river mists which settled densely in the valley. 
All the morning the battle raged "above the clouds;" but 
the victory was complete. The next day Hooker descended 
the north-eastern slope and advanced to the Rossville Gap 
in Missionary Ridge, while Sherman carried the northern 
end of the same range, and forced Bragg to weaken his 
center to save his extreme right. 

546. Battle of Missionary Ridge. — While the Con- 
federates were making this difficult movement, the decisive 



3° 2 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



blow was struck by the Army of the Cumberland, which, 
dashing over the plain at a full run, with their bayonets held 
in a dazzling, wavering line, charged up Missionary Ridge 

under a plunging fire from 
the Confederate guns. Fifty- 
five minutes from their first 
movement they were in full 
possession of the ridge; and 
the cannon at the summit 
had not cooled when they 
were wheeled about and fired 
against their late masters. 
Sheridan pursued and cap- 
tured most of the artillery 
which Bragg had removed. 
547. Sherman immediately 
pushed northward to the re- 
lief of Burnside, who was 
shut up in Knoxvillc by Gen- 
eral Longstreet.'' The latter, with superior numbers, at- 
tacked him as soon as he heard of the Confederate defeat 
at Chattanooga. Burnside's men fought bravely, though 
weakened by short rations, and the attack was repulsed. 




NOTES. 



1. Joseph Hooker (6. 1814, <l. 1879) was born at lladley, Mass., and grad- 
uated at West Point in 183' . His first active service was in the war against 
the Seminoles. In the Mexican War he was distinguished by three suc- 
cessive brevets, rising to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. In ISoo he re- 
signed from the army, and engaged in farming in California. At the out- 
break of the war in 1861 he tendered his services to the United States, and 
was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers. Throughout the war he 
was noted for his personal bravery, and came to be known as " Fighting 
Joe." He retired in 1868 on the full rank of major-general. 

2. Jonathan Thomas Jackson was born in 1824 at Clarksburg, Harrison 
County, in what is now West Virginia. He graduated at West Point in 
1846, but after gallant service in the Mexican War he resigned from the 
army, having accepted an appointment to a chair in the Virginia State 
Military Institute at Lexington. Here he remained in comparative ob- 
scurity until 1861, when he at once tendered his services to the Southern 
Confederacy. He was exactly two years in its service, being placed in 
command of Harper's Ferry, May 2d, 1861, and falling at Chancellorsville, 
Mav2d, 18(|.!. Mis Arm stand at Bull Hun changed the fortunesof the day, 



.VOTES. 303 



and gained for him and his brigade the undying name of " Stonewall." 
In his " Valley Campaigns," with a comparatively petty force, he struck 
blow after blow with a rapidity and secrecy that were marvellous, and 
managed to neutralize a Federal force aggregating 70,000 men. He thus 
rained McClellan's general plans, and Inspired the gravest fears in the 
North for the safety of Washington. In the history of Chancellorsville, 
by Hotchkiss and Allan, Jackson is thus spoken of: 

"He was the most remarkable man produced by our Civil War. His 
previous comparative obscurity, bis rapid rise to power and fame, his 
wonderful achievements with means always limited, and success almost 
unbroken, the mighty enthusiasm with which he inspired soldiers and 
people, gave to his career the character of romance, and seem rather the 
fancied story of some knight of old than the history of a simple, unpre- 
tending citizen." .... "He fell ere his victory was completed, but 
enough had been done to fill up the full measure of his fame." 

3. George Gordon Meade was born at Cadiz, Spain, in 1815, where his 
father was at that time United States naval agent. Meade graduated at 
West Point in 1835, and served with distinction against the Seminoles and 
throughout the Mexican War. On bis return from the latter the citizens 
of Philadelphia presented him with a sword. He was in many of the 
hardest fought battles of the war, and at Antietam was slightly wounded 
and had two horses shot under him. For his hard-won victory at Gettys- 
burg he received the thanks of Congress, and after the war closed many 
honors were bestowed upon him. The citizens (if Philadelphia presented 
bis wife with a house, and, after his death in 1872, subscribed a fund of 
$100,000 for his family. 

4. George Henry Thomas (b. 1816, d. 1870) was born in Southampton 
County, Va., and graduated at West Point in 1810. The next year he was 
breveted for gallantry in the war with the Seminoles, and during the 
Mexican War he was advanced to the rank of brevet major. During the 
1 i v 1 • years immediately preceding the Civil War, Thomas, as major of the 
Second Cavalry, was stationed in Texas. Of this regiment A.S. Johnston 
was colonel, Robert E. Lee lieutenant-colonel, W. J. Hardee senior major, 
with Kirby Smith, Fitz Hugh Lee, Hood, and others, as subordinate offi- 
cers, who afterwards became prominent on the Southern side during the 
war. Considering this fact, his surroundings, and the place of his birth, 
Thomas's adherence to the Union is remarkable. Few generals on either 
side did better service or so commanded the love and esteem of their sub- 
ordinates. His stand at Chickamauga alter the rout of the right and cen- 
ter, was one of the most heroic events of the war. When peace was de- 
clared Thomas had attained the rank of major-general of the regular 
army, and it is characteristic of the man that he refused the rank of lieu- 
tenant-general, tendered him in 1868, on the ground that he had done noth- 
ing since the war to deserve such promotion. Upon his death, Congress 
passed resolutions of sympathy, and military honors accompanied his 
burial at Troy, N. Y. 

5. General James Longstreet was born in South Carolina in 1820. but 
removed with bis family during his childhood to Alabama, from wiiich 
state he received his appointment to West Point. Here he graduated in 
L842, and in the Mexican War, which soon followed, he was advanced for 
gallant conduct to the rank of brevet major. 

He resigned his commission in 1801 to join the Confederate army, in 
which he bore a conspicuous part from the battle of Bull Run, where he 
commanded a brigade, to the close of the war, when he had attained the 
rank of lieutenant-general. He possessed something of Stonewall Jack- 
son's ability to draw out to the fullest extent the fighting qualities of the 
men in bis command. It was be that covered the retreat of Lee to Rich- 
mond after the battle of Williamsburg g 521). At Fair Oaks (£528) his 
troops bore the brunt of the battle, and during the seven days fighting 
that followed, were reduced in numbers nearly one half. Again, at Fred- 
ericksburg, in Virginia, and at Chickamauga, in Tennessee, it was Long- 
street's command that carried the day for the Confederates. After being 
driven from Knoxville by Sherman he joined Lee in Virginia, and was 
severely wounded in the battle of the Wilderness by his own troops. 

Since the war General Longstreet, accepting the situation, has done his 
utmost to restore liannony of feeling between the divided sections of bis 
country. In 1880 he was appointed U. S. minister to Constantinople. 



CHAPTER XXXIX. 

NINETEENTH ADMINISTRATION EVENTS OF 1 864. 

Abraham Lincoln, President. Hannibal Hamlin, Vice-president. 

548. The main military movement of the early months 
was the " Meridian raid" of part of Sherman's army. They 
destroyed all the railroads centering at Meridian, Mississippi, 
with their bridges and trestle-works, and made it impossible 
for the Confederates either to draw supplies from the state or 
to move large bodies of troops within it. 

549. Lieutenant-general Grant. — Congress revived 
the grade of lieutenant-general, hitherto borne only by Wash- 
ington and Scott, and in March General Grant was placed 
at the head of all the armies of the United States. Hence- 
forth there was no scattering of forces. Grant in the East, 
and Sherman in the West, acted upon one plan, which they 
had formed together in an interview at Cincinnati. 

550. Battles in the Wilderness. — The fortunes of the 
Confederacy now depended upon two armies : that of Gen- 
eral Lee, in Virginia, and that of General J. E. Johnston, in 
Georgia. Grant crossed the Rapidan and commenced his 
march to Richmond. All the obstacles that the highest mil- 
itary genius could invent, and that perfect valor and disci- 
pline could execute, were thrown in his way. Dense woods 
blocked his advance, and a two days' battle in this gloomy 
"Wilderness" cost 20,000 of his brave men; but acknowl- 
edging no defeat, he pressed on, intending to turn the Con- 
federate right flank and cut their line of connection with 
Richmond. 

551. Lee perceived the plan, and checked it by placing 
a division of his army upon Grant's road to Spottsylvania 

(304) 






MOVEMENTS TOWARD RICHMOND. 



3°5 



Court-house. Five days' severe fighting resulted in immense 
losses to both parties and no decided gain to either. Still 
Grant telegraphed, " I propose to fight it out on this line, if 
it takes all summer." He relied upon the superior resources 
of the North in men and means ; and thought that, the cam- 
paign once begun, the inter- 
est of all parties required 
him to push it through to 
the speediest possible con- 
clusion. 

552. Sheridan's Raid. 
— Of three side-movements 
which he had planned, only 
one succeeded. General 
Sigel was severely defeated 
in the Shenandoah Valley, 
and General Butler on the 
James. General Sheridan, 1 
however, made a brilliant 
cavalry dash around the 
rear of the Confederate 




Philip H. Sheridan. 



army, destroyed miles of railroad on which it depended for 
supplies, and even captured some of the outer defenses of 
Richmond. 

553. The Confederate General Early, meanwhile, with 
20,000 men, dashed down the Shenandoah Valley, crossed 
into Maryland and Pennsylvania, and threatened Washing- 
ton. It was saved, however, by the timely advance of Na- 
tional troops, and Early retreated. In October he was met 
by Sheridan, who defeated him twice, and drove him up the 
Valley. In a battle at Cedar Creek, the Confederates seemed 
likely to regain all that they had lost, for the Federals were 
driven four miles from their position; but Sheridan, hearing 
the roar of cannon thirteen miles away, galloped to the field 

just in time to rally his disordered lines and lead them back 
u. s. H.— 20. 



306 



HIST OR Y OF THE UNITED ST A TES. 



to victory. Washington was never again threatened by the 
Confederates. The beautiful Shenandoah Valley was left 
bare of every thing that could feed or tempt an army. 

554. Disaster at Petersburg. — Grant was still pushing 
his advance, resisted at every step. Crossing the James, he 
besieged both Richmond and Petersburg. At the latter 

place a mine was sprung 
under a Confederate fort, 
and the Union troops 
pressed forward over the 
ruins ; but they were met 
by a storm of shot and 
shell which destroyed four 
thousand lives in a few 
minutes. 

A first attempt upon the 
Weldon Railroad failed with 
immense loss; but in Au- 
gust that important line 
was secured by the Na- 
tional troops, and Rich- 
Joseph E. Johnston. mQnd wag Qut off frQm the 

South. The siege continued until April of 1865. 

555. Campaign in Georgia. — Sherman moved from 
Chattanooga toward Atlanta three days later than Grant 
entered upon his campaign in the Wilderness. His forces 
were nearly double those of Johnston, 2 who conducted a 
masterly retreat among the woods and mountains of north- 
ern Georgia. Avoiding a battle, Johnston intrenched him- 
self in the strongest positions where, if attacked, he always 
repulsed his enemy; but Sherman, by a skillful flank move- 
ment, always managed to seize his lines of supply and force 
him to fall back. 

556. In this way the two armies arrived near Atlanta, 
where Johnston was superseded by General Hood, and more 




SHERMAN IN GEORGIA. 



3°7 




active operations commenced. Johnston's cautious tactics, 

though they had displeased his superiors, were fully justified 

by the results. Hood wSb three times defeated within nine 

days, with a loss of 20,000 

men. Sherman broke up 

the railroads to the west 

and south of Atlanta, and 

managed to throw himself 

between two divisions of 

Hood's army, so that he 

could crush them both in 

succession. 

557. Destruction of 
Atlanta. — Thus out-gen- 
eraled and cut off from 
supplies, Hood destroyed 
what he could of the 
mills, foundries, and stores 
in Atlanta, and abandoned 
the place. Georgia, the "Empire State of the South," sur- 
passed all the other seceded states in the number and value 
of her manufactures. The destruction of the machine-shops, 
factories, and foundries, whence the greater part of its ma- 
terial of war had been derived, was an incalculable loss to 
the blockaded Confederacy. 

558. Sherman's March to the Sea. — Hood pushed 
northward into Tennessee, expecting that Sherman would 
follow him. But this was no part of the Federal plan. 
Leaving Generals Schofield and Thomas to complete the de- 
struction of Hood's army, Sherman :i burned Atlanta, and 
moved rapidly toward the sea, with his army of 60,000 
men. Moving in four columns, living upon the country as 
they went, tearing up and twisting iron rails so as utterly 
to destroy railway connections, the conquering army left a 
track of desolation sixty miles in width behind it. No 



William T. Sherman. 



308 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

effective resistance was encountered, for all able-bodied men 
were in Confederate camps. The South had put forth her 
last efforts, and the Confederacy was indeed "an empty 

shell." 

559. The city of Savannah was abandoned, after Fort 
McAllister had been taken by storm, and it was occupied 
by General Sherman, December 21. 

General Butler's attempt upon Fort Fisher, which guarded 
Wilmington, in North Carolina, failed a few days later; but 
Commodore Porter 4 maintained his position with his gun- 
boats, and upon the arrival of fresh troops the fort was taken, 
January 15, 1865. The last port of the Confederacy was 
now closed. 

560. Mobile Bay. — The forts and floating defenses of 
Mobile harbor had been taken in August, by Admiral Far- 
ragut, in one of the most remarkable naval actions of the 
war. The approaches from the Gulf were well guarded, 
not only by forts and batteries on shore, but by sunken tor- 
pedoes, and by a powerful fleet, commanded by the highest 
officer of the Confederate navy. The fourteen Federal ves- 
sels that were outside the bar advanced, "two abreast and 
lashed together," delivering their broadsides of heavy shot 
with perfect precision as they passed the forts. Four Federal 
iron-clads already within the bar joined in the battle, which 
was kept up for three hours with great spirit and resolution on 
both sides. The severest conflict was with the Confederate 
ram Tennessee, which engaged five Union vessels at once, 
but at length surrendered. Mobile Bay was restored to the 
nation, and blockade-running ceased in the Gulf. Charleston 
had been besieged since June of 1863 by Admiral Dahlgren 
and General Gillmore. 

561. Re-election of Lincoln. — At the autumn election 
of 1864 Abraham Lincoln was chosen President by an im- 
mense majority in the loyal states, Andrew Johnson, of 



NOTES. 309 

Tennessee, being Vice-president. Congress voted an amend- 
ment 5 to the Constitution, declaring that "neither slavery 
nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, 
shall exist within the United States, or in any place subject 
to their jurisdiction." In due time this amendment was rat- 
ified by the legislatures of more than two thirds of the states, 
and became a fundamental law of the land. 

NOTES. 

1. Philip Henry Sheridan was born in Somerset, Perry County, Ohio, 
in 1831, and received bis education at West Point. Until the breaking out 
of the Civil War lie was stationed most of the time in Texas and on the 
Pacific coast. He was then made chief quartermaster to the army of 
South-western Missouri, and it was not until May of 1802 that he was 
transferred to a cavalry command. He immediately began to show that 
ability and energy which afterwards caused him to be recognized as the 
most able cavalry leader of the war. For defeating a superior cavalry 
force at Booneville^Miss., on July 1st, 1862, he was made brigadier-general, 
and, the following December, was advanced to the rank of major-general 
for gallant action at Murfreesborough. At Chickamauga he again dis- 
tinguished himself: and, at the head of his division, fearlessly led the 
charge up Missionary Ridge. When Grant was made lieutenant-general 
of the United States armies in 1804, he had Sheridan transferred to the 
East, and gave him command of the cavalry in the Army of the Potomac. 
The many brilliant raids and hard-won victories which followed, increased 
his fame ; and the decisive battle of Five Forks, conducted by Sheridan 
with rare skill, compelled Lee to evacuate Petersburg. 

Sheridan's rank is now lieutenant-general of the regular army, and his 
head-quarters are at Chicago, Illinois. 

2. Joseph Eccleston Johnston was born in Prince Edward County, 
Va., in 1807, and graduated at West Point in 1829. Of all the Southern 
generals, he had held the senior rank in the United States army, and, 
notwithstanding a great deal of unjust criticism, he probably did more 
for the Confederate cause than any general except Lee. 

He had had extensive experience on the western frontier, against the 
P'lorida Indians, and in the Mexican War. During the latter he was 
twice wounded, and for his gallantry was three times breveted, rising to 
the rank of colonel. In 1860 he had attained the rank of brigadier-general 
of start', and held this position when he resigned his commission April 
22d, 1861, and cast his lot with the Confederacy. After the surrender of 
his army to General Sherman, he addressed the following order to his 
troops : 

"Comrades: In terminating our official relations, I earnestly exhort 
you to observe faithfully the terms of pacification agreed upon; and to 
discharge the obligations of good and peaceful citizens, as well as you 
have performed the duties of thorough soldiers in the field. By such a 
course you will best secure the comfort of your families and kindred, and 
restore tranquillity to our country." 

3. William Tecumseh Sherman was born in Lancaster, Ohio, in 1820. 
When he was nine years of age his father died, and the Hon. Thomas 
Ewingtook Sherman into his family. After graduating at West Point in 
1840, Sherman saw active service in the Seminole War, but took no part in 
the Mexican War which followed. At that time he was stationed on the 
Pacific coast, where he remained until 1850. He then was sent to New 
York as bearer of dispatches, and while there was married to Ellen Ewing, 
daughter of his benefactor. He resigned from the army in 1853, and en- 
gaged in banking in San Francisco and New York. During 18.58 and 1859 



3io HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



he practiced law in Leavenworth, and on January 1, 1860, he assumed the 
duties of superintendent of the "Louisiana state Seminary of Learning* 
and Military Academy" at Alexandria. When it seemed probable that 
the state would join in the secession movement, Sherman demanded 
his release from the governor of the state. His request was granted, and 
in February of 1861 Sherman removed to St. Louis. Being appointed 
colonel in the regular army, he embarked in the war, commanding 
a division at the memorable battle of Bull Run. After that battle, he 
was made brigadier-general of volunteers and transferred to the West. 
His action there soon stamped him as an able commander, and in his 
official report of the battle of Shiloh General Grant said, "I am indebted 
to General Sherman for the success of the battle." His gallant service 
during the sirice of Vicksburg was rewarded by the rank of brigadier- 
general in the regular army. When Grant was made lieutenant-general, 
he had Sherman appointed as his successor in chief command of the 
Western armies of the Union, and the latter immediately began to pre- 
pare for that "March to the Sea," which is one of the most celebrated 
events in our history. 

After Grant's resignation of the office, Sherman was appointed General 
of the army, and still holds that position, with head-quarters at Wash- 
ington. 

4. David Dixon Porter was born in Philadelphia in 1813. His father 
was David Porter, who did such gallant service in the War of 1812 (§379). 
Both father and son entered the service of Mexico in her war with Spain, 
and when the latter was only fourteen years of age he was engaged in a 
very bloody sea-fight with a much superior Spanish vessel. That war 
closing, young Porter entered the United States Navy, and after a long 
interval of peace, during which he served in the Mediterranean squadron, 
and on the coast survey at home, the Mexican War gave him an oppor- 
tunity of adding fresh laurels to an already famous name. His first 
service in the ( 'ivil War was the relief of Fort Pickens, and he then im- 
mediately began the construction and organization of the mortar flotilla 
which did such effective work in the reduction of New Orleans and 
Vicksburg. Porter's aid in capturing the last point won him the rank of 
rear-admiral, and he was given command of all the naval forces on the 
western rivers above New Orleans. Being transferred to the North At- 
lantic blockading squadron, Porter crowned his valuable services to the 
Union by the capture of Fort Fisher at Wilmington, N. C. He was made 
vice-admiral in 1866, and for the four succeeding years had charge of the 
naval school at Annapolis. In 1870, on the death of Farragut, he suc- 
ceeded to the highest rank, as Admiral of the Navy of the United States. 

5. It will be noticed that the wording of this amendment is identical, 
in part, with that of the act establishing the North-west Territory (§324), 
and with the language of the Wilmot Proviso (H'J°> Note). 



CHAPTER XL. 

TWENTIETH ADMINISTRATION EVENTS OF 1865. 

Abraham Lincoln, President. Andrew Johnson, Vice-president. 

562. Sherman in South Carolina. — After a month's 
rest in Savannah, Sherman pursued his "grand march" 
through the Carolinas. Columbia was taken, February 17, 
after its stores of cotton had been set on fire. The flames 
spread to dwellings, and a great part of the city was con- 
sumed. General Hardee found it necessary to abandon 
Charleston. The immense magazines of cotton were kindled 
by his orders; unhappily the fire reached a mass of powder, 
and two hundred lives were destroyed by the explosion.' 
Though every effort was made to arrest the flames, the fair 
city became a scene of ruin and desolation. 

563. Passing into North Carolina, Sherman was met 
by Johnston, who had been again placed in command. The 
latter was defeated at Averysboro and Benionville, and, April 
13, Sherman took possession of Raleigh. The forces of the 
Confederacy now consisted of the remnant of Johnston's 
troops and Lee's army of 40,000 men, which lay behind the 
earth-works of Richmond and Petersburg, hemmed in by 
Grant's 100,000 veterans. 

564. The Last Effort. — To disguise his plan of moving 
southward to join Johnston, Lee attacked and took Fort 
Steedman, but it was almost immediately recaptured. Three 
thousand men were lost in the vain assault, and Grant made 
no movement to relax his hold upon the Southern roads. 
On the first of April Sheridan advanced to Five Forks, 
twelve miles in the rear of Lee's position, and captured its 
garrison of 5,000 men. 

(3") 



3 1 2 HIST OR Y OF THE UNITED ST A TES. 

565. Advance upon Richmond. — The next morning 
the Union army advanced upon Richmond. Resistance 
was no longer possible. President Davis was in church 
when the news reached him that the lines were broken and 
that Lee was forced to retire from the capital. Measures 
were immediately taken for removing the papers and other 
property of the Confederate government. Citizens took the 
alarm, and soon the streets were clogged with wagons carry- 
ing household goods and valuables. The confusion in- 
creased all night. The city authorities ordered the destruc- 
tion of all intoxicating liquors; but some soldiers managed 
to secure a portion, and added the horrors of a mad carousal 
to those inseparable from the abandonment of the city. 

566. Burning of Richmond. — Four great store-houses 
of tobacco were set on fire by General Ewell's order; iron- 
clads were blown up; bridges burnt; the flames "leaped 
from street to street," and the roar of the conflagration was 
heard above the rumbling of wheels and all the other sounds 
of flight. On Monday morning, the 3d of April, the Na- 
tional forces occupied the Confederate capital. 

567. Lee's Surrender. — Lee retreated westward, closely 
pursued by Grant. His men had nothing to eat but the 
shoots of trees, and were so worn out that their progress was 
very slow. Arms were thrown away, and hundreds deserted 
at a time. Sheridan, with his cavalry, hung on his flanks, 
and captured thousands of prisoners. Finally, on the 9th, 
Lee surrendered his entire command, then consisting of less 
than 28,000 men, at Appomattox Court-house, Virginia. 
Officers and men, having given their word of honor to fight 
no more against the United States, "until properly ex- 
changed," were dismissed to their homes. Johnston sur- 
rendered 2 on similar terms to Sherman, April 26th, and 
the few scattered forces of the Confederacy followed the 
example. 



LINCOLN'S SECOND INAUGURATION. 



3 l 3 




Fortress Monroe. 



568. President Davis, after a feeble attempt to keep up 
the forms of a government at Danville, escaped to the south- 
ward. He was arrested by Union forces near Irwinsville, 
Georgia, and was held for two years a prisoner at Fortress 
Monroe. Then he was released on bail, and the proposed 
trial for treason never took place. 

569. Mr. Lincoln's second Inaugural Address, on 

the 4th of March, 1865, fairly stated the positions of the 
two parties in the Civil War: "Both read the same Bible, 
and pray to the same God ; and each invokes His aid 
against the other. . . . The prayers of both could not be 
answered. That of neither has been answered fully. The 
Almighty has his own purposes. . . . With malice towards 
none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right, as God 
gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work 
we are in, to bind up the Nation's wounds, ... to do all 
which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace 
among ourselves and with all nations." 

It was believed that the same just and manly spirit which 



314 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

had guided the nation through the tempest of civil war 
would best preside over its interests in the restoration of 
peace. But so it was not to be. 

570. Thanksgiving Day. — The fourth anniversary of 
the surrender of Sumter was appointed by the President as 
a day of thanksgiving for the close of the war. By his invita- 
tion a party of distinguished civilians repaired to Charleston, 

and witnessed the raising of the stars and stripes 

April 14. . ° . r 

above the ruined fort." He remained at his post 
in Washington. In the evening, learning that the people 
would be disappointed if he failed to appear at the theater, 
he went thither accompanied by his wife. A half-mad actor, 
named John Wilkes Booth, who had been nerving himself 
to the horrid deed by draughts of brandy, entered the Pres- 
ident's private box and shot him through the head; then, 
leaping to the stage, escaped, took horse, and spurred away 
into the darkness. At the same time another murderer vis- 
ited the house of Mr. Seward, who was ill in bed, and 
stabbed him several times, but not mortally. 

571. Death of the President. — Mr. Lincoln lingered 
until the next morning in unconsciousness, and then died. 
The horror and indignation excited by the wicked plot was 
not confined to the North. It was found, however, that 
only a few persons of no great reputation were concerned in 
it. 4 Booth was overtaken and shot, as he refused to surren- 
der; four of his accomplices were hanged, and three were 
imprisoned for life. 

As the funeral escort of the dead President passed through 
the northern cities to his old home in Springfield, Illinois, it 
was attended by many tokens of the love and grief of the 
people. 

572. The Seventeenth President. — Vice-president 
Andrew Johnson took the oath of the highest office on the 
day of Mr. Lincoln's death, and became the seventeenth 
President of the United States. 



NOTES. 315 

573. Nevada was the third state formed (1864) from the 
lands acquired from Mexico. Its rich silver mines, discov- 
ered in 1859, have drawn a crowd of adventurers; and in 
no state have such sudden and immense fortunes been made. 
Carson City and Virginia City are centers of mining interests. 

Several territories were divided during this period, and 
Dakota, Arizona, Idaho, and Montana received regular terri- 
torial governments. 

Read histories of the Civil War by Greeley, Draper, Stephens, Pol- 
lard, and Lossing: Moore's " Rebellion Record ; " Badeau's " Life of 

Grant;" Johnston's "Narrative of Military Operations.'' 

NOTES. 

1. " Some boys had discovered powder at the depot of the " North- 
western Railway," and amused themselves by throwing some of it on the 
burning cotton in the street. The powder dropping from their hands 
soon formed a train, along which fire ran to the large quantity stored at 
the depot. A terrible explosion followed, by which the city was shaken 
to its foundations." — Lossing. 

2. Terms of surrender were first agreed upon between Sherman and 
Johnston on the 18th of April. Put the terms were considered too liberal 
by the Government, and were refused. 

3. On this occasion a well-deserved compliment was paid to Anderson, 
then a major-general. With his own bands lie raised the identical Hag 
that he had been compelled to lower four years before. 

4. It was at first supposed that Jefferson Davis and a number of lead- 
ing Confederates were implicated in the plot, and President Johnson ac- 
cordingly ottered rewards for their capture : $100,000 for Davis, #25,000 each 
for fuur'others, and $10,000 for another. 



CHAPTER XLI. 

RESULTS OF THE CIVIL WAR. 

574. The war once over, all reasonable men were ready 
to join in repairing its wastes and forgetting its enmities. 
Doubtless there were selfish Northern adventurers, who cared 
only to make their own fortunes out of the poverty of the 
exhausted South and the ignorance of the freedmen ; while 
there were disappointed politicians, who, having failed to 
destroy the Government, used every opportunity to obstruct 
its action. Both these classes presented obstacles to the 
thorough restoration of peace, but their influence could not 
be lasting. 

575. The strength and the clemency of the great 
Republic were equally proved by the circumstances attend- 
ing the close of the war. The hopes of its enemies were 
disappointed. It had been said that the peaceful, industri- 
ous pursuits of the majority of the people had unfitted them 
for war; and that, used as they were to personal independ- 
ence, they would never submit to the needful discipline of 
the army. But it was found that men will fight most cheer- 
fully and bravely for a government that represents their will 
and promotes their prosperity, and that happy home-life, so 
far from destroying courage, is a strong incentive to it. 

576. Great anxiety was expressed, at the close of the 
war, lest the letting loose of more than a million of men, 
used to the rough disorders of camp-life, might endanger 
the 'security of the country. The very persons who had 
said "Americans will never fight," now predicted that they 
would never cease from fighting. But the disbanded citizen- 
soldiers gladly and peaceably returned to their homes, and 
public order was not seriously disturbed. 

(316) 



COSTS OF WAR. 317 



577. The National debt had increased to more than 
twenty-seven hundred millions of dollars. If to this be 
added the expenses of states, counties, and towns, the cost 
of the war was at least $4,000,000,000. Part of the sum 
was raised by the issue of "greenbacks;" i. e., the Gov- 
ernment's promises to pay certain amounts to the bearer; 
and these fell in value until $2.90 in paper had to be paid 
for $1.00 in gold. Gold and silver coin disappeared, and, 
until the Government provided a fractional paper currency, 
postage-stamps did duty as small change. 

578. Prosperity and Public Credit. — At the same 
time, the immense contracts given out by the Government 
afforded work to multitudes of people, and never were wages 
higher nor the appearances of prosperity greater than during 
the early years of the war. Though the war expenses toward 
the end of the great conflict exceeded in one year the whole 
cost of the Government from Washington to Buchanan, yet 
public credit was unshaken, and the loan called for in 
March, 1865, was taken to the amount of $530,000,000 in 
five months. 

579. The Confederate paper money was only a 
promise to pay certain sums, two or six months after the 
conclusion of peace between the Confederate States and the 
United States. As the hope of such a peace vanished, the 
currency became worthless, and was found scattered about 
the streets of Nashville and Atlanta like waste paper. The 
bonds of the Confederacy, of course, could never be paid. 

580. The loss of life during the war was not far from 
600,000 on both sides. It is impossible to number the lin- 
gering deaths of those whose health was ruined by exposure 
on battle-fields and in camps. Some idea of the maiming 
effects of war may be obtained from the fact that the United 
States provided more than seven thousand artificial limbs for 
disabled soldiers. 



318 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

581. If we ask what was gained by all this suffering 
and expenditure of life and treasure, we find that the South, 
before the war was over, gave up the two principles for which 
it was ostensibly made. The right of secession was indeed 
a principle which no government could admit, and, notwith- 
standing its assertion of state sovereignty, the Confederacy 
was from the very beginning more strongly centralized than 
the Union had ever been. Its leaders found, just as their 
fathers had found in Revolutionary times (§234), that a rope 
of sand is not strong enough to bear the strain of war. One 
flag, one uniform, were seen all through the South, and one 
will at Richmond controlled all movements. 

582. Abandonment of Slavery. — The other principle 
was far more reluctantly abandoned; but before Lee's sur- 
render the Confederate government, like that of the Union 
two years before, had come to the resolution to arm the ne- 
groes, and thus in the end to set them free. The two pur- 
poses of the war being thus given up, it might seem that the 
conflict itself should have ceased; and so it would, at an 
earlier date, if the people had been as well informed as its 
government. 

583. No one can hear without the warmest admiration of 
the sacrifices and sufferings of the Southern people. Cut 
off from their usual means of communication with the outer 
world, they were deluded by false rumors of success and 
false reports of the character of their opponents. Naturally, 
bitter prejudices prevailed; and it was long before the 
people found that their Northern fellow-countrymen were 
human like themselves, and that the real interests of all were 
the same. Before the end of the war, every man between 
the ages of seventeen and fifty-five had been called to the 
ranks; property every-where was seized by the Confederate 
government at its own prices. 100.000 soldiers deserted 
within a few weeks, not from cowardice, for no men were 
ever braver, but because their families were starving. 



SCIENCE AND HUMANITY IN WAR. 319 

584. The conduct of the war on both sides proved 
the progress of science. During some great battles, all the Na- 
tional major-generals were in council, though hundreds of 
miles apart, by the aid of electric wires. Fifteen thousand 
miles of military telegraph were sold when the war was over. 
The antiquated cannon and small arms with which the con- 
flict began were replaced by Dahlgrens, columbiads, and the 
most improved rifles, and in naval architecture America sur- 
passed all nations. 

585. Sanitary Commissions. — Never had science and 
human sympathy gained such victories over the horrid bru- 
talities of Avar. The United States Sanitary Commission dis- 
pensed twelve millions of dollars in money and supplies for 
the relief of the sick and wounded, and the Western Sanitary 
Commission, three millions more. But money could not meas- 
ure the service rendered : the home comforts added to the 
rough necessaries of the military hospital ; the ' ' feeding- 
stations " and night lodgings for soldiers returning home on 
sick-leave; the strength imparted by the assurance that their 
sufferings were gratefully remembered. 

586. The Christian Commission, also, shared the 
hardships of the march, the trench, the battle-field; and cared 
for both bodies and souls. It cheered the sick, comforted 
the dying, buried the dead. It supplied $5,000,000 in 
money and material. Both Commissions continued their 
kind offices after the war was over, providing homes for 
disabled soldiers and employment for those who needed it. 

587. Foreign Results of the War. — One sixth part 
of all the people in England depended for their daily bread 
upon the cotton manufacture, and suffered severely from the 
blockade (§497) which deprived them of their material for 
work. Lancashire weavers were starving; and neither Egypt 
nor India could supply cotton enough to give them employ- 
ment. Moreover, English manufacturers were injured by 



320 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the high tariff (§398) which excluded their goods from 
American markets, and a very strong and bitter feeling 
against the Union prevailed. The British government, how- 
ever, resisted all pressure which would have carried it into 
interference in the war. 

588. Napoleon III., Emperor of the French, be- 
lieving that the Union was already destroyed, sent an army 
to Mexico, thinking to establish an empire of the "Latin 
Race " in America, and perhaps to regain part of the great 
territory which France had sold (§§356, 357). But the Union 
victories, and the firm remonstrances of the Government, 
led him to abandon his Mexican plans. The Emperor Max- 
imilian, whom he had placed upon a tottering throne, was 
betrayed and shot; his poor wife, crazed with grief, vainly 
besought help from the governments which had led him to 
his destruction. Mexico continued to be a republic, on 
friendly terms with the United States. 



QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW.— Part V. 



Section 

1. With what views and expectations did the North 

and the South go to war ? 487, 488 

2. Describe the beginning of hostilities. 489 

3. What Southern states refused to secede ? 490 

4. Name the eleven seceding states. 481, 490 

5. What preparations were made on both sides? 491 

6. What changes occurred in Virginia ? 492 

7. Describe the first great battle and its effects 493-495 

8. The blockade and attempts to break it. 496-498 

9. The affair with the British steamer Trent 499, 500 

10. What was accomplished during 1861? 5 01 

11. What three objects comprised the Federal plan of 

the war ? 502 

12. Sketch the campaign in which forts Henry and 

Donelson were taken. 502-504 

13. Describe the battle of Shiloh, or Pittsburg Land- 

ing. 505-507 

14. What occurred meanwhile on the Mississippi and 

in Missouri? 508 

15. What was the Confederate plan for the autumn of 

1862? 509 

16. Describe the campaign in Kentucky. SJO-S'S 

17. What was done on the lower Mississippi ? 514, 515 

18. Describe the doings of the Mem'mac and the first 

Monitor. 516-519 

19. What was done in 1862 by the Army of the Po- 

tomac ? 520-524 

20. What resulted from Lee's first invasion of Mary- 

land? 525, 526 

21. What was the general result of 1862? 528 

22. What were the causes and effects of the Emanci- 

pation Proclamation ? 529-53! 

23. What changes and disasters to the Army of the 

Potomac, January to May, 1863? 532 
U.S.H.-21. (321 J 



322 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Section 

24. Describe Lee's second invasion of the North. 533—535 

25. The siege and surrender of Vicksburg and Port 

Hudson. 536-539 

26. General Morgan's movement north of the Ohio. 540 

27. The objects, scenes, and events of the Chattanooga 

campaign. 541-547 

28. Grant's campaign in the Wilderness. 549~554 

29. Sherman's movements in Georgia. 555~559 

30. What three cities were besieged by the U. S. Navy ? 559, 560 

31. What was done by Sherman in the Carolinas? 562, 563 

32. Describe the surrender of Richmond, of Lee's 

army, and of the Confederate president. 564-568 

33. The second inauguration and the death of Lincoln. 569-571 

34. Sum up the effects of the Civil War at home and } 574-582, 587, 

abroad. j 588 

35. What scientific improvements were of use during 

the war? 584 

36. What was done by the Sanitary and Christian 

Commissions? 585, 586 



PART VI.— THE UNION RESTORED. 



CHAPTER XLII. 



Johnson's administration, a. d. 1865-1869. 

589. An important question had now to be settled. 
Were the lately seceded states out of the Union or in it? 
The President ' held that they had never been out ; a ma- 
jority in Congress, though 

denying the privilege of se- 
cession, insisted that they 
had forfeited their state 
rights and must be dealt 
with as territories. The dif- 
ference of policy between 
Congress and the President 
grew wider, and three im- 
portant laws were passed 
over his veto. One estab- 
lished a Freedmen's Bureau 
to protect and provide for 
the lately emancipated 
slaves; a second guaran- 
teed their civil rights ; a 
third made it illegal for the 
President to remove any civil officer without the consent of the 
Senate. 

590. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson.— The last, 
— called the "Tenure of Office Bill," — was infringed by the 
President's dismissal of Edwin M. Stanton, 2 Secretary of 

(323) 




Andrew Johnson. 



324 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

War. Thereupon the House of Representatives impeached 
Andrew Johnson before trie bar of the Senate, 
Chief-justice Salmon P. Chase 3 presiding. The 
trial lasted more than two months. The President was ac- 
quitted, as one vote was lacking of the two thirds required 
for his condemnation. 

591. The work of Reconstruction went on. The 
principle of the Civil Rights Bill was embodied in a Four- 
teenth Amendment to the Constitution, which was promptly 
accepted by Tennessee, and ultimately by the other states. 
In time all the new state governments annulled the ordi- 
nances of secession, repudiated the Confederate war-debts, 
and were admitted to representation in Congress. One source 
of bitterness remained. Candidates for office were required 
to take the "iron-clad oath," as it was called, declaring that 
they had no part in the war for secession. Few of the in- 
telligent class in the South could take this oath, though 
many frankly accepted the results of the war, and were 
ready in good faith to resume their allegiance to the United 
States. The consequence was that public offices often fell 
into the hands of Northern immigrants and freed negroes. 

592. Submarine Telegraph. — The year 1866 was sig- 
nalized by the successful completion of a submarine tele- 
graph connecting Europe and America. The hero of the 
enterprise was Mr. Cyrus W. Field, 4 of New York, who, 
during twelve years of costly experiments, never lost heart, 
even under disastrous failure; but, crossing the ocean fifty 
times, succeeded in imparting his own courage to English 
and American capitalists. The first transatlantic cable was 
laid in 1858 from Heart's Content, in Newfoundland, to Va- 
lencia Bay, in Ireland. It transmitted four hundred mes- 
sages, but ceased to work within a month. 

593. Many ridiculed the idea of renewing the attempt, 
but Mr. Field soon formed a new company with a capital 



THE ATLANTIC CABLE. 



325 




Sitka. 

of three millions of dol- 
lars ; a greatly improved 
cable was constructed, 
and in June, 1865, the 
Great Eastern began to lay it on the ocean bed. Half her 
task was completed, when the cable broke and was lost be- 
neath the waves. A new company was promptly formed, 
a new cable made, and in the following summer the two 
hemispheres were connected by lines of instant communica- 
tion. Repairing to the scene of her former failure, the 
Great Eastern picked up the lost cable, joined the severed 
strands, and successfully laid it. Afterwards a cable was 
laid from Brest, in France, to Duxbury, in Massachusetts. 
594. The purchase of all Russian America for 
$7,200,000, in 1867, greatly enlarged the territory of the 
United States. From its south-western peninsula, the whole 
country is called Alaska. Sitka, its chief town, is said to 
be the rainiest settlement on the globe. The wealth of the 



326 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

region consists in its pine and cedar timber, its seal-skins 
and other valuable furs, and its mineral deposits, including 
gold. The Yukon, one of the great rivers of the world, 
flows for 2,000 miles through the territory. Its waters 
abound in fish. 

Nebraska was admitted as the thirty-seventh state in the 
Union during the year of the Alaska purchase. Wyoming 
Territory was organized in 1868, having been formed from 
parts of Dakota, Idaho, and Utah. 

595. The Burlingame Embassy. — One notable event 
of 1868 was the arrival of an embassy from China, the first 
ever sent by that exclusive empire to any foreign power. 
Its head was Honorable Anson Burlingame, an American 
citizen, and lately his country's representative in China. He 
had so commanded the confidence of the Chinese govern- 
ment that the emperor had induced him to undertake this 
important mission, not only to the United States but to 
several European courts. The Chinese had begun to cross 
the Pacific in great numbers, to find employment in Cali- 
fornia and the inland mining states. A treaty, now con- 
cluded between the Asiatic Empire and the American 
Republic, guaranteed security of life, liberty, and property 
to the people of either nation while in the territory of the 
other. 

NOTES. 

1. Andrew Johnson's career is a striking example of the self-made 
man. He was born in 1808 at Raleigh, N. ('., where his father at different 
times pursued the calling of bank porter, constable, and church sexton. 
The family were so poor that young Johnson received no schooling what- 
ever, and at the age of ten was apprenticed to a tailor. Soon after this he 
had his ambition aroused by a charitable gentleman, who used to read to 
the men in the shop, and diligently employed his leisure hours in learn- 
ing to read. After residing for a short period at Laurens C. H., South Car- 
olina, he removed to Greenville, Tennessee, in 1S26, and there married. 
Under his wife's instruction Johnson rapidly extended his education, 
and. becoming interested in local politics, was twice elected alderman 
and twice mayor of the city. He was three times elected to the state leg- 
islature, and finally made his appearance as a representative in Congress 
in 1843. He retained his seat there until lKVi, when he was elected gov- 
ernor of Tennessee. Johnson was a Democrat in principle, and in 18tj() 
was an adherent of the Breckinridge party; but when the question of se- 
cession arose, .Johnson, who was then a United States Senator, took a firm 



NOTES. 327 



stand for the Union. This aroused a storm of indignation in the secession 
parly in his native state, and on his return there in May, 18(31, a mob en- 
tered the cars for. the purpose of lynching him. He, however, met them 
boldly, pistol in hand, and the mob retired. 

Lincoln appointed Johnson military governor of Tennessee in 1862, 
when his bold, energetic management of affairs attracted general atten- 
tion throughout the North, and marked him as a fitting complement for 
the presidential ticket of 1865. 

Johnson's course as Presidenl was a great surprise and disappointment 
to the party that elected him, but probably no President could have car- 
ried out a plan of reconstruction that would have been effective and at 
the same time acceptable to those still burning with the angry passions 
of civil war. 

The President attempted to secure the Democratic nomination for re- 
election but failed. He was also defeated as candidate for United States 
Senator in 1870, and for Representative in 1X72. Finally, in 1875, he was 
elected to the Senate, but his health failed, and on the 31st of July of that 
year he died. 

2. Edwin McMasters Stanton (b. 1814, d. 18(19) was born at Steuben* 
ville, Ohio, and received his education at Kenyon College in that state. 
Being admitted to the bar in 1886, he commenced practice at Cadiz, Ohio, 
but afterwards removed to Steubenville. In 1817, although retaining his 
office in the latter city, he removed to Pittsburgh, and a few years later 
acquired a national reputation as counsel for the state of Pennsylvania 
against the Wheeling & Belmont Bridge Co., tried before the Supreme 
Court of the United States. His business before this court became so con- 
tinuous and important that in 1856 he removed to Washington. Two 
years later he was sent as United States counsel to the Pacific Coast in 
some land cases involving millions of money. He was successful in these 
cases, and while employed thus collected Mexican archives which were 
scattered far and wide through California in the hands of unauthorized 
parties. These archives aided in the detection of false claims to land and 
mines, and were of incalculable value. 

In 1860 Mr. Stanton was suddenly appointed Attorney-general of the 
United States by President Buchanan. The office had not been sought, 
but was accepted at the cost of a lucrative law practice. When Buchan- 
an's term expired Mr. Stanton resumed the practice of law; but in 1862 
Lincoln appointed him Secretary of War. This office, like the preceding 
one, was unsought, and the appointment was made on the urgent solici- ■ 
tation of prominent citizens. "The characteristics of Mr. Stanton's ad- 
ministration were integrity, energy, determination, singleness of purpose, 
and the power to comprehend the magnitude of the rebellion and the 
labor and cost in blood and treasure involved in suppressing it." 

In 1869 Grant appointed Mr. Stanton as an associate justice of the United 
States Supreme Court. The Senate immediately confirmed the appoint- 
ment, but before he could take his seat he died after a brief illness, having 
worn himself out in the service of his country. 

3. Salmon Portland Chase (b. 1808, d. 1878) was born at Cornish, N. H. 
His father died when ( base was but nine years old, and the latter's uncle, 
then an Episcopal bishop in Ohio, undertook his education. After a col- 
legiate training, first at Cincinnati College and then at Dartmouth, he 
went to Washington, where he taught school while studying law. In 1830 
he removed to < Cincinnati to practice, and there employed his leisure time 
in preparing an edition of the "Statutes of Ohio," which at once gave 
him reputation, and has since superseded all other editions. 

< lhase was a warm advocate of anti-slavery principles, and may be con- 
sidered virtually the originator and leader of what has since become the 
Republican party. In 1849 he was elected United States Senator, and took 
a prominent part in all the exciting debates over the slavery question 
which occurred during his term ('i,\V\.\, 167, 468, 473-476). He was elected 
governor of ( ihio in 1855, and re-elected in 1857 by a larger majority than 
had ever been given a governor in that state. He was returned 'to the 
United States Senate in 1860, but President Lincoln almost immediately 
made him Secretary of the Treasury, and lie bore one of the most ardu- 
ous positions during the war, evolving and carrying out financial schemes 
with wonderful judgment and skill. As a foundation to work upon he 
had an empty treasury and a poor National credit; yet he rapidly re- 



128 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



paired both evils, and by the National banking system, which was purely 
his invention, placed the finances of the country on a sounder basis than 
ever before known. 

Mr. Chase resigned from this office in June, 1864, only to accept, in the 
following December, the still more responsible position of Chief-justice 
of the United States. The grave questions raised immediately succeeding 
the war, which involved the constitutionality of certain acts of Congress 
and ihe President, the reconstruction of the South, and other matters of 
equal importance were dealt with by him in a manner to excite the ad- 
miration of all. 

in 1870 a paralytic stroke ruined his physical health, and although still 
able to perform the duties of his office with the usual clearness and great- 
ness of mind, he gradually wasted away and finally died at New York in 
the sixty-sixth year of his age. 

4. Cyrus W. Field was born at Stockbridge, Mass., in 1819, and, after 
an ordinary education in his native town, went to New York when fifteen 
years old, and rapidly worked his way from a clerkship to the head of a 
large and prosperous mercantile house. At the age of thirty-four he re- 
tired, and for six months traveled in South America. Shortly after his 
return, he was applied to for* aid in establishing a telegraph line across 
Newfoundland to connect with a fast line of ocean steamers. He became 
interested in the project, and conceived the idea of extending the tele- 
graph line across the ocean. The undertaking seemed almost preposter- 
ous, but Mr. Field went to work with his usual energy, never ceasing in 
his endeavors nor losing hope until success finally crowned his efforts. 
Not content with this wonderful achievement, Mr. Field endeavored to 
organize a company to establish a submarine cable from San Francisco 
to Japan, and thus complete the telegraphic circuit of the globe. He did 
not succeed, however, and for the present the undertaking has been 
abandoned. 



CHAPTER XLIII. 

TWENTY-FIRST AND TWENTY-SECOND ADMINISTRATIONS, 
A. D. 1869-1877. 

Ulysses S. Grant, President. Schuyler Colfax, Henry W.ilson, Vice-presidents 




*yfc 



596. The Eighteenth President. 

By the elections in the autumn of 1868 
General Ulysses S. Grant 1 became the 
eighteenth President, and Schuyler Colfax, 
of Indiana, Vice-president of the United States. 

597. The Pacific Railroad was completed in May, 
1869. For six years the great work had been in progress, 
at once from San Francisco in the west, and Omaha, Ne- 
braska, in the east. The two construction-trains met at 
Ogden, in Utah, one party having completed 882 miles of 
road, the other 1032. The great continent, of which Co- 
lumbus and his fellow discoverers saw only the eastern edge, 
no longer blocked the way to India, but afforded the speed- 
iest passage to it even for Europeans. 

(329) 



330 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

598. The first few months of 1870 saw the restoration 
of the South to all her abandoned rights. The senators 
and representatives of Texas, last of all the seceded states, 
resumed their seats in Congress March 30. On the same 
day the President proclaimed the Fifteenth Amendment, — 
already adopted by Congress and ratified by two thirds of 
the states, — as part of the Constitution. It prevented the 
legal denial of his right to vote to any citizen of the United 
States on account of race, color, or previous condition of 
servitude. 

599. Unsettled war claims, arising from the mischief 
done by Confederate cruisers under the British flag, occa- 
sioned some anxiety both in England and America. But 
neither government was unwise enough to plunge the two 
nations into war for matters which could be settled by 
reason. A "Joint High Commission," consisting of five 

English and five American statesmen, met at 
Washington, and, after a fair discussion, agreed 

that all claims of either nation against the other should be 

decided by three modes of arbitration : 

600. (1) The "Alabama Claims," — including demands 
for injury done by several other English-built Confederate 
cruisers, — were submitted to a board of commissioners from 
five friendly nations. This board met at Geneva, Switzer- 
land, in the summer of 1872, and, having heard the lawyers 
on both sides, decreed that Great Britain should pay to the 
United States fifteen and a half millions of dollars. To the 
lasting praise of the British government, the amount was 
paid without demur. 

601. (2) A question concerning the boundary between 
Washington Territory and British Columbia was 
referred to the Emperor of Germany, and his decision was 
accepted by both parties. (3) Some years later three com- 
missioners, one English, one American, and one chosen by 



CON FLA GRA TIONS. 



33 1 



the first two, met at Boston to settle claims arising from 
the fisheries near the coasts of Nova Scotia and Newfound- 
land. In consequence of their award, the United States paid 
to Great Britain five millions of dollars. Lovers of peace 
rejoice that a step has thus 
been made toward the good 
time coming, — though doubt- 
less yet too far away, — when 
cannon-law between nations 
shall be esteemed as obsolete 
and brutal as ' ' fist-law " be- 
tween individual men. 

602. The Chicago Fire. 
— The years 187 1 and 1872 
were marked by several 
dreadful fires. For two days 
Chicago was burning, — solid 
masses of stone, iron, and 
brick making scarcely more uiysses s. Grant, 
resistance to the fierce heat than the lightest wooden build- 
ings. Nearly 100,000 persons were deprived 
of homes; and the property destroyed was 
worth $200,000,000. About the same time the great lum- 
ber-lands of Wisconsin and Michigan were visited by im- 
mense conflagrations. The flames spread from forests to 
villages ; people plunged into lakes or rivers to escape them, 
but uncounted hundreds perished. 

603. Boston was visited in November, 1872, by a simi- 
lar disaster, though with less loss of life and property. 
More than sixty acres, covered with magnificent structures 
of granite and brick, were laid in ashes. The 

Nov. 9. 

disaster was greater from an epidemic which had 
disabled all the horses in Boston, so that the heavy fire- 
engines had to be drawn by men. With wonderful energy 




Oct. 8 and 9, it 



33 2 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



both Chicago and Boston recovered from their great calami- 
ties ; so that within a year or two ' ' the burnt districts " 
were only to be known by more splendid and massive build- 
ings than those which the flames had destroyed. 

604. Horace Greeley,' - ' founder and editor of the " New 
York Tribune," was proposed for the presidency, in the 
autumn of 1872, both by the Liberal branch of the Repub- 

- - : v:; lican party and by the 

Democrats. H e loved 
peace, and at the first 
movement toward seces- 
sion in i860 had even ad- 
vocated a friendly separa- 
tion of the states rather 
than war. He soon 
changed his views, and 
favored the " short, sharp, 
and decisive " conflict 
which might lead to settled 
peace. His name was on 
the bond which released 
the ex-president of the 
Confederacy from prison ; 
and many thought his election would hasten the return of 
good feeling between different sections of the country. Grant, 
however, was re-elected with Henry Wilson, of Massachusetts, 
as Vice-president; and Greeley, broken down by labor, ex- 
citement, and domestic sorrow, died within the month. 

605. Grant's Indian Policy. — The President had a 
new and hopeful plan for preventing trouble with the In- 
dians. This was to civilize and win them by every possible 
means to the pursuits of peace. To this end he proposed 
schools, model farms, premiums for success in cattle-raising, 
etc.; and, as Quaker policy toward the Indians was the only 
one that had ever succeeded (§120), he committed all ques- 




Horace Greeley. 



FINANCIAL TROUBLES. 333 

tions concerning them to a board consisting mainly of 
"Friends," while an educated Indian, who had served on 
his staff during the war, was a prominent member. But 
this humane scheme could not immediately efface the memory 
of many wrongs. 

606. The Modocs had been ordered from their lands in 
Oregon to a new reservation in the Indian Territory. They 
refused to go, and, intrenching themselves upon their "lava- 
beds," defied the Government to remove them. Their leader 
was " Captain Jack," whose father had been killed by the 
order of a United States officer, when under a flag of truce. 
The Modocs were soon surrounded and overpowered; but 

to avoid bloodshed a truce was agreed upon, 

a ■ u- u n 1 n 1 1 • ■ Apri1 ' l8 73- 

during which General Can by and six commis- 
sioners met the chiefs in council. Revenge and treachery 
won the day. The General and a kind-hearted clergyman 
were murdered in the presence of the council ; another com- 
missioner was shot but not killed. War was then prosecuted 
until the whole band surrendered, and their chiefs, having 
been tried by court-martial, were put to death. 

607. Effects of Paper Money. — The unsettling of 
values by the Civil War (§§577, 578) still kept the money- 
markets in an excited and unhealthy state. There was great 
seeming prosperity; hundreds of millions of the public debt 
were paid ; but eight years went by without any serious 
attempt to redeem the Government's promises on the green- 
backs, and the frequent rise and fall of their value gave 
every opportunity to wild speculation. 

608. Railways and Money Panics. — More railroads 
were begun than the country needed or could pay for. 
Chief of these was the "Northern Pacific," from Duluth, on 
Lake Superior, to Puget Sound. Its stock was largely held 
and sold by a banking firm in Philadelphia. The failure 
of this firm in 1873 8 ave a snoc k to the commercial world, 



334 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

and in the panic many banks and other establishments were 
forced to suspend payments. Public works ceased; multi- 
tudes of the poor were without employment. "Hard times" 
were most keenly felt by those who had no share in causing 
them. 

609. Worst of all was the destruction of confidence. No 
one knew whom to trust. So many enormous fortunes had 
been made by fraudulent contracts or by scarcely less fraud- 
ulent speculation, that men were tempted to despise the mod- 
erate rewards of honest employments, and to join in the rush 
for sudden wealth. Reproach fell even upon Senators and 
Representatives at Washington. A long series of investiga- 
tions resulted in the clearing of a few names, but left others 
deeply shadowed. 

610. Ring Robberies. — The management of New York 
and other great cities fell into the hands of thieves, who 
robbed the public treasury and bribed voters to keep them- 
selves and their tools in power. Tax-payers were too busy 
to look after their own interests. Suddenly their eyes were 
opened, and then the movement toward reform was as swift 
and thorough as the current of crime and corruption had 
been. So many frauds were brought to light that "at first 
sight it seemed as if the world had suddenly grown worse ; 
on second reflection it was clear that it was growing better." 

611. The Specie Resumption Act, passed by Con- 
gress in 1876, provided for the redemption in coin of all 
legal tender notes on and after January 1, 1879. 

Colorado, the thirty-eighth state, was admitted to the Union 
in 1876. The wonderful dryness of its air makes it the 
paradise of pilgrims in search of health ; while its metallic 
wealth affords abundant attraction to miners and adventurers. 

612. The Centennial Year. — The year 1876 completed 
a century of American Independence. The great Republic 
had surpassed the hopes of her friends and disappointed the 



HOSTILE INDIANS. 335 

wishes of her enemies. Though assailed by foes within, 
she had proved strong enough not only to conquer but to 
forgive. The Centennial was celebrated by a great Inter- 
national Exposition at Philadelphia. More than two hun- 
dred buildings were erected in Fairmount Park, where a 
magnificent display of the products of all the zones delighted 
increasing throngs of visitors for six months. 

613. Dom Pedro II., the energetic and enlightened 
Emperor of Brazil, was present, with President Grant, at 
the opening, and afterwards pursued his journey through the 
states, inquiring into every thing that could be of use to his 
great undeveloped empire. 

614. The war with the Sioux more sadly signalized 
the Centennial summer. Instead of confining themselves to 
the extensive lands in Dakota which they had accepted by 
treaty with the United States, these savages were committing 
robberies and murders in Montana and Wyoming. A large 
detachment of the regular army was sent to subdue them. 
General Custer, with the Seventh Cavalry, was reconnoiter- 
ing near the Little Horn River, when he suddenly 

came upon the Indians in force. A fierce battle 
followed, in which the General, with every man of his com- 
mand, was slain. 

This great disaster led, of course, to a stern following up 
of the war. The savages were defeated many times during 
the summer, autumn, and winter, until a remnant of their 
number, under the chiefs Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, es- 
caped into British territory. 

615. The Republican party had now been in power 
sixteen years, the most exciting and momentous years in the 
history of our country. Violent differences of opinion had 
arisen in those years concerning finance, reconstruction, and 
other questions occasioned by the war; and the presidential 
canvass of 1876 was the most closely contested that had 



536 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




J 






m\ 



&'■" 



'm^rw/j^ 













Ml 



Custer's Last Fight. 



ever been held. "Returning Boards" had been appointed 
in some of the Southern states with the power of declaring 
the result of elections. Their decision in favor of the Re- 
publican party in Florida and Louisiana was immediately 
denounced by the Democratic party as fraudulent ; the Re- 
publicans firmly disputed the accusation, and serious trouble 
seemed imminent. 



NOTES. 337 

616. The Joint High Commission. — When Congress 
met, there was a long debate. It was agreed at last that a 
Commission consisting of five Judges of the Supreme Court, 
five Senators, and five Representatives should hear the evi- 
dence and decide. Their conclusion was reached two days 
before the end of General Grant's term. It was to the effect 
that the Republicans had cast one hundred and eighty-five 
electoral votes for Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio ; the Dem- 
ocrats had cast one hundred and eighty-four for Samuel J. 
Tilden, of New York. So the vexed question was settled, 
and President Hayes was inaugurated (the 4th being Sunday) 
on the 5th of March, 1877. 

NOTES. 

1. Ulysses S. Grant was born in 1822 at Point Pleasant, Clermont Co., 
Ohio, and passed his boyhood in the neighboring village of Georgetown. 
At the age of seventeen he entered West Point, where he graduated four 
years later without having distinguished himself, being twenty-first in a 
class of thirty-nine. As a second lieutenant he was stationed <>' the 
frontier until the breaking out of the Mexican War. He was in every 
important battle of the latter except that of Buena Vista, and received 
the warmest praise from his superior officers for gallant conduct. He was 
rewarded by brevets on two occasions. He resigned his commission as 
captain in 1854, and attempted farming near St. Louis. Not meeting with 
much success, however, lie accepted a position in his father's tannery at 
Galena, Illinois. Here he lived in comparative obscurity, and at the 
breaking out of the Civil War was entirely unknown to the public. 
When President Lincoln issued his call for volunteers Grant organized 
and drilled a company at Galena, and at the same time offered his ser- 
vices by letter to theAdjutant-general, hut was ignored. Marching his 
company to Springfield, Illinois, he was appointed by the governor to 
muster the state volunteers, and five weeks later was made colonel of a 
regiment. He first reported to General Pope, in Missouri, and shortly 
after, having been appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, he was 
placed in command of the district of South-east Missouri. His first acl of 
importance was the seizure of Paducah, which had great influence in 
keeping Kentucky in the Union; and the capture of Fort Donelson, 
which followed soon after, gave him a National reputation and won him 
his commission of major-general of volunteers. His career was now a 
series of brilliant successes, and Ids generalship at Chattanooga is consid- 
ered by military authorities as the masterpiece of the War. He has Keen 
severely criticised for recklessly sacrificing the lives of his soldiers, but 
without just cause; for although the battles during his advance on Rich- 
mond were unusually severe and costly to the Union side, yet Grant felt 
that he was pursuing the shortest and best course to put an end to the 
horrors of civil war, and the result proved the correctness of his judg- 
ment. 

Grant was included in the plot of the conspirators who murdered Lin- 
coln, and probably escaped death through declining the latter's invita- 
tion to join the party at the theater. 

Alter his second term as President had expired, he made a tour of the 
globe, and no individual in the world's history ever received such a con- 
tinuous series of ovations. The crowned heads of Europe vied with the 
common people in paying him marked attention, and his reception on 
his return home by the country at large was no less enthusiastic. 
U. S. H.— 22. 



338 



/If STORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



2. Horace Greeley (b. 1811, d. 1872) was born at, Amherst, New Hamp- 
shire, and was a remarkably precocious child. He could read when only 
two years old, and at the age of seven had read all the books upon which 
he could lay his hands within a radius of seven miles from his father's 
farm-house. When Horace was ten years of age his father moved to Ver- 
mont, and in this state the son took his first step in the profession of jour- 
nalism, being apprenticed to a printer. The newspaper on which he 
worked as a compositor was discontinued in 1830, and Greeley went west 
to visit his parents, who had in the meantime removed to Erie County, 
Pa. He worked at his trade there for a short time, but wages being very 
low he determined to go to New York, where he arrived August 17th, 1831, 
with but ten dollars in money and a small bundle of clothing. After 
working as a compositor for about a year and a half he embarked in suc- 
cessive ventures as a journalist, but with poor success financially, until 
finally, April 10th, 1841, he issued the first number of the " New York 
Tribune," which has since made the name of Horace Greeley celebrated 
throughout the English-speaking world. He was justly proud of his suc- 
cess in his chosen profession; and in his autobiography says, " I cherish 
the hope that the journal I projected and established will live and flourish 
long after I shall have moldered into forgotten dust, being guided by a 
larger wisdom, a more unerring sagacity to discern the right, though not 
by a more unfaltering readiness to embrace and defend it at whatever 
personal cost; and that the stone which covers my ashes may bear to 
future eyes the still intelligible inscription, 'Founder of the New York 
Tribune.' " 

Mr. (ireeley's peculiar political position, as well as his personal eccen- 
tricities made him the butt of numberless caricatures during the cam- 
paign in which be was defeated, and in addition to the harassing political 
strain, he suffered the private grief occasioned by his wife's death. The 
result was an attack of inflammation of the brain, which ended his life 
in a very short time. His funeral was public and most impressive. The 
body lay in state in the New York City Hall, and was visited by an im- 
mense throng of people, among whom were the President, Vice-president, 
and Chief-justice of the United States. 



CHAPTER XLIV. 

TWENTY-THIRD ADMINISTRATION, A. D. 1877-1881. 
Rutherford B. Hayes, President. William A. Wheeler, Vice-president. 

617. The Nineteenth President. — Among President 
Hayes's 1 first measures was the withdrawal of National troops 
from the Southern states. Governor Wade Hampton, of 
South Carolina, and other officials, assured him that their 
presence only promoted irritation, and was not needed for 
the preservation of order. The President desired to do all 
that the most generous confidence could dictate toward 
soothing all feelings of bitterness and establishing peace and 
friendship. 

618. Civil Service Reform was the next object. Ever 
since Jackson's administration the rule had been that "to 
the victors belong the spoils" after an election (§415). 
Postmasters and other officials had been appointed upon the 
recommendation of members of Congress, not always with a 
view to the fitness of the candidate, but rather as payment 
for political services. President Hayes was pledged to con- 
sult the service of the public rather than of the politicians, 
and to regulate both his appointments and dismissals by 
questions of personal worth. 

6ig. The " Grangers." — The immense power and 
wealth of certain railway companies had for several years 
attracted attention. During the war an association, called 
the "Patrons of Husbandry," was formed to protect the in- 
terests of Western farmers against exorbitant charges for 
transportation on the part of the railroads, and in general to 
oppose all oppressive monopolies. In 1S74 there were twenty 

(339) 



34° 



HISTORY OF -THE UNITED STATES. 



July 16. 



thousand "Granges," or local associations, and a member- 
ship of a million and a half. 

620. Railway Riots. — In the summer of 1877 railway 
interests were threatened in a less orderly way. Brakemen 
and other train-hands on the ' ' Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad" "struck" at Martinsburg, in West Vir- 
ginia, in consequence of a reduction in their wages. The 

business of the whole road 
was suspended. The ex- 
ample was quickly fol- 
lowed upon other roads. 
Buildings and rolling- 
stock were burnt ; and 
from opposition to the 
companies the movement 
became rebellion against 
the states and even the 
Government at Washing- 
ton, which sent troops to 
put down the insurgents. 
621. Pittsburgh, in 
Pennsylvania, was t h e 
scene of the greatest vio- 
lence. The mob numbered 20,000 men, and for two days 
had entire control of the city. 100 lives were destroyed; 
125 locomotives and 2,500 freight and express cars were 
burnt. Riots occurred at Chicago, St. Louis, and even at 
San Francisco; but here it was not railway capitalists, but 
the employers of Chinese laborers, who were attacked. 

622. Communism. — The alarming fact was that the lead- 
ers in all these places were not railway hands, but restless 
"communists," who were traveling from place to place ex- 
citing workmen against their employers. While the men 
were "striking," their families too often were starving. The 




Rutherford B. Hayes. 



CHINESE IMMIGRATION. 34 1 

railway riots were put down within a fortnight ; but the 
great question of employers and employed remained to tax 
the best energies of thoughtful minds for many years to 
come. 

623. The Chinese Question. — The large immigration 
of Chinese laborers makes the problem more difficult. They 
already number more than 150,000 in America, of whom 
60,000 are in the state of California alone. They cross the 
Pacific often in large companies under the direction of con- 
tractors, and find employment in the mines, in factories, in 
market-gardening, and domestic service. On the one hand, 
fear has arisen lest the relations of "coolies" with the con- 
tractors may abridge the personal liberty which the Govern- 
ment wishes to guarantee to every inhabitant of the country; 
on the other, lest the habits of heathenism, which the im- 
migrants have brought with them, may prove injurious to the 
morals of the community. It can not be said, however, that 
the noisiest opponents of the Chinese are the most orderly or 
most Christian part of the population; while the "heathen" 
very often set a worthy example of quiet industry and obe- 
dience to law. 

624. In the early months of 1879 a bill passed both 
houses of Congress setting aside part of the Burlingame 
treaty (§595), and putting a check on further immigration 
from China. President Hayes vetoed the bill, considering 
the faith of the United States pledged to the fulfillment of 
the treaty until both governments can agree to change it. 
Moreover, it was argued that our republic has always taken 
the risks of free immigration, hoping by schools and other 
elevating influences to make useful citizens of the new- 
comers and their children. 

625. What no one fears or regrets is the presence of one 
hundred and foBr Chinese youth in our academies and col- 
leges. Since the opening of the great Asiatic empire to in- 



342 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



tercourse with other nations, boys of good birth and talents 
have been sent to be educated in the United States at the 
expense of their own government. Their superintendent 
here is Yung Wing, a Chinese mandarin, who is himself a 
graduate of Yale College, and lately minister of China at 

Washington. The govern- 
ment of Japan has sent not 
only boys to American col- 
leges, but young women to 
fit themselves for teachers 
of girls at home. 

626. Cost and Credit 
of the Government. — 

On the first day of 1879 
payments in gold were re- 
sumed by the Treasury and 
the national banks; and 
thus, after eighteen years, the 
disturbing effects of the Civil 
W r ar upon the currency were 
ended. The war debt, 
though diminished by over nine hundred millions of dollars 
since 1866, still occasions by far the greatest item of public 
expense. The cost of the Government, as such, i. c, of the 
civil service, army, and navy, is comparatively small, and is 
met by duties on foreign goods. The interest and sinking 
fund of the public debt are provided for by the internal rev- 
enue, which is levied mainly on tobacco, whisky, and malt 
liquors. All surplus revenue, from whatever source, is de- 
voted to the reduction of the National debt. 




James A. Garfield. 



627. The four years' term of Mr. Hayes was chiefly re- 
markable as a period of peace and prosperity. Bounteous 
harvests supplied an enormous export of grain to European 
markets. Immigrants arrived at our ports in greater num.- 



NOTES. 343 

bers than ever before, and an unusual proportion of these 
were industrious people, who were likely to be an advantage 
rather than a burden to the country. The census taken in 
June, 1880, showed the population of the United States to 
be more than fifty millions. 

The election in the following November resulted in the 
choice of James A. Garfield, 1 of Ohio, to be the twentieth 
President of the United States, and of Chester A. Arthur, 
of New York, to be Vice-president. The Democratic candi- 
date for the Presidency was Winfield S. Hancock, U. S. A. 

NOTES. 

1. Rutherford Birch&rd Hayes was born at Delaware, Ohio, in 1822. 
He graduated at Kenyon College, in that state, and after taking his degree 
at the Harvard Law School commenced the practice of law at Fremont, 
Ohio. In 1849 he moved to Cincinnati, and soon established a flourishing 
practice. He was made major of the Twenty-third Ohio Volunteers in 
1861, and served throughout the war. He was badly wounded at South 
Mountain (§525), and shortly after was promoted to a colonelcy. Gallant 
service in many of the hardest battles of the Army of the Potomac was 
rewarded by successive advances in rank, and at the close of the war 
Hayes was a brevet major-general. After the battle of Cedar Creek (g 553), 
in which he took part, Hayes was notified of his election to Congress from 
the second dist rict 1 if < >hio. He resigned from the army in June, 18(j5, and 
the following December took his seat in Congress. He was re-elected in 
18(10, but resigned his seat to accept the governorship of Ohio : the latter 
office was held for two successive terms, when he again became a candi- 
date for Congress and was defeated. In 1875 he received an unprecedented 
honor in his native state, being elected governor for the third time. His 
popularity in < >hio, and the stand taken by him on the issues at stake in 
his last contest for the governorship, brought him prominently before the 
country, and resulted in his nomination for the presidency In 1876. 

2. James A. Garfield is of New England descent, and was born in 
Cuyahoga County, < >hio, in 1831. His father died when James was but two 
years of age, leaving his widow with four small children to struggle for 
life in the backwoods. James received a meager education, and at the 
age of twelve began to aid in supporting the family,— first as a carpenter, 
then as a book-keeper, and then as a boatman on the canal. Abandon- 
ing' the latter occupation on account of sickness, his ambition for a higher 
education became aroused, and he secured it in the face of many obstacles. 
He was so poor that he was compelled to work in the mornings and even- 
ings and Saturdays to help pay his tuition. Thus he prepared for Hiram 
College, of which he was first janitor and student, then a teacher, and 
finally the president. Before attaining the latter positions, however, he 
had improved his mental attainments by a course at "Williams College, 
where he graduated with high honors in 1851;. While president of Hiram 
College, in 1860, Garfield was admitted to the bar, but he did not leave his 
position there until the breaking out of the Civil War, when he was ap- 
pointed colonel of an Ohio regiment. After the battle of Chickamaugahe 
was brevetted major-general, and then resigned his commission to accept 
a seat in the House of Representatives. He was re-elected to the succes- 
sive Houses until 1879, when he was elected to the Senate. His political 
life has been one of constant labor and study, and few politicians have 
developed such breadth of thought and soundness of judgment. 



CHAPTER XLV. 

PROGRESS OF THE REPUBLIC. 




Smithsonian Institution. 

628. Territory and Population. — In little more than a 
century the United States has grown, from a line of scat- 
tered colonies on the Atlantic coast, to a continental power 
bordering two oceans and covering more than three and a 
half millions of square miles. The summer sun never sets 
(344) 



PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS. 345 

upon its whole extent, for a new day dawns upon the forests 
of Maine before its predecessor has quitted the westernmost 
island of Alaska. The population has multiplied in the 
same time from less than three to nearly fifty millions. 
About one half of the whole territory, including Alaska 
(§594), is still public land, at the disposal of Congress and 
the President. This includes, of course, the least valuable 
portions of the country west of the Mississippi (§15); but 
there are yet unoccupied fertile lands capable of maintain- 
ing hundreds of millions of human beings. 

629. Railroads and Telegraphs. — Fifty years ago 
there were twenty-three miles of railroad in the United 
States ; now there are more than ninety thousand miles. 
The magnetic telegraph was then unknown ; now telegraphic 
lines measure one hundred and ten thousand miles, and use 
wire enough to go ten times around the globe. These two 
items give but a slight hint of the improved means of traffic 
and communication. The fatigue and danger in traveling 
enormous distances have been reduced almost to nothing, 
and the cost of freight has been similarly lessened. 

The telegraph itself is replaced in some instances by the 
telephone, which transmits the spoken words instead of 
mere conventional signals. By its means a famous speaker 
or singer can be heard scores of miles away — while its value 
in business is beyond calculation. 

630. Immigration. — The rapid extension of public 
works has been owing in great measure to immigrations from 
Europe. By reason of their fortunate position, with but 
few neighbors, the United States have been comparatively 
free from the wastes and burdens of war which afflict most 
of the European nations. Instead of spending some of the 
best years of their lives in camps and barracks, men are at 
liberty to provide comforts for themselves and their families. 
This and other causes have led to a constant stream of im- 
migration across the Atlantic ever since the end of our War 



346 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



of 1812. Many of the new-comers were skilled mechanics, 
and brought money enough to establish themselves well in 
their chosen country. Others could at least dig canals, 
grade railway-beds, and earn for their children better oppor- 
tunities than they themselves had enjoyed. Even during 
our Civil War the high prices of labor drew larger numbers 
to America than ever had come in the same period before. 
In the ten years, A. D. i860- 1870, nearly four and one half 

millions of European immi- 
grants entered the Northern 
ports. 

631. Beside all the in- 
dustrial advantages thus de- 
rived from the Old World, 
it ought not to be forgotten 
that some of the best brains 
of Europe, — either exiled 
by political troubles or de- 
siring peace and freedom 
for the better prosecution of 
science, — have made Amer- 
ica their home. Among the 
latter class was Professor 
Louis Agassiz, the Swiss 
savant, who knew more about fishes than almost any other 
man living, and whose death in 1873 was mourned in two 
hemispheres. Among the former were Doctor Francis Lie- 
ber, of Columbia College, New York; Carl Schurz; and 
many others. 

632. Manufactures. — American cotton mills and the 
full adoption of the Federal Constitution date from the same 
year. In 1789 Samuel Slater, a pupil of Arkwright (§348), 
came to this country and established the first mill for spin- 
ning cotton yarn, at Pawtucket, in Rhode Island. England 
did not then allow the export of machinery, nor even of 




Louis Agassiz. 



MANUFACTURES AND INVENTIONS. 347 

plans, so that Slater had to set up his wheels and spindles 
chiefly from memory and with his own hands. His "Old 
Mill" still exists. 

In 1 81 2 Francis Lowell, in like manner, partly invented 
and set up a power-loom at Waltham, in Massachusetts. 
He carried on all the processes which convert raw cotton 
into finished cloth, in one establishment, — the first of its kind 
in the world. The cotton manufacture has grown from those 
humble beginnings until it employs 100,000 persons in 1,074 
factories; and many flourishing cities, like Lowell and Law- 
rence, Fall River, Manchester, and Little Falls, owe their 
wealth to this important industry. 

633. Paper-making has advanced equally in amount 
and far more in quality. If we compare the Continental 
paper-money with the National bank-note currency of the 
present day, we shall see progress both in the manufacture 
of material and in the art of engraving. Millions of bales of 
rags are imported every year to the paper factories of Mas- 
sachusetts, and fine note-paper is sent to Europe in return. 
Many new materials, such as wood-fiber, straw, jute, and 
manilla are used as well as rags. 

634. Vulcanized India Rubber. — Among the inven- 
tions which have wrought the greatest changes is that of 
vulcanized India Rubber. Mr. Charles Goodyear found, in 
1839, that by mixing the native gum with sulphur and white 
lead, it became practically an elastic metal of wonderful 
tenacity. It serves numberless purposes, such as belting 
and hose for machinery, springs and wheels for cars, pave- 
ments, coating of telegraphic wires, etc. Combined with tar 
and sulphur, the same gum affords material for jewelry and 
many small articles, being as black and lustrous as jet. 

635. The sewing machine is due mainly to the perse- 
verance of an American, Elias Howe, Jr., who in 1846 re- 
ceived a patent for the first really successful instrument of 



348 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the kind. Singer, Wilson, Grover and many others have in- 
vented improvements; but of the millions of machines man- 
ufactured in the United States, every one has been indebted 
to Howe for some essential feature. Germany and Russia, 
as well as many other countries, use American sewing ma- 
chines. 

636. The inventive genius which the subduing of a great, 
wild continent first called into action, has been only height- 
ened by prosperity. The soil of South Africa, Australia, 
and Japan is turned by American plows, and their har- 
vests are gathered by American mowers and reapers; fires 
in European cities are extinguished by American steam fire- 
engines ; American palace-cars roll over European railways ; 
and American steam-boats ply on the Rhine, the Danube, 
and the Bosporus. Great London newspapers are printed 
on the type-revolving press invented by Richard Hoe of 
New York. The development of the great mineral wealth 
of the Pacific states has called for new implements and ma- 
chinery for mining. The most important is the Stetefeldt 
Furnace for reducing silver ore, which was invented at 
Austin, Nevada, in 1867. 

637. Illumination. — In countless other inventions Amer- 
ica only shares the general progress of the age. The streets 
of cities, which half a century ago were made passable at 
night only by the glimmer of whale-oil lamps, now blaze 
with gas; and if present prospects be fulfilled, night will 
soon rival day by means of electric lights. 

The mail service is a wonder of cheapness and celerity. A 
postal card can be sent from Maine to Oregon for one cent, 
a newspaper for two, and a letter for three cents. 

638. The Weather Department at Washington, es- 
tablished in 1870, gives notice in advance of the approach 
of storms, the rise and fall of rivers, and all aerial changes, 
by means of its telegraphic communications with all parts of 



EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES. 349 

the United States, and with more than a dozen stations in 
distant parts of the globe. Nine tenths of its predictions 
have proved true. Lives and property have been saved by 
these timely warnings; and the science of meteorology, on 
which so many interests depend, has been studied more 
thoroughly than could ever be done by a smaller scale of 
observations. 

639. Education. — The same zeal for knowledge which 
moved the first colonists in their poverty to establish schools 
for their children, has occasioned munificent endowments in 
our times for institutions of learning. Instead of the seven 
colleges of Revolutionary days, we have three hundred and 
sixty-six colleges and universities, though Harvard, Yale, and 
their venerable contemporaries, have never lost their high 
rank, but have been enriched by new and generous endow- 
ments. Harvard bestows degrees upon women who pass 
examinations equivalent to those of regular students. For 
the higher education of women exclusively, Vassar, Welles- 
ley, and Smith colleges, and many others have been en- 
dowed by private munificence. Cornell University, at 
Ithaca, N. Y., is open equally to young men and women. 
It is so liberally endowed by the state and general govern- 
ments, by Ezra Cornell, whose name it bears, and by others, 
that it places the means of the highest education within the 
reach of rich and poor alike. 

640. The Peabody Fund. — The grandest endowment 
ever made for purposes of education was that of George 
Peabody, for many years banker in London, but a native of 
Massachusetts. His gifts for schools, colleges, libraries, and 
museums in the United States amounted to more than five 
and a quarter millions of dollars. More than three millions 
went for the support and encouragement of common schools 
in the Southern states, which, owing to scattered population 
and other causes, had not yet organized their plans for ele- 
mentary education. 



: -' HISTORY OF THE UXITED 5 

641. Public Schools. — Now there is not a state nor an 
zed territory without its system of public schools. 

More than eight millions of children are named on the roll- 
books of these schools, and the yearly cost of their educa- 
tion is not less than one hundred millions of dollars. In 
eleven - - :tendance at school is required by law. for if 
even parents are neglectful, the state can not afford to have 
ignorant voters growing up. Beside the common schools. 
high schools, academies, normal schools for the 
training of teacher-. - &c and pi -- - -. and 

special institutions for the blind, the mute, and the feeble- 
minded. 

642. American literature has shared and aided the 
general pi - - - Among essayists, Emerson, "Whipple, 

- ; Iman ; among historians. Bancroft. Prescott, 
_. Kirk. Motley, and Parkman : among poets. Br 
Longfellow. Whittier. Lowell, and Aldrich : among novelists, 
Cooper. Hawthorne, and Mrs. Stowe. are known and ad- 
mired beyond the limits of their own country. Besides, we 
have had men of both thought and action, who have told 
the story of their own great deeds. Doctor Kane"s record 
of winters passed in the icy regions of the arctic zone, and 
Stanley's story of exploration in Central Africa are brilliant 
additions to the literature of voyages and travels. 

643. Advancement of Science. — Americans have con- 
tributed their full share to the advancement of science; and 
the Government has been ever ready, by liberal grants in 
aid of voyages and researches, to further the general en- 
lightenment. The Smithsonian Institution uses for the same 
ends the income derived from the bequest of James Smith- 
son, a son of the English Duke of Northumberland. Dying 
at Genoa, in 1829. this gentleman — though he had never 
been in America — bequeathed his whole fortune to the Gov- 
ernment of the Cnited States, to found at Washington an 



THE WAY TO SUC 



institution ' ' for the increase and diffusion of knowledge 
among men." The Institution began its work in 1846 with 
a yearly income of $40,000. 

644. If in a general review of the rapid progress, vast 
extent, and present prosperity of our country, we are tempted 
to a moment's pride, we must recollect that duties grow with 
opportunities. Our forefathers left the comforts of home — 
in some cases rank and luxury — in Europe, that they might 
found new states on the broad foundation of equal rights to 
all. Their sons may expect just as much honor and wealth 
as their strong, industrious hands, alert and well-stored 
brains, and sterling characters can win. — no more. In 
America, more than in any other country on the globe, suc- 
cess depends on personal qualiti- • :gh fraud and pre- 
tense may now and then gain a transient advantage, there 
is only one sure road to high and permanent distinction, 
and that is — deserve it. 

Children of the common schools ! in thirty years the great 
republic will be in your hands to wreck or to save and carry 
forward to a greatness and glory beyond what even your 
fathers planned. 



QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. — Part VI. 



Section 
What differences of policy between Congress and 

President Johnson ? 589, 590 
What amendments were made in the Constitution 

of the United States? 561, 591, 598 
Describe the failures and final success of the trans- 
atlantic telegraph. 592, 593 
What states and territories were organized between 

i860 and 1870? 492, 573, 594 

Describe our affairs with China since 1868. 595, 623-625 

What important railroad was completed in 1869? 597 

What settlements have been made with England? 599-601 

What great conflagrations in 1871 and 1872? 602, 603 

What is said of Horace Greeley? 604 
Describe President Grant's policy toward and 

dealings with the Indians. 605, 606, 614 

What changes in money matters during his terms? 607-61 1 

How was the Centennial celebrated ? 612, 613 

Describe the election of 1876 and its result. 615, 616 

Describe the policy of President Hayes. 617, 618 

Who were the "Grangers"? 619 

Describe the labor riots of 1877. 620-622 
What are the chief items of public income and 

expenditure? 626 

Who was elected President in 1880? 627 
What progress during a hundred years in extent, 

population, and means of intercourse ? 628, 629 

What has occasioned immigration to America ? 630, 631 

Describe the progress of manufactures 632, 633 

Name some important inventions. 634-637 

What has been done for education ? 639-641 

What for science? 638, 643 

Name some of the chief American authors. 642 
(352) 



TRANSFERS OF TERRITORY 



THE UNITED STATES. 



{Numerals Refer to Map No. 9.) 



1 and 2.— Part of original state of Massachusetts erected into state of 
Maine, 1820. 

3.— Part of public land of the United States. 

4.— One of original thirteen states. 

5.— Formed into state of Vermont in 1791 out of the state of New York. 

6.— One of original thirteen states; included 1 and 2, and extended west 
to the Mississippi River. 

7. — One of original thirteen states. 

8.— One of original thirteen states; originally extended west to the Mis- 
sissippi River. 

9.— One of original thirteen states; originally including 5; a claim of 
Massachusetts to portion of territory of southern New York was settled 
in 1786 by a convention at Hartford. 

10. — One of original thirteen states. 

11.— One of original thirteen states; in 1792, 89 added. 

12. — One of original thirteen states. 

13.— One of original thirteen states; originally embraced 13 and 14. 

14.— Ceded to the United States for a capital city by Maryland in 1790. 

15.— Ceded to the United States for a capital city by Virginia in 1790; re- 
troceded to Virginia by United States in 1846. 

16.— One of original thirteen states ; originally embraced 15, 16, 17, 18, 31, 
54, and 55. 

17.— Formed into state of Wist Virginia out of Virginia in 1863. 

18.— Formed into state of Kentucky, 1792, out of Virginia. 

19. — One of original thirteen states ; originally embraced 19 and 20. 

20.— Ceded to United States by North Carolina' in 1790, and with 23, 24, and 
28 erected into the Territory south of the Ohio River; admitted as state, 
1796. 

21.— One of original thirteen states; originally comprised 21,23, 24, and 28. 

22.— One of original thirteen states ; originally comprised 22, 25, 26, 27, 
and 29. 

23.— Ceded by South Carolina to United States in 1787 ; in 1790 transferred 
to Territory south of Ohio River (23, 24, 28, and 20) ; in 1802 ceded to Georgia. 

24.— Ceded by .South Carolina to United States in 1787; in 1790 transferred 
to Territory south of Ohio River; in 1804 to Mississippi territory; in 1817 to 
Alabama territory, and in 1819 to state of Alabama. 

25.— Ceded by Georgia to United States, 1802; transferred to Mississippi 
territory, 1804; to Alabama territory, 1817; and to state of Alabama, 1819. 

26.— Erected, with 27, into Mississippi territory, 1798, subject to Georgia's 
claims, which were ceded to the United States, is02 ; to Alabama territory 
1817; to state of Alabama, 1819. 

27. -Same as 26 until 1817, when erected into state of Mississippi. 

28.— Ceded to United states by South Carolina, 1787: erected into Terri- 
tory south of Ohio River, 1799;' transferred to Mississippi territory, 1804; 
and to state of Mississippi, 1 s 1 7 . 

U. S. H.-23. (353) 



354 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

29.— Ceded to United States by Georgia, 1802; transferred to Mississippi 
territory, 1804 ; and to state of Mississippi, 1817. 

30.— Ceded to United States by France, 1803 ; transferred to Mississippi 
territory. 1812; and to state of Mississippi, 1817. 

31.— Ceded to United States by France, 1803; transferred to Mississippi 
territory, 1812; to Alabama territory, 1817; state of Alabama, 1819. 

32.— ( teded to United States by Spain, 1819 ; erected into Florida territory, 
L822; into state of Florida, 1845. 

33.— Ceded to United States by Franco, 1803; transferred to state of 
Louisiana, 1812. 

34.— Ceded to United States by France, 1803; erected into territory of 
Orleans, 1804 ; admitted as state of Louisiana, 1812. 

35.*— Ceded to United States by France, 1803; included in district Louis- 
iana in 1804; in territory Louisiana, 1805: in territory Missouri, 1812; 
elected into Arkansas territory, 1819; admitted as state of Arkansas, 1836. 

36.— Admitted as state of Missouri, 1821. 

37.— Added to state of Missouri, 1836. 

38.— Annexed to territory of Michigan, 1834 ; to territory Wisconsin, 1836 ; 
to territory Iowa, 1838; admitted as part of state of Iowa, 1846. 

39.— Same as above to and including admission to territory Iowa; trans- 
ferred to state of Iowa, 1846. 

40.— Same as 39; transferred from state to territory Iowa, 1846; to terri- 
tory Minnesota, 1849; to state Minnesota, 1858. 

41.— Annexed to territory Michigan, 1834; territory Wisconsin, 1836; ter- 
tory Iowa, 1838; territory Minnesota, 1S49; state Minnesota, 1858. 

42.— As above, to and including territory Minnesota, 1849; included in 
territory Dakota, 1861. 

43.— Transferred from territory Missouri to territory Nebraska, 1854; to 
territory Dakota, 1861. 

44._ Ceded by Great Britain, 1783; included in territory north-west Ohio 
River, 1787; to territory Indiana, 1800; to territory Illinois, 1809; to terri- 
tory Michigan, 1818; to territory Wisconsin, 1836; to territory Minnesota, 
1849; to state Minnesota, 1858. 

45.— As above, to and including territory Wisconsin, 1836; admitted as 
state Wisconsin 1848. 

46.— As 44, to and including territory Michigan, 1818 ; to state Michigan, 
1837. 

47.— Ceded bv Great Britain, 1783- territory north-west Ohio River, 17S7 ; 
territory Indiana, 1S00 ; territory Michigan, 1818 ; territory Wisconsin, 1836 ; 
state Wisconsin, 1848. 

48 —Ceded bv Great Britain, 1783 ; transferred to Territory north-west Ohio 
River, 1787; territory Indiana, 1800; territory Michigan, 1818; stale Mich- 
igan, 1837. 

49.— Ceded bv Great Britain, 1783; transferred to Territory north-west 
Ohio River, 1787; territory Indiana, 1800; territory Michigan, 1805; state 
Michigan, 1837. 

50.— Ceded by Great Britain; transferred to Territory north-west Ohio 
River, 1787; territory Indiana, 1802; territory Michigan, 1S05 ; state Mich- 
igan, 1837. 

51.— Ceded by Great Britain, 1783; transferred to Territory north-west 
Ohio River, 1787 ; to territory Michigan, 1805; to state Ohio, 1836. 

52.— Ceded by Great Britain, 1783; transferred to Territory north-west 
Ohio River, 1787; territory Indiana, 1800; territory Michigan, 1805; to state 
Indiana, 1816. 

53.— North of 41st parallel ceded by Great Britain, 1783; south of same 
by Virginia, L784 ; territory north-west Ohio River, 1787 ; admitted as state 
Ohio, 1803. 

54.— North of 41st parallel ceded bv Great Britain, 1783; south of same by 
Virginia, 1784; Territory north-west Ohio River, 1787; territory Indiana, 
1800; state Indiana, 1816. 

55.— North of 41st parallel ceded bv Great Britain, 1783 ; south of same by 



♦All of the French cession west of the Mississippi River (except 34) was ceded to the 
United States as the " Province of Louisiana" in 1603 ; erected into district of Louisiana, 
1804; into territory of Louisiana, 1S05; into territory of Missouri, 1*12. The subsequent 
descriptions of territory within the French cession will be carried on from this point,— 
and a repetition of these changes common to all, avoided. 



TRANSFERS OF TERRITORY. '355 

/__ — ■ 

Virginia 1784- Territory north-west Ohio River, 1787; territory Indiana, 
1800; territory Illinois, 1809; state Illinois, 1818. 

56 -Territory Nebraska, 1854; state Nebraska, 1867. 

57* Territory Kansas, 1854; state Kansas, 1861. 

58!-Ceded by Texas, 1850; transferred to territory Kansas, 1854; to state 
Kansas, 1861. 

r,<i,_Ceded by Texas, 1850; never has been organized. 

m -Ceded by France, 1803; declared " Indian country," 1834. 

6i_Tne independent republic of Texas, admitted as state of Texas, 184o. 

62— Ceded by Texas, 1850; transferred to territory Kansas, 1854; territory 

°SSaidfe T^^ft°raSerred to territory New Mexico, 1850; tev- 

rt S^SS^&' , 8M; C SS^SS» territory New Mexico, 1850, 
65-Ceded by Mexico, 1848: transferred to territory -New Mexico, 1850. 
Co! -Ceded by Mexico, I84g; transferred to territory New Mexico, 1850; 

te 6 7^dtl'by Mexico, 1853; transferred to territory New Mexico, 1854; to 
territorv Arizona, 1863. ., „ ,, . -..,.. 

68_Ceded by Mexico, 1853; transferred to territory New Mexico, 1854. 

69_Ceded by Mexico; 1848; transferred to territory New Mexico, 1850; to 
territorv Arizona, 1863; to state Nevada, 1866. „«*„, TO 

70_Ceded by Mexico, 1848; transferred to territory I tab, 18o0 ; terntorj 
Nevada. 1861 : erected into state Nevada, 1864. 

TL-Ceded by Mexico, 1848; transferred to territory Utah, 1850; state Ne- 

V ra-Ceded by Mexico, 1848; admitted as state of California. 1850. 
7S —Ceded bv Mexico, is 18; territory Utah, 1850. . 

74._cided by Mexico, 1848; territory Utah, 1850; territory Colorado, 1861; 

^-Cedefby Knee, 1803 ; territory Missouri to territory Nebraska, 1854 ; 
territorv Colorado, 1861; state Colorado, 1876. 

76 -Ceded by France, 1803; territory Missouri to territory Kansas, 1854; 
to territorv Colorado, 18G1 ; to state Colorado, 1876. 

77 -ceded bv Mexico, 1848; transferred to territory of 1 tah,1850; terri- 
tory Nebraska, 1801 ; territory Idaho, 1863; territory Dakota, 1864; territory 

^'"IceJfe'd 1 by Mexico, 1848 ; territory Utah, 1850 ; territory Wyoming, 1868. 

79_Ceded by France 1803 territory Missouri to territory Oregon, 1848; 

territory Washington 185:;; territory Idaho, 1863.; territory^ yommg 1058 

by Mexico in 1848); transferred to territory -\ebi aska 18o4, terntorj 
Tdnho 1861 • territorv Dakota, 1864 . territory Wyoming, 1868. . 

82 -bededbv France\ 1803; transferred to territory Nebraska 1854 ; terri- 
tory D^ta lS^TStory Idaho, 1803; territory Dakota, 1864; territory 

"fc^d'bv France, 1803; transferred to territory Nebraska, 1854; ter- 
T^„i-^tr, MtM • torvitiirv idalio 1863: territory Montana, 18b4. 

84 Ceaed by Fr ce IS Y ans erred to territory Oregon, 1848 ; territory 
W- ^hh -ton 853- territory Idaho, 1863; territory Montana, 1864 . 

\f^CeTledbv France, 1803; transferred to territory Oregon, 1848; terri- 

^^SSS^^^S^SSSS^ territory Oregon, 1848; terri- 

^^ed^h^Frmi^, 1803; transferred to territory Oregon, 1848; state 

°«K -Ceded' bv France, 1803; transferred to territory Nebraska, 18.54; terri- 
to^akota, 1861 territory Idaho, 1863; territory Dakota, 1864 ; territory 

M 8 Ti a Ceded 7 bV state of New York, 1781, and Massachusetts, 1785, to United 
States: transferred to Pennsylvania, 1792. .,„.„ 

90.— Ceded by Russia, 1807 ; unorganized territory of Alaska. 



Synopsis of Twenty-three Administrations. 



i, 2. — George Washington, 1789-1797. Public credit established by 
Hamilton — United States Bank and Mint at Philadelphia — 
Whisky riot and Indian ravages suppressed — Treaties with 
Great Britain, Spain, and Algiers — Vermont, Kentucky, and 
Tennessee admitted. §#3 2I ~339 

3. — John Adams, 1 797-1801. Party strife between Federalists and 
Republicans — Alien and sedition laws — French republic threat- 
ens war, but Bonaparte makes peace — United States Govern- 
ment removed to Washington City, in the district ceded by 
Maryland and Virginia — Coal and cotton become sources of 
wealth — Ohio admitted as a state in 1803. $£340-349 

4, 5. — Thomas Jefferson, 1801-1809. Republican plainness at the 
White House — Purchase of Louisiana ; its northern part ex- 
plored by Lewis and Clarke — War with Tripoli ends in victory to 
the United States — Steam navigation on the Hudson — English 
Right of Search retaliated by the Embargo Act. ^350-365 

6, 7. — James Madison, 1809-1817. War with Great Britain — Harri- 
son's victory at Tippecanoe — Hull surrenders Detroit and all 
Michigan Territory — American victories on ocean and lakes — 
State of Louisiana admitted — Massacre at Raisin River — South- 
ern Indians surprise Fort Mims, but are subdued by Jackson 
— British ravage Atlantic coast, burn Washington, bombard 
Baltimore — Burn Oswego — American victories at Lundy's 
Lane and Plattsburgh — Hartford Convention opposes the war — 
Jackson's victory at New Orleans — Peace at Ghent — War 
ngainst Barbary States puts an end to tribute — Duties imposed 
for protection of home industries— Indiana organized as a 
state, Michigan and Illinois as territories. J$3°6-399 

8, 9. — James Monroe, 1817-1825. Return of prosperity — Mississippi, 
Illinois, Alabama, Maine, and Missouri admitted as states — 
" Missouri Compromise " advocated by Henry Clay — First 
steamship crosses the Atlantic — Florida is ceded by Spain — 
Monroe Doctrine enunciated. ($400-408 

(356) 



SYNOPSIS OP ADMINISTRATIONS. 357 



10. — John QuiNCY Adams, 1S25-1829. Completion of Erie Canal 
— First steam locomotives on " Delaware and Hudson Canal 
Railroad" — Death of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson on 
semi-centennial of American Independence. £$409-414 

1, 12. — Andrew Jackson, 1829-1837. Changes in offices under Gov- 
ernment — Debates on public lands — "Nullification" in 
South Carolina — Firmness of the President — Indian disturb- 
ances North and South — Seminole War — The President vetoes 
rechartering of United States Bank, and removes public funds 
— Era of prosperity and wild speculations — Surplus in United 
States Treasury divided among the states — Jackson's Specie 
Circular — Arkansas and Michigan admitted. #$415-426 

13. — Martin Van Buren, 1837-1841. Commercial failures and 

panic — Repudiation by two states; bankruptcy of eight — 

The Sub-Treasury Law — Sympathy with Canada— Rise of 

the Whig Party. §§427-433 

f William Henry Harrison (1841) died after one month in 

14. — -j office. 

JOHN Tyler, 1841-1845. Refuses to recharter National 
Bank, and his cabinet resign — Webster-Ashburton Treaty 
settles boundary of Maine and New Brunswick — Dorr's re- 
bellion in Rhode Island — Removal of Mormons to Utah — 
Annexation of Texas and admission of Florida — First tele- 
graph established. §$434-442 

15. — James Knox Polk, 1845-1849. North-west boundary settled 
by treaty with Great Britain — War with Mexico — General 
Taylor gains battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Mon- 
terey, and Buena Vista — General Scott marches from the 
coast to the capital, which surrenders — General Kearney 
conquers New Mexico ; General Fremont and Commodore 
Stockton, California — Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo trans- 
fers to United States upper California, Nevada, Utah, Ari- 
zona, and New Mexico — Gold discovered in California — The 
Wilmot Proviso — States of Iowa and Wisconsin admitted. 

$$443-461 
f Zacharv Taylor, 1849-1850. California admitted to the 

16. ; Union by Clay's Omnibus Bill — Death of the President. 

[ Millard Fillmore, 1850-1853. Daniel Webster Secretary 
of State — Gadsden Purchase secures southern Arizona — 
Death of Calhoun, Clay, and Webster — Fugitive Slave Law 
opposed by Personal Liberty laws in several states. $$462-468 



358 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

17. — Franklin Pierce, 1853-1857. World's Fair in New York — 
Perry's expedition to Japan — Explorations for Pacific Railroad 
— " Ostend Manifesto" by three American ministers, looking to 
the acquisition of Cuba — Organization of Kansas and Nebraska 
— Border warfare — Rise of Republican and American, or 
"Know-Nothing," parties. ^469-476 

18. — James Buchanan, 1857-1861. Minnesota and Oregon admitted 
— John Brown's invasion of Virginia — Division of Democratic 
party — Election of Abraham Lincoln — Ordinances of secession 
in South Carolina, Georgia, and the Gulf States — Jefferson 
Davis elected President of the Confederate States — United 
States forts and arsenals seized by Southern forces. gg 477-485 

19. — Abraham Lincoln, 1861-1S65. Bombardment and fall of Fort 
Sumter — Eleven states in Secession — Separation of West Vir- 
ginia — Union defeat at Bull Run — McClellan commander-in- 
chief — Blockade of southern Atlantic coast — The " Trent Affair " 
set right by United States Government — Recapture of Hatteras 
Inlet, Port Royal Entrance, and Tybee Island. $#486-501 

1862. — Forts Henry and Donelson taken by Grant — Battle of 
Shiloh — Capture of Island No. 10, Memphis, and Fort Pillow — 
Federal victory at Pea Ridge — Bragg's campaign in Kentucky — 
Confederate defeats at Iuka, Corinth, and Murfreesborough — 
Capture of New Orleans by Farragut and Butler — Merrimac and 
Monitor in Hampton Roads — McClellan's march to Richmond — 
Second defeat at Bull Run — Invasion of Maryland — Battle of 
Antietam — Union defeat at Fredericksburg. §§ 502-528 

1863. — Emancipation of all slaves in seceded states — Enlist- 
ment of 50,000 negroes in Federal armies and navies — Union 
defeat at Chancellorsville ; death of " Stonewall " Jackson — Riots 
in New York — Invasion of Pennsylvania — Confederate defeat at 
Gettysburg — Surrender of Vicksburg and Port Hudson ends the 
war on the Mississippi — Morgan's raid in Indiana and Ohio — 
Campaign of Chattanooga ends in Union victories at Lookout 
Mountain and Missionary Ridge. §# 529-546 

1864.— Grant, as Lieutenant-general, at head of United States 
armies — Battles of the "Wilderness" costly and indecisive — 
Battle of Cedar Mountain saved by " Sheridan's Ride" — Sieges 
of Richmond and Petersburg begun — Sherman defeats Hood, 
burns Atlanta, marches through Georgia to the sea; captures 
Savannah — Re-election of President Lincoln. ?§547 - 5 DI 

1865. — Burning of Columbia and part of Charleston — Sher- 



SYNOPSIS OF ADMINISTRATIONS. 359 

man's march through the Carolinas — Abandonment and 
burning of Richmond — Surrender of Lee's and Johnston's 
armies — Murder of President Lincoln — Nevada admitted, 
and territories organized. §§502-573 

20. — Andrew Johnson, 1865-1869. "Reconstruction Policy" of 
the President differing from that of Congress, he is im- 
peached, but acquitted — Fourteenth Amendment to the 
Constitution secures the civil rights of freedmen — Most of 
the Southern states repeal their ordinances of secession, and 
are re-admitted to the Union — Submarine telegraph success- 
fully established between Ireland and America, 1866 — Pur- 
chase of Alaska — Burlingame embassy from China makes a 
treaty of friendship. % 589-595 

21, 22. — Ulysses S. Grant, 1869-1877. Pacific Railroad completed — 
Texas, last of the seceded states, resumes place in Congress 
— Treaty of Washington provides for settlement of all dif- 
ferences between England and the United States — Alabama 
claims, fixed by International Board at Geneva, are paid by 
Great Britain — Fires in Chicago, the north-western forests, 
and in Boston — Grant's Indian Policy — Murder of General 
Canby by the Modocs — Commercial panic and distress — 
Ring robberies in great cities— Congress passes a Specie Re- 
sumption Act — Colorado becomes a state — Centennial Expo- 
sition at Philadelphia — War with the Sioux — Massacre of 
General Custer and his army — Joint High Commission from 
Senate, Representatives, and Supreme Court decide the re- 
sults of the Presidential election of 1876. §§596-616 

23. — Rutherford B. Haves, 1877-1881. Pledges of peace and 
civil service reform — Railway riots suppressed — Chinese 
Question in California — Act to set aside the Burlingame 
Treaty passed by Congress but vetoed by the President — 
Resumption of gold payments January, 1879 — Election of 
James A. Garfield, of Ohio, to be the twentieth President 
of the United States, November, 1880. ^617-627 



APPENDIX. 

THE DECLARATION OE INDEPENDENCE 

IN CONGRESS, July 4, 1776. 

The Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States 
of America. 



When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one 
people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with 
another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and 
equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle 
them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they 
should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident : that all men are created equal ; 
that they are eudowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; 
that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that, to 
secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their 
just powers from the consent of the governed ; that, whenever any form 
of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the 
people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, la5'ing 
its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form 
as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. 
Prudence, indeed, will dictate, that governments long established should 
not be changed for light and transient causes; and, accordingly, all expe- 
rience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils 
are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which 
they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, 
pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them 
under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off 
such a government, and to provide new guards for their future security. 
Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now 
the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of gov- 
ernment. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history 
of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the estab- 
lishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let 
facts be submitted to a candid world. 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for 
the public good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing 
importance, unless suspended in their operations till his assent should be 
obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to 
them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large dis- 
tricts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of repre- 
sentation in the legislature— a right inestimable to them, and formidable 
to tyrants only. 

(36o) 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 361 



He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfort- 
able, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole 
purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly for opposing, with 
manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to 
be elected, whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, 
have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; the state remain- 
ing, in the meantime, exposed to all the dangers of invasions from with- 
out and convulsions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that 
purpose obstructing the laws for the naturalization of foreigners; refus- 
ing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the 
conditions of new appropriations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice by refusing his assent 
to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their 
offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of 
officers to harass our people and eat out their substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the 
consent of our legislatures. 

He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, 
the civil power. 

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to 
our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to 
their acts of pretended legislation : 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us ; 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any mur- 
ders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these states; 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world ; 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent ; 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury ; 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended 'offenses ; 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring prov- 
ince, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its 
boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for 
introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies: 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and 
altering, fundamentally, the forms of our governments; 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested 
with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here by declaring us out of his protec- 
tion, and waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and 
destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to 
complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun 
with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy, scarcely paralleled in the 
most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, 
to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their 
friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrection among us, and has endeavored to 
bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, 
whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all 
ages, sexes, and conditions. 

in every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the 
most humble terms: our repeated petitions have been answered only by 
repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act 
which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. "We 
have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to 
extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them 
of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have 
appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured 
them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, 
which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. 



362 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. 
We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our sep- 
aration, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind— enemies in war ; 
in peace, friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, 
in General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the 
world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the au- 
thority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, 
That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, Free and In- 
dependent Stales; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British 
crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of 
Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as Free and 
Independent States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, con- 
tract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and tilings 
which l7idependent States may of right do. And for the support of this 
Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Provi- 
dence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our 
sacred honor. 

JOHN HANCOCK. 

New Hampshire.— Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thorn- 
ton. 

Massachusetts Bay.— Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat 
Paine, Elbridge Gerry. 

Rhode Island, Etc.— Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery. 

Connecticut.— Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, 
Oliver Wolcott. 

New York.— William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis 
Morris. 

New Jersey.— Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkin- 
son, John Hart, Abraham Clark. 

Pennsylvania.— Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, 
John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, 
George Ross. 

Delaware.— Caesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas M'Kean. 

Maryland. — Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Car- 
roll of Carrollton. 

Virginia.— George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Ben- 
jamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter 
Braxton. 

North Carolina.— William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn. 

South Carolina.— Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Thomas 
Lynch, Jr., Arthur Middleton. 

Georgia.— Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton. 



CONSTITUTION 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect 
union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the com- 
mon defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of 
liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Con- 
stitution for the United States of America. 

ARTICLE I.— Section 1. 

1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of 
the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Repre- 
sentatives. 

Section 2. 

1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen 
every second year by the people of the several States ; and the electors in 
each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most 
numerous branch of the State legislature. 

2. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to 
the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United 
States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in 
which he shall be chosen. 

3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the sev- 
eral States which may be included within this Union, according to their 
respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole 
number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of 
years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other persons. 
The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first 
meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subse- 
quent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The 
number of Representatives shall not exceed one forevery thirty thousand, 
but each State shall have at least one Representative; and until such 
enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be en- 
titled to choose three; Massachusetts, eight; Rhode Island and Provi- 
dence Plantations, one; Connecticut, rive; New York, six; New Jersey, 
four; Pennsylvania, eight ; Delaware, one ; Maryland, six ; Virginia, ten ; 
North Carolina, five; South Carolina, Ave; and Georgia, three. 

4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the 
executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such 
vacancies. 

5. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other 
officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 

Section :>. 

1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators 
from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years ; and each 
Senator shall have one vote. 

(363) 



364 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first 
election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. 
The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expira- 
tion of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth 
year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one 
third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen, by 
resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any State, 
the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next 
meeting of the legislature, which shall then till such vacancies. 

3. No person shall be a. Senator who shall not have attained to the age 
of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and 
who shall* not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he 
shall be chosen. 

4. The Vice-president of the United States shall be president of the 
Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. 

5. The Senate shall choose their other olhcers, and also a president pro- 
tempore, in the absence of the Vice-president, or when he shall exercise 
the office of President of the United States. 

6. The Senateshall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When 
sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the 
President of the United States is tried, the Chief-justice shall preside ; and 
no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the 
members present. 

7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to 
removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of 
honor, trust, or profit, under the United States; but the party convicted 
shall nevertheless be liable «md subject to indictment, trial, judgment, 
and punishment, according to law. 

Section 4. 

1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for Senators and 
Representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the legislature there- 
of; but the Congress may, at any time, by law, make or alter such regula- 
tions, except as to the places of choosing Senators. 

2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such 
meeting shall be on the lirst Monday in December, unless they shall by 
law appoint a different day. 

Section 5. 

1. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifica- 
tions of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a 
quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to 
day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members 
in such manner and under such penalties as each House may provide. 

2. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its 
members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two 
thirds, expel a member. 

3. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to 
time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment 
require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House, 
on any question, shall, at Ihe desire of one fifth of those present, be en- 
tered on the journal. 

4. Neither House, during the .session of Congress, shall, without the 
consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other 
place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. 

Section 0. 

1. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for 
their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of 
the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and 
breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at 
the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from 
the same ; and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be 
questioned in any other place. 

2. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was 
elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 365 



States which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall 
have been increased, during such time; and no person holding any office 
under the United States shall be a member of either House during his 
continuance in office. 

Section 7. 

1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Repre- 
sentatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments, as 
on other bills. 

'.'. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and 
the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of 
the United States : if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return 
it with his objections to that House in which it shall have originated, 
who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to re- 
consider it. If, after such reconsideration, two thirds of that House shall 
agree to pass the bill, it shall lie sent, together with the objections, to the 
other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved 
by two thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases 
the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the 
names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on 
the journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned 
by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have 
been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he 
had signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its re- 
turn, in which case it shall not be a law. 

3. Every order, resolution, or vote, to wftich the concurrence of the 
Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a ques- 
tion of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United 
States, and before the same shall take effect shall be approved by him, or, 
beiisg disapproved by him, shall be re-passed by two thirds of the Senate 
and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations pre- 
scribed in the case of a bill. 

Section 8. 

The Congress shall have power— 

1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts 
and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United 
States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout 
the United States; 

2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States; 

3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several 
States, and with the Indian tribes; 

4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on 
the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States; 

5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof and of foreign coin, and fix 
the standard of weights and measures; 

I). To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and 
current coin of the United States; 

7. To establish post-offices and post-roads; 

8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for 
limited times to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their re- 
spective writings and discoveries; 

9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court: 

10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high 
seas, and offenses against the law of nations; 

11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules 
concerning captures on land and water; 

12. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that 
use shall be for a longer term than two years; 

13. To provide and maintain a navy : 

14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and 
naval forces; 

15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the 
Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions; 

16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and 
for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the 



3 66 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the 

officers and the authority of training the militia according to the disci- 
pline prescribed by Congress ; 

17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over such 
district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular 
States and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the Govern- 
ment of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places 
purchased by the consent of the legislature of the State in which the 
same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, 
and other needful buildings; and, 

18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying 
Into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this 
Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any depart- 
ment or officer thereof. 

Section 9. 

1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States 
now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the 
Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a 
tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dol- 
lars for each person. 

2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended 
unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may re- 
quire it. 

3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law .shall be passed. 

1. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to 
the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. 

5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. No 
preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to 
the ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to or 
from one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 

ii. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of 
appropriation's made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the 
receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from 
time to time. 

7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no 
person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the 
consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, 
of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. 

Section 10. 

1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation ; grant 
letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make 
any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any 
bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of con- 
tracts, or grant any title of nobility. 

2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts 
or duties on imports or exports except what may be absolutely necessary 
for executing its inspection laws: and the net produce of all duties and 
imposts laid by any State on imports or exports shall be for the use of the 
treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the 
revision and control of the Congress. No State shall, without the consent 
of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time 
of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another State or with 
a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such im- 
minent danger as will not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE II.— Section l. 

1. The Executive power shall be vested in a President of the United 
States of America. Heshall hold his office during the term of four years, 
and, together with the Vice-president, chosen for the same term, be elected 
as follows : , . , 

2. Each State shall appoint in such manner as the legislature thereof 
may direct, a number of Electors equal to the whole number of Senators 
and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress; 
but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or 
profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 367 



Clause 3 has been superseded by (he Vlth Article of Amendments. 

1. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the Electors, and 
the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the 
same throughout the United States. 

5. No person, except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United 
States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to 
the office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office 
who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been four- 
teen years a resident within the United States. 

t>. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, 
resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, 
the same shall devolve on the Vice-president; and the Congress may by 
law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both 
of the President and Vice-president, declaring what officer shall then act 
as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be 
removed or a President shall be elected. 

7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for hisservicesa compen- 
sation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period 
for which he shall have been elected, and lie shall not receive within that 
period any other emolument from the United States or any of them. 

s. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the fol- 
lowing oath or affirmation : 

"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office 
of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, pre- 
serve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." 

Section l'. 

1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of 
the United States, and of the militia of the several States when called 
into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, 
in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, 
upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, am! he 
shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the 
United States, except in cases of impeachment. 

2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the 
Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present 
concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent 
of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and 
Consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United 
States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and 
which shall be established by law ; but the Congress may by law vest the 
appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper, in the Presi- 
dent alone, in the Courts of law, or in the heads of Departments. 

3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may hap- 
pen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall 
expire at the end of their next session. 

Section 3. 

He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of the 
state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures 
as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary 
occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in case of dis- 
agreement between them with respect to the time of adjournment, he 
may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive 
ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws 
be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United 
States. 

Section 4. 

The President, Vice-president, and all civil officers of the United States, 
shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, 
treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE III.-Section 1. 

The judicial power of the United States shall lie vested in one Supreme 
Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time 



3 68 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme and inferior 
Courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated 
times, receive for their services a compensation which shall not be dimin- 
ished during their continuance in office. 

Section 2. 

1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity arising 
under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, 
or which shall be made, under their authority ; to all cases affecting am- 
bassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases of admiralty 
and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States 
shall be a party ; to controversies between two or more States ; between a 
State and citizens of another State ; between citizens of different States; 
between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of differ- 
ent States ; and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign 
States, citizens, or subjects. 

2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and con- 
suls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall 
have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the 
Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, 
with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall 
make. 

3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by 
jury ; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall 
have been committed ; but when not committed within any State, the 
trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have di- 
rected. 

Section 3. 

1. Treason against the United .States shall consist only in levying war 
against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and com- 
fort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of 
two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 

2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, 
but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, 
except during the life of the person attainted. 

ARTICLE IV— Section 1. 

Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, 
records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress 
may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, 
and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 

Section 2. 

1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and im- 
munities of citizens in the several States. 

2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, 
who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on de- 
mand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be de- 
livered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 

3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, 
escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation 
therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered 
up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may Vie due. 

Section 3. 

1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union : but no 
new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other 
State ; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or 
parts of States, without the consent of the legislatures of the States con- 
cerned as well as of the Congress. 

2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful 
rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging 
to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so con- 
strued as to prejudice any claims of the United states, or of any partic- 
ular State. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UN IT ED STATES. 369 



Section 4.. 

The United states shall guarantee to every state in this Union a repub- 
lican form of government, and shall protect each of them against inva- 
sion; and, on application of the legislature, or of the Executive (when 
the legislature can not be convened) against domestic violence. 

ARTICLE V. 

The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it neces- 
sary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the applica- 
tion of the legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a con- 
vention for proposing Amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid 
to all intents and purposes as part of this Constitution, when ratified by 
the legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by conventions 
in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may 
be proposed by the Congress: provided, that no Amendment which may 
be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in 
any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the 
first article ; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of 
its equal suffrage in the Senate. 

ARTICLE VI. 

1. All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adop- 
tion of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under 
this Constitution as under the Confederation. 

2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be 
made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, 
under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the 
land ; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any thing in 
the constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. 

3. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the mem- 
bers of the several State legislatures, and all executive and judicial offi- 
cers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound 
by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution; but no religious test 
shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under 
the United Stales. 

ARTICLE VII. 

The ratification of the Conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for 
the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the 
same. 



AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 



ARTICLE I. 

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or 
prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech 
or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to 
petition the government for a redress of grievances. 

ARTICLE II. 

A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, 
the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. 

ARTICLE III. 

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the 
consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be pre- 
scribed by law. 

U. S. H.— 24. 



37° HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



ARTICLE IV. 

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and 
effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, 
and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath 
or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and 
the persons or things to be seized. 

ARTICLE V. 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous 
crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in 
cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual 
service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject 
for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall 
be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself; nor 
be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor 
shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. 

ARTICLE VI. 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a 
speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district 
wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have 
been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and 
cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; 
to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to 
have the assistance of counsel for his defense, 

ARTICLE VII. 

In suits at common law where the value in controversv shall exceed 
twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall lie preserved, and no fact 
tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United 
States, than according to the rules of the common law. 

ARTICLE VIII. 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor 
cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

ARTICLE IX. 

The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be con- 
strued to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 

ARTICLE X. 

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor 
prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to 
the people. 

ARTICLE XI. 

The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend 
to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the 
United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of 
any foreign Stale. 

ARTICLE XII. 

The Electors snail meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot 
for President ami Vice-president, one of whom, at least, shall not be an 
inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall name in their 
ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the per- 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 37 1 



son voted for as Vice-president, and they shall make distinct lists of all 
persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-presi- 
dent, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and 
certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United 
Slates, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the 
Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, 
open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted; the person 
having the greatest number of votes tor President shall be the President, 
if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors ap- 
pointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons 
having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those 
voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose imme- 
diately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the voles 
shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one 
vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members 
from two thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be 
necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not 
choose a President, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon 
them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-pres- 
ident shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitu- 
tional disability of the President. The person having the greatest num- 
ber of votes as Vice-president shall be the Vice-president, if such number 
be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no per- 
son have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the 
Senate shall choose the Vice-president; a quorum for the purpose shall 
consist of two thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of 
the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitu- 
tionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of 
Vice-president of the United states. 

ARTICLE XIII. 

1. Neither Slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment 
for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist 
within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 

_'. ( Jongress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legis- 
lation. 

ARTICLE XIV. 

1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to 
the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United states and of the state 
wherein they reside. No State shall make or en force any law which shall 
abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States: nor 
shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without 
due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the 
equal protection of the laws. 

2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States ac- 
cording to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of per- 
sons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to 
vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice- 
president of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive 
and iudk-ial officers of a State, or the members of the legislature thereof, 
is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one 
years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, 
except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of represen- 
tation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of 
such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens 
twenty-one years of age in such Stale. 

3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector 
of President and Vice-president, or hold any office, civil or military, un- 
der the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken 
an oath, as a member of < !ongress, or as an officer of the United States, or 
as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer 
of any State, to support the ( 'oust i tut ion of the United States, shall have 
engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or 
comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two 
thirds of each House, remove such disability. 



372 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by 
law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for 
services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. 
But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt 
or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the 
United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; 
but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. 

5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, 
the provisions of this article. 

ARTICLE XV. 

1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied 
or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, 
color, or previous condition of servitude. 

2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate 
legislation. 



QUESTIONS ON THE CONSTITUTION OF THE 
UNITED STATES. 



1. By whose authority was the Constitution established ? 

2. What six distinct purposes are declared in the "enacting clause" 
with which it opens? 

3. What imperfect union had already existed ? \\ 298, 299. 

4. How long had the United States existed as a nation when the Consti- 
tution was adopted ? 

Article I. 

5. To whom is the law-making power entrusted? Section 1. 

6. Of what two bodies does < tongress consist ? 

7. By whom and how often is a Representative chosen? Section 2. 

8. Of what age and nationality must he be? Section 2, Clause :_'. 

9. Can an inhabitant of Maine be elected to represent a district in 
Nevada ? 

10. What was the least number of persons that were entitled to a Repre- 
sentative when the constitution was adopted ? Section 2, Clause 3. 

11. What number constitutes a Congressional District now? Ans. 180,333. 

12. What is the whole number of United States Senators? Section 3. 

13. How long does a Senator serve ? 

14. What are his qualifications as to age and citizenship? Section 3, 
Clause 3. 

If). Who presides in the Senate? Section 3, Clause 4. 

16. In what case does the Vice-president vote? 

17. How would his place in the Senate be filled in case of his death, ab- 
sence, or promotion to the Presidency ? Section 3. ( llause 5. 

18. How many Vice-presidents have succeeded to the highest office ? 

19. What judicial powers are vested in the Senate? Section 3, Clause 6. 

20. What punishment can be inflicted in cases of impeachment? Sec- 
tion 3, Clause 7. 

21. How often, and on what day. does Congress assemble? Section 4, 
Clause 2. 

22. Who decides upon the qualifications of members? Section o, Clause 1. 

23. What are the privileges of members of < longress ? Section 6, Clause 1. 

24. Can they hold any office under the Government? Section ii. ( !lause 2. 

25. What house originates bills for raising the public revenues? Section 
7, Clause 1. 

26. What part has the President in making laws ? Section 7, Clause 2 

27. In what two cases can a law become effective without the President's 
signature ? Section 7, < 'lause 2. 



QUESTIONS ON THE CONSTITUTION. 373 



2S. Recite the powers and duties of Congress as enumerated in the 
eighteen clauses of Section 8. 

29. In what cases only can a writ of habeas corpus be refused to an 
arrested person ? Section 9, Clause 2. 

30. What is a writ of Jiabeas corpus f See Andrews's "Manual of the 
Constitution," pages 146, 147. 

31. Can a law authorize the punishment of an offense that was com- 
mitted before the law was made? Section 9, Clause 3. 

32. Can Congress favor one state more than another in imposing taxes 
and duties? Section 9. Clause 5. 

33. Can a citizen of the United States accept gifts, offices, or titles trom 
a foreign government? Section 9, Clause 7. 

34. What restrictions are laid on the actions of the several Stales? Sec- 
tion 10. 

Article II. 

35. What is required of a candidate for the Presidency as to age, citizen- 
ship, and residence ? Section 1, Clause 5. 

36. What powers are exercised by the President alone? Section 2, 
Clauses 1 and 3. 

37. What, in concurrence with the Senate? Section 2, Clause 2. 
3s. What additional duties are demanded of him ? Section 3. 

39. How and for what reasons can a President be removed ? Section 4. 

Article III. 

40. How long do Judges of the Supreme Court hold their office? Section 1. 

41. What cases are judged bv the Supreme Court? Section 2. 

42. What is the difference between original and appellate jurisdiction? 
See Andrews's " Manual of the Constitution," page 206. 

43. In what court must a robber of the mails be tried ? 

44. What is meant by " trial by jury "? Section 2, Clause 3. Andrews's 
" Manual of the Constitution," page 213. 

45. What constitutes treason against the United States? Section 3, 
Clause 1. 

46. Can the children of a traitor be made to suffer in person or property 
for their father's crime ? Section 3, Clause 2. 

Article IV. 

47. What duties do the several states owe to each other ? Sections 1 and 2. 

48. By what authority and under what conditions can new states be 
admitted? Section 3. 

49. What claim can any state make on the General Government? Sec- 
tion 4. 

Article V. 

o0. How can amendments be made in the Constitution? " 
Article VI. 

51. What constitutes the supreme law of the land ? Section 2. 

Amendments. 

52. What was the general purpose of the ten Amendments proposed by 
the first Congress and accepted by the states? Articles I-X. 

53. Can any one be legally called in cmestion for religious belief or prac- 
tice in the United States? Article I. 

54. What are the rights of the accused under Articles V to VIII. 

55. How was the mode of electing executive officers settled in 1803 and 
1804? Article XII. 

56. Under what description were slaves alluded to in the original Con- 
stitution ? Article I, Section 2, Clause 3; and Section 9, Clause 1. 

57. What was the Thirteenth Amendment, ratified in December, 1865? 

58. How are "citizens" defined in the Fourteenth Amendment? Sec- 
tion 1. 

59. How is the number of Representatives made dependent on the free 
exercise of the right to vote ? XIV, Section 2. 

60. What class of persons were excluded from civil office by Amend- 
ment XIV, Section 3. 



INDEX 



Numbers refer to Sections; N refers to accompanying Notes. A Pronouncing 
Vocabulary will be found <>u page 390. 



Abercrombie, defeated, 186, 187. 

Abraham, Plains of, 190, N.; 191. 

Acadia, settled, 83, x.; ceded to 
France, 129; captured, 169; trans- 
ferred to England, 173, n.; French 
expelled, 181. 

Adams, John, at Versailles, 307, x.; 
Vice-pres., 319 ; leading Federalist, 
333 : Pres.. 340, N.; death of, 413. 

Adams, John Quincy, Pres., 409, n.; 
character of, 410; in Congress, 414. 

Adams, Mrs. John, 347, N. 

Adams, Samuel, 233, N. 

Admiralty, Courts of, 148. 

Agassiz, Louis, 631. 

Alabama, settled by French, 160; 
admitted, 402; secedes, 481. 

Alabama Claims, settled, 600. 

Alaska, purchased, 594. 

Albany, founded, 106; named, 115; 
convention at, 178. 

Albemarle, settlements, 131, 132; 
attacked by the Tuscaroras, 172. 

Alexander, 'Sir William, 83, x. 

Algerine Pirates, 329, 3135, 397. 

Alien Law, 342. 

Allen, Ethan, 237, N. 

Almanac, Poor Richard's, 204. 

Amendments, the 13th, passed by 
Congress, 561, x.; the 14th accepted, 
591 ; 15th becomes law, 598. 

America, discovered by Northmen, 
6; by Columbus, 32,33,36; by En- 
glish, 37 ; by Portuguese, 38 ; parti- 
tion of, 49. 

American, debts in Eng. after Rev., 
330, 331; flag first raised, 283, n.; 
first saluted, 300 ; Party, 476 ; Philo- 
sophical Society founded, 206; 
"System," the, 398. 

Amerigo Vespucci, 36. 

Anderson, Major, seizes Ft. Sum- 
ter, 482 ; compelled to evacuate, 489 ; 
honors to, 570, x. 

Andre, Major, 293-295, x. 

Andros, royal governor, 138, N., 139. 

Anne, Queen, 148, n. 

Antietam, battle of, 526. 

Appalachee Bay, disc, 41 ; settle- 
ments conquered by English, 171. 

Appalachian Mountain System, 12. 

Arizona, settled, 48; ceded to I . S., 
457; territory increased, 465; or- 
ganized, 573. 

Arkansas, settled by French, 162; 
admitted, 426; secedes, 490. 

Arkwright, invents "spinning 
jenny," 348, 632. 

Arlington, Lord, 67. 



Armed Neutrality in Europe dur- 
ing American Revolution, 301. 

Army of the Potomac unsuccessful 
in 1862, 528; condition Jan., 1863, 
532. 

Arnold, Benedict, at Ticonderoga, 
237, n.; at Quebec, 246, x.; attacks 
Tryon, 262, n.; sent to aid Schuy- 
ler, 263; promoted, 266, x.; treason 
of, 292-295. 

Arthur, Chester A., Vice-pres., 627. 

Aspinwall, William, 93. 

Astor, John Jacob, 443, x. 

Astoria, founded, 443. 

Atlanta, Ga., destruction of, 557, 558. 

Atlantic Cable, laid, 592, 593. 

Azores, discovered, 30. 



Bacon's Rebellion, 68, N.,69. 

Balboa, Nunez de, 39, n. 

Baltimore, bombarded 386; Demo- 
cratic convention at, 479; attack 
on Union troops in, 491. 

Baltimore, the first lord, 70, 71 ; the 
second lord, 71, 73. 

Bank of North America, founded, 
315, x. 

Bank of the U. S., established, 323; 
renewal of charter vetoed, 421 ; re- 
chartered and fails, 429. 

Banks, Gen., at Port Hudson, 539. 

Barbary States prey on American 
commerce, 329, 3*5, 360, 397. 

Barron, Com., kills Decatur, 397, n. 

Barton, Col., takes Prescott pris- 
oner, 262, n. 

Bartram, John, 206. 

Baton Rouge, captured, 515. 

Baum, defeated by Stark, 264. 

Beauregard, Gen., at Bull Run, 493 ; 
nt Shiloh,506; abandons Corinth, 
508. 

Bell, John, nominated for Presi- 
dency, 479, n. 

Bemus's Heights, battle of, 265, x. 

Bennington, battle of, 264, N. 

Berkeley, Gov., 67-69, n.; receives 
grant of half of New Jersey, 116; 
sells to Quakers, 118; receives 
grant of part of Virginia, 130, x. 

Bienville, at Biloxi, 160, x. ; gov- 
ernor of Louisiana, 161, n. 

Biloxi, Miss., settled, 160, N. 

Black Hawk War, 418. 

Bladensburg, battle of, 385, x. 

Blennerhasset, Harman, 362, x. 

Block, Adrian, explorations in 
Lon-r Island Sound, 105. 



(374 I 



Bio 



INDEX. 



Ced 



Blockade, the, 496-498. 

Board of Trade, appointed, 145 ; re- 
ject colonial union, 178. 

Bon Homme Richard, 283, n. 

Boone, Daniel, 243, N. 

Booth, John Wilkes, murders Lin- 
coln, 570; is killed, 571. 

Bordentown, N. J., abandoned by 
British, 259. 

Boston, founded, capital of Salem 
colony, 86, n.; under Andros, 138 ; 
massacre, 222, n.; port closed, 228; 
besieged by Americans, 233 . evac- 
uated by British, 248; the great 
Are in, 603. 

Boundary bet. Eug. and Spanish 
poss. altered, 171 ; of U. S. by treaty 
of Versailles, 309; bet. U. S. and 
Spanish poss. fixed, 334; bet. Maine 
and New Brunswick disputed, 431 ; 
present X. E. boundary of U. S. 
fixed, 436; bet. Oregon and British 
America fixed, 444; bet. U. S. and 
Mexico disputed, 445; bet. Wash. 
Ter. and British Col. settled, 601. 

Braddock's defeat, ISO. 

Bradford, Gov., 80, 199. 

Bradstreet, Col., captures Fort 
Frontenac, 188. 

Bragg, Gen. Braxton, invades Ky., 
509-511, N.; at Perryville, 512; at 
Murfreesborough, 513; at Chick - 
amauga and Chattanooga, 543: at 
Lookout Mountain, 545, 546. 

Brandt, in Mohawk Valley, 264, .\\; 
relative of Johnsons, 275, N.; de- 
feated, 270. 

Brandywine, battle of, 263, n. 

Brazil discovered, 38. 

Breckenridge, John ('., nominated 
for Presidency, 479, N. 

Breed's Hill fortified, 238. 

Brock, Gen., receives Hull's surren- 
der, 370; killed, 371. 

Brook, Lord, 89. 

Brown, Gen., at Lundy 's Lane, 388 n. 

Brown, John, invades Va., 478 n. 

Brown University founded, 201. 

Buchanan, James, Pres., 470; tries 
to conciliate parties, 477, N. 

Buell, Gen., at Shiloh, 507; pursues 
Bragg, 510; superseded by Rose- 
crans, 513. 

Buena Vista, battle of, 449. 

Bull Run, first battle of, 493-495; 
second battle of, 524. 

Bunker Hill, order for fortifying, 
238; battle of, 239, 240, s.; monu- 
ment erected, 405. 

Burgesses, council of, 63; set apart 
lands for college, 201 ; appoint fast 
owing to Boston Port Bill, and 
favor united resistance, 229. 

Burgoyne, Gen., arrives at Boston, 
238, n.; plan of for 1777, 202; fights 
two battles of Saratoga and sur- 
renders, 265, 200, KT. 

Burke, Edmund, 271. 



Burlingame, Anson, embassador 
from China, 595; bill to set aside 
treaty of, 024. 

Burlington, Iowa, founded, 461. 

Burlington, N. J., settled by Quak- 
ers, 118; abandoned by British, 259. 

Burnside.Gen., succeeds McClellan, 
526 ; at Knoxville, 547. 

Burr, Aaron, Vice-pres., 350, n.; kills 
Hamilton, 321, N., 301; tried for 
treason, 302. 

Butler, Gen. B. F., takes possession 
of New Orleans, 514, 515 ; confis- 
cates negroes, 529; receives negro 
regiments in army, 531 ; on the 
James, 552 ; attacks Ft. Fisher, 559. 



Cabot, John, 37, N.; Sebastian 37, n. 

Ca,bral, 38. 

Calhoun, John C, Vice-pres., 409, n.; 
proposed pres. of a Southern Con- 
federacy, 417; on annexation of 
Texas, 441 ; death of, 466. 

California, settled, 48 ; independent 
of Mexico, 456; ceded to U. S., 457 ; 
slavery ques., 462; admitted, 463. 

Calvert, George, 70; Cecil, 71 ; George 
Leonard, 72. 

Calverts, the, 73, 

Cambridge, seat of Harvard, 87. 

Camden, N. J., settled by Dutch, 108 ; 
battle of, 288, x. 

Cameron, Richard, founds sect of 
( Jovenanters, 137, n. 

Canada, French in, 47 ; conquest by 
Americans planned, 109 ; ceded to 
Great Brit., 193; urged to join col- 
onies in seeking redress, 218, 231; 
line of com. with seized, 237; in- 
vasion by colonies, 245-247; inva- 
sion in 1812, 371, 383 ; rebels against 
England, 431. 

Canary Islands discovered, 30. 

Canby, Gen., killed by Modocs, 000. 

Canonchet, 103. 

Canonicus, threatens war, 80; gives 
Roger Williams land, 92. 

Cape Breton Island, captured, 189'. 

Cape Fear River settlement, 132, n. 

Carillon, Fort, 186. 

Carleton, Sir Guy, 247, 300. 

Carolinas, granted, 130, n.; endeavor 
to suppress slave trade, 118; sur- 
rendered to the crown, 150; cede 
western lands to U. S., 298. 

Caroline, Fort; 44, 45. 

Carson City, 573. 

Carteret, Sir George, receives half 
of New Jersey, lbi. 

Carthagena, S. A., captured by Eng. 
colonists, 174. 

Cartier, Jacques, 43, N. 

Carver, John. 78, 79. 

Catherine, the Great, proclaims 
" armed neutrality," 301. 

Cedar Creek, battle of, 553. 

Cedar Mountain, battle of, 524. 



(375) 



Cen 



INDEX. 



Cor 



Centennial Exposition, 612. 

Cerro Gordo, battle of, 451. 

Champlain, Lake, explored, 47. 

Champlain. Samuel de, 47, n. 

Chancellorsville, battle of, 532. 

Chantilly, battle of, 524. 

Chapultepec, fortress captured, 453. 

Charles I, cedes Maryland, 70; op- 
poses Puritans, 125 ; beheaded, 126. 

Charles II, destroys Virginia free- 
dom, 67; grant to Penn, 119; gives 
away half N. Amer., 128, N.; cedes 
Acadia and Nova Scotia, 129 ; gives 
land and charter to Conn., 129; 
grant to Duke of York, 129: grants 
the Carolinas, 130 ; dies, 136. 

Charleston, S. C, settled, 133; at- 
tempted cap. by French, 171; be- 
sieged by British, 249 n.; cap. by 
Brit., 285 ; evacuated by Brit., 307 ; 
Democratic convention at, 479 ; be- 
sieged by Union forces, 560 ; aban- 
doned and burned by Conf., 562, N.; 
ceremonies after Civil War, 570, n. 

Charlestown, Mass., founded, 86; 
burned by British, 240. 

Charlotte, the, destroyed, 431. 

Charter Oak, 139, x. 

Chase, Salmon P., 590, N. 

Chatham, Earl of, see Pitt, William. 

Chattanooga, vicinity described, 
.541,542; siege of , 543. 

Cherokees, sell lands in Ky., 243; 
moved west of Miss. River, 406; 
civilization of, 407. 

Cherry Valley, N. Y., massacre, 275. 

Chicago fire, 602. 

Chicagou (< 'hieago), fort estab., 16"). 

Chickamauga River, battle of, 543. 

Chickasaw Landing, captured, 538. 

Chihuahua, captured, 454. 

China, sends embassy to U.S., 595. 

Chinese, immigration, 595, ti21,623; 
education in America, 625. 

Chippewa, battle of, 387. 

Choiseul, 215, n. 

Chopart, angers the Natchez, 163. 

Christiana, founded, 110. 

Churubusco, battle of, 452. 

Cincinnati, founded, 349; threat- 
ened by Kirby Smith, 510; by 
Morgan, 540. 

Cincinnati, Society of the, 308, n. 

Civil Rights Bill, passed, 589. 

Civil Service reform, 618. 

Claims against England, 599, 600. 

Clark, Col., N. W. of Ohio River, 
277 ; captures British posts, 278. 

Clarke, John, 93. 

Clarke, William, 358, n. 

Clay, Henry, advocates "Missouri 
Compromise, "402, n.; Sec. of State, 
409; introduces compromise on 
tariff, 417; candidate for Pres., 411 ; 
introduces " Omnibus Bill," 463, >;.; 
death of, 4<>6. 

Clayborne's rebellion, 72. 

Clermont, the, 363. 



Clinton, Gen., arrives at Boston, 238, 
N.; besiges Charleston, S. C, 249; 
plan for 1777,262; succeeds Howe, 
272; captures Charleston, 285; treats 
for surrender of "West Point, 293; 
tries to buy Princeton mutineers, 
297; superseded by Carleton, 306. 

Clinton, George, Vice-Pres., 362, N.; 
re-elected, 366. 

Cockburn, Admiral, 386, n. 

Coddington, William, 93. 

Colfax, Schuyler, Vice-Pres., 596. 

Coligny, 44, N. 

Colonial habits, 2H9-211. 

Colonies organize themselves into 
sovereign states, 251. 

Colorado, admitted, 611. 

Colorado River, explored, 42. 

Columbia College, founded, 201 ; 

Columbia River, explored, 358 ; 
named, 443, n. 

Columbia, S. C. captured, 562. 

Columbus, Christopher, 31^36, n.; 
Diego, 39. 

Commerce of colonies, 213; restric- 
tions on, 244. 

Communism in America, 622. 

Compromise, Missouri, 402; on the 
tariff, 417; of 1850, 463, N. 

Conant, Roger, 84, n. 

Concord, Mass., stores dest., 233. 

Confederate States of America, or- 
ganized, 483; recognized by Eng., 
France, and Spain, 500 ; resources 
exhausted, 558; forces remaining 
Apr., 1865, 563; conduct of people 
during Civil War, 583; restoration 
to abandoned rights, 598. 

Confederation, articles of closer, 
adopted by the U. S., 298 ; charac- 
ter of, 299, 310. 

Conflicting English Grants, S3, 129. 

Congress, of northern colonies, 169; 
first Continental, 230; second Con- 
tinental, 234-236. 

Connecticut, colony formed, 9() ; be- 
comes one of "The United Colo- 
nies of New England," 97; receives 
land and new charter from Charles 
II, 129; included in grant to Duke 
of York, 129; under Andros, 139; 
cedes North-west Territory, 298. 

Connecticut River, settlements, 88: 
banks ravaged by British, 284. 

Conspiracy of Pontlac, 194. 

Constitution of the U.S., proposed, 
317; opinions of, 318; adoption by 
states, 319 ; text of, p. 363. 

Continental army, described, 238, 
N.,241. 

Contreras, battle of, 452. 

Convention, at Albany, 178; the 
Constituent, 313-319. 

Conway Cabal, 268 n. 

Cordilleras, the, 13. 

Corinth, battle of, 512. 

Cornbury, Lord, 214. 

Cornell University, 639 



(376) 



Cor 



INDEX. 



End 



Cornplanter, 276, n. 

Cornwallis, Lord, lays waste New 
Jersey, 258, n.; pursues Wash., 2<i0 ; 
chases Greene and Morgan, '290; 
at Guilford Court-house, 291 ; in- 
trenches himself at Yorkiown,302 ; 
surrenders, 304. 

Coronado, 42. 

Cortereal, 38. 

Cortez, 40. 

Cotton, growing introduced, 34S, n.; 
manufacture of, 632. 

Cotton, Rev. John, 86, x.; 88, N.; 
198, N. 

Courts of Admiralty, estab., 148. 

Covenanters, in N.*J., 137, n. 

Cowpens, battle of the, 289. 

Creeks, defeated, 384; moved west, 
406; civilization of, 408. 

Croghan, Ma j., 376. 

Cromwell, Oliver, 127, n. 

Crown Point, fort estab., 165 ; sur- 
prised by Seth Warner, 237 

Crystal Palace, in New York, 469. 

Cuba, colonized, 39; attempt to ob- 
tain, 472, N. 

Culpepper, Lord, 67, 69, N. 

Cumberland, sunk by Merrimac, 
516, N. 

Custer, Gen., death of, 614. 

Cutler, Dr. Manasseh, Ohio pioneer, 
325, n.; Jarvis, at Marietta, 325, N. 



Dade, Major, massacred, 420. 

Dahlgren, Adm., besieges Charles- 
ton, 560. 

Dakota, organized as territory, 573. 

Dakotas, in Minnesota, 20. 

Danbury, Conn., 262, x. 

Davis, discovers strait, 50. 

Davis, Jefferson. Pres. of Southern 
Confederacy, 4k3, n.; calls for vol- 
unteers, -191 ; authorizes privateers, 
498; abandons Richmond, 565; pris- 
oner, 568: suspected complicity 
with Booth, 571, N. 

Dearborn, Ft., capt. by Indians, 370. 

Dearborn, Gen., 374. 

De Ayllon, 40. 

Decatur, Stephen, burns the Phil- 
adelphia, 360; subdues Barbarv 
States, 397, N. 

Declaration of Independence, 250, 
n., 251; text of, p. 360. 

Declaration of Rights by the col- 
onies, 221. 

De Espejo, 48, n. 

De Gourgues, 4fi. 

De Kalb, Baron, 288. 

Delaware, becomes a separate col 
ony, 122 ; refuses to secede, 490. 

Delaware, Lord, 59. 

Delawares, the, 183. 

Democratic Party, founded by Jef- 
ferson, 333, 'ill ; principles of, 351 ; 
in power forty years, 432; tavor 
annexation Texas, 440; divided, 479. 



Department of the Interior, estab- 
lished, 464. 

De Soto, Hernando, 41, x. 

D'Estaing, Count, arrives with fleet, 
273; attempts capt. of Savannah, 
285; urges France to send troops to 
America, 302, N. 

Detroit, fort estab., 165; saved from 
capture by Indians, 194 ; surren- 
dered to British, 370. 

Dieskau, Baron, defeated, 182. 

Dinwiddie, Gov., sends Washing- 
ton to Venango, 176; appoints 
Washington to command a mili- 
tary district, 319, N. 

Dora Pedro II, visits U. S., 013. 

Donelson, Ft., captured, 503, 504. 

Doniphan, Col., captures Chihua- 
hua, 454. 

Donop, Col., 263, n. 

Dorchester, founded, 86. 

Dorchester Heights, fortified, 24s. 

Dorr's Rebellion, 437, N. 

Douglas, Stephen A., introduces 
Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 473, n.; nom- 
inated for Pres., 479. 

Drake, Sir Francis, 50, N. 

Dred Scott case, 477, N. 

Drummond, Gen., at Ft. Erie, 389. 

Drummond, Wm,, first gov. of 
North Carolina, 132. 

Dubuque, founded, 461. 

Duke of Newcastle, 214. 

Du Quesne, Ft., built, 176 ; seized by 
French, 177; Braddock's attempt 
at recapture, 180; taken by Wash- 
ington and name changed, 188. 

Dustin, Hannah, exploit of, 168, x. 

Dutch, explorations in America, 
104, x.; settlements in America, 
character of, 107; title to lands in 
America disputed by Eng., 108; 
conquer New Sweden, 113; discon- 
tent in settlements, 114; seized by 
Eng., 115; recaptured by Dutch, 
117 ; ceiled to Eng., 117. 

Dutch East India Company, com- 
mission Hudson, 104, n. 

Dutch West India Comp. formed, 
106, n.; make settlements in Amer- 
ica, 107, 108. 

Early, Gen., in Shenandoah Vallev, 
553. 

East India Company, the Dutch, 
commission Hudson, lot. x. 

Education, in United States, 639. 

Edward, Ft., built by Eng., 182; 
abandoned by Americans, 264. 

Edwards, Jonathan, 202; grand- 
father of Aaron Burr, 350, x. 

Electoral < 'ollege, 340, x. 

Eliot, John, life of, 100, x.; translates 
Bible, 101; intercedes for Ind., 102. 

Elizabeth, Queen, 51, x. 

Embargo Act, the, 365. 

Endicott, John, 84, n. 



f377) 



Eng 



INDEX. 



Gar 



England, sends explorers to Amer., 
37, 50, 51 ; first settlement by, 56 ; re- 
ligious differences in, 74 ; conflict- 
ing grants of, 83, 129; gains New 
Netherlands, 115, 117; civil war 
in, 125-127; revolution in, 140; ac- 
quires Canada, 193; holds Ameri- 
can posts after Rev., 326, 330, 331; 
claims right of search, 364, 367 ; re- 
sents Trent affair, 499; infringes 
neutrality, .500; suffers by the 
blockade, 587 ; difficulties with am- 
icably settled, 599-601. 

English Revolution, 140 ; settles 
three important principles, 144. 

Eric, the Red, 6. 

Ericsson, Capt. John, invents the 
Monitor, 518, N. 

Erie Canal opened, 411. 

Erie, Ft., captured by Americans, 
387; besieged by British, 389. 

Everett, Edward, nominated for 
Viee-pres., 479, N. 

Ewell, Gen., burns Richmond, 566. 

Expedition by English col. against 
Mexico and West Indies, 174. 



Fair Oaks, battle of, 523. 

Faneuil Hall, 227, n. 

Farragut, Admiral, captures New 
Orleans, Baton Rouge, Natchez, 
514,515; in Mobile Bay, 560. 

Federalist, the. 321, n.; 366, n. 

Federalist Party, founded, 333; re- 
sist War of 1812, 390, 392 ; favor pro- 
tection, 398; merged into Whig 
Party, 432. 

Fenwick, John, lis. 

Field, Cyrus W., and the Atlantic 
Cable, 592, n, 593. 

Filibusters, 472, n. 

Fillmore, Millard, Pres., 461, x.; can- 
didate tor Pivs., 476. 

Finisterre, Cape, limit of colonial 
trade, 128. 

First American cargo to Eng., 213. 

First American .journal, 149. 

First book written in America, 196. 

First college in United States. 87, N. 

First < 'outinental Congress, 230. 

First cotton-mill in U. S., 348, 632. 

First election held under the Con- 
stitution, 319. 

First English settlement, 56. 

First law-making body in America 
elected by the people, 63. 

First printing-press in U.S., 87, n 

First publications in U. S., 87. 

First settlement in America, 46. 

First steamboat in America, "iii; 
on western waters, 363. 

First steamer crosses Atlantic, 103. 

First steam locomotive in U.S., 112. 

First telegraph hi I . S., 442. 

First vessel on the Great Lakes, 15s. 

First written constitution framed 
in America, 96. 



Fisher, Ft., capt. by U. S. forces, 559. 

Fisheries, on Newfoundland banks 
discov., 43 ; carried on by Eng., 51, 
54; troubles about settled, 601. 

Five Forks, battle of, 552, N.; 564. 

Florida, discov., 39 ; ceded to Eng., 
193; to the U. S. by Spain, 403; ad- 
mitted, 441 ; secedes, 481 ; eastern 
ports seized by U. S., 528. 

Floyd, Gen. J. B., in W. Va., 492. 

Fontainebleau, treaty of, 308, n. 

Foote, Commodore, at Fts. Henry 
and Donelson, 503, n. 

Foreign aid to America, 261, 269, n.; 
273, 302, x. 

Forts of the French, 165. 

Fountain of Youth, 35, 39. 

Fox, C. J., 271. 

Fox, G. V., in the Civil War, 196, n. 

France, difficulties with, 343-345, 125. 

Franciscan Fathers in America, 155. 

Frankfort, Ky., burial-place of 
Boone, 243, N. 

Franklin, Benj., proposes Union, 
178; biography of, 203-205, n.; sent 
as commissioner to Paris, 270; 
commissioner at Versailles, 307, N.; 
at Constiutional Convention, 315. 

Frederic, the Great, 269, x. 

Fredericksburg, battle of, 527. 

Free Soil Party, organized, 460. 

Free trade, advocated, 398. 

Freedmen's Bureau, estab., 589. 

Freeman's Farm, battle of. 265, N. 

Fremont, John C, in California, 455, 
456; candidate for Pres., 476, N.; at- 
tempts to liberate slaves, 529. 

French and Indian War, 167, 179-194. 

French, discov. and settlements, 43- 
47; colonists in S. C, 134, n.: ex- 
plorations in Miss. Yal., 155-158; on 
the Gulf, 159, 161); war witli the 
Natchez, 163; sett lenient at New 
Orleans, 162, 164; forts, 165; in 
Maine, 173; expelled from Acadia, 
181 ; Revolution, effect in America, 
328,329; cable laid, 593. 

Friends, persecution of, 99, N.; pur- 
chase N. J., US; settle Penn. and 
Del., 119-122; liberated from pris- 
ons, 123; records concerning, 207. 

Frobisher, 50, x. 

Frontenac, Ft. estab., 165; capt- 
ured by Bradstreet, 188 

Fugitive Slave Law, 467. 

Fulton, Robert, 363, N. 

Fur traders, 155, 157, 158, 443, N. 



Gadsden Purchase, 165. 

Gage,< Jen., sends expedition to Con- 
cord and Lexington, 232 ; besieged 
in Boston, 233, n.; superseded bj 
Howe, 240. 

Gallatin, Albert, Sec'y of Treasury, 
353, x.; pronounces Hamilton's 
records clear, 354. 

Gardiner's island, 213, x. 



(3781 



Gar 



INDEX. 



Her 



Garfield, James A., Pres., 627, n. 

Garnett, Gen., iu W. Va., 492. 

Gaspee, burned at Narragansett 
Bay, 225, 220. 

Gates, Gen. Horatio, takes com- 
mand in the North, 265, n.; plots 
against Washington, 268, n.; de- 
feated at Camden and succeeded 
by Greene, 288, n. 

Geary, John \\\, appointed gov- 
ernor of Kansas, 475, N". 

Genet, Edmond Charles, 332, n. 

George, Lake, scene of Abererom- 
bie's defeat, 186, 187. 

George III, 219; petitioned by col- 
onists, 231 ; employs Hessians and 
Indians, 244; statue of pulled 
down, 251; adjourns parliament 
and offers pardon to colonies, 271. 

Georgia, bestowed on Oglethorpe, 
150; character of settlers, 151; 
slavery introduced, 152; war with 
Spain, 153, 174 ; sends relief to Bos- 
ton, 228 ; becomes royal province, 
28ii; cedes western lands to U.S., 298 ; 
secedes, 481 ; manufactures of, 557. 

Germantown, settled, 121; battle 
of, 263, N. 

Gerry, Klbridge, 344, is. 

Ghent, Treaty of . 393. 

Gila River, explored, 42. 

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 51. 

Gillmore, Gen., at Charleston, 560. 

Gist, Christopher, 176, n. 

Gladstone, Win. E.. 318, n. 

Gold, discovered, 45S. 

Goodyear, Charles, invents vulcan- 
ized India Rubber, 631. 

Gookin, Daniel, 102. 

Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, 82, 

Gorges, William, 83. 

Gosnold, explorations of, 54, N.; 
carries the first cargo from Amer- 
ica to England, 213. 

Grand Model of government for 
Carolinas, 130, 131. 

Grangers, the, 619. 

Grant, Ulysses S., captures Ft. Don- 
elson, 503, 504 ; commands dept. of 
W. Tenn., 505; at Sliiloh, 506, 507; 
at luka and Corinth, 512; supplies 
cut off, 528; commander of three 
western departments, 543 ; at Look- 
out Mountain and Missionary 
Ridge, 545, ."i-iii; lieutenant-general, 
549; at battles of Wilderness, 550; 
Spottsylvania, 551; besieges Rich- 
mond and Petersburg, 554; cap- 
tures Richmond, 555,560; receives 
Lee's surrender, 567; Pres., 596, n.; 
re-elected, 004 ; Indian policy of, 
605; at Centennial Exposition, 613. 

Grasse, Count de, 302, N. 

Gray, ('apt. Robert, 443, n. 

Great Britain, see England. 

Great Eastern, lays second Atlantic 
Cable, 593. 

Great Ireland, 8. 



Great Lakes, described, 18 ; route of 
fur traders, 157; first vessel on, 158. 

Greeley, Horace, nominated for 
Pres., 604, n. 

Green Mountain Boys capt. Ticon- 
deroga and Crown Point, 237, N. 

Greene, Gen. Nathaniel, succeeds 
Gates, 288, n.; pursued by Corn- 
wallis, 290; at Guilford Court- 
house and Eutaw Springs, 291. 

Greenland, 6. 

Guadalupe Hidalgo, treaty of, 457. 

Gustavus Adolphus, king, plans 
settlements in America, 109, n. 



Habits of colonial times, 209-211. 

Haines's Bluff, captured, 538. 

Hale, Capt. Nathan, hung as spy, 255. 

Hamilton, Alexander, Sec'y of the 
Treasury, 321-323, n.; leading Fed- 
eralist, 333; killed by Burr, 361. 

Hamilton, Gov., offers reward to In- 
dians for scalps, 277; captured by 
Americans, 278. 

Hamlin, Hannibal, 479. 

Hampton, Gen., commands on 
Lake Champlain, 374. 

Hampton, < fov. Wade, on National 
troops in the South, 017. 

Hancock, John, 233, n. 

Hancock, Gen. Winfield S., 027. 

Hardee, Gen., abandons Charles- 
ton, S. C, 562. 

Harper's Ferry, arsenal seized by 
Brown, 478 ; burned, 490 ; seized by 
Jackson, 525. 

Harrison, Gen. W. II., wins battle 
of Tippecanoe, 368 ; commands in 
the West, 374-376; wins battle of 
the Thames, 383; Pres., 433; death 
of, 434, n. 

Hartford, founded, 88; unites with 
Windsor and Wethersfield to found 
Connecticut, 90; Dutch settlers, 108 ; 
Federalist Convention held, 392. 

Harvard College, founded, 87, v., 
1 19 ; celebrates accession of ( teorge 
III, 219; degrees to women, 639. 

Hatteras Inlet, fort on capt., 501. 

Hayes, Rutherford B., election to 
Presidency disputed, 615; declared 
Pres., 616; withdraws troops from 
Southern States, 617, n.; pledged 
to Civil Service reform, 618; vetoes 
bill against Burlingame Treaty, 624. 

Hayne, Robert, 416, N. 

Henry, Fort, captured, 503. 

Henry, Patrick, introduces Decla- 
ration of Rights, 221; at the first 
Continental Congress, 230, n.; tits 
out expedition north-west the 
(>hio River, 277; objects to "We, 
the people," 319, n. 

Henry, Prince, the Navigator, 3d, n. 

Henry VII, of England, 37. 

Herkimer, Gen. Nicholas, at Oris- 
kany, 26t, N. 



(379) 



Hes 



INDEX. 



Jam 



Hessians, employed by George III, 
244 ; locate in America, 266. 

Historians of colonial times, 199. 

Hoe, Richard, invents type-revolv- 
ing press, 636. 

Holland, sympathizes with Ameri- 
can colonies, 300. 

Holly Springs, seized by Van Dorn, 
528. 

Hood, Gen., supersedes Johnston 
and defeated by Sherman, 556 ; de- 
stroys Atlanta, 557; defeated by 
Sehofield and Thomas, 558. 

Hooker, Gen. Joseph, commands 
Army of the Potomac, 532, n.; suc- 
ceeded hy Meade, 534; at Lookout 
Mountain, 514, 545. 

Hooker, Rev. Thomas, 88, N., 198. 

Horse-shoe Bend, battle of, 384 

House of Burgesses, Va., see Bur- 
gesses, council of. 

Houston, Geu. .Sam., 440, N. 

Howe, Jr., Elias, invents sewing- 
machine, 635. 

Howe, Lord George Augustus, at 
Ticonderoga, 187. 

Howe, Admiral Richard, arrives at 
New York, 252, n.; at Newport, 
R. I„ 273. 

Howe, Gen. Wm., at Boston, 238, 
n.; supersedes Gage, 240; evacuates 
Boston, 248; encamps at Staten 
Island, 252 ; takes possession of 
New York, 255 ; plan of for 1777, 
262; enters Philadelphia, 263, N.; 
offei-s bribes to American soldiers, 
267 ; resigns his command, 272. 

Hubbardton, battle at, 264, N. 

Hudson, Henry, 104, n. 

Hudson Bay territory, transferred 
to English, 173, n. 

Hudson River, exp., 104; named, 
105; banks ravaged by British, 284. 

Huguenots in South Carolina, 134, n. 

Hull, < 'apt. Isaac, captures the Guer- 
riere, 372, N. 

Hull, Gen. Wm., invades Canada, 
369 ; surrenders, 370. 

Hutchinson, Gov., removes soldiers 
from Boston, 222, N. 

Hutchinson, Mrs. Anne, 93, N. 



Iberville, Lemoine d', 160, n. 

Iceland, 6. 

Idaho, territory formed, 444; re- 
ceives organized government, 573. 

Illinois, first settled, 156, 158, n.; 
county of, organized, 278; organ- 
ized as separate territory, 399 ; ad- 
mitted, 102. 

Immigration, 630. 

Impressment of seamen by En- 
gland, 330, 331, 367,368. 

Independence, first steps toward, 
215-231; Declaration of, 250, N., 251; 
text, p. :;ii0. 

India rubber, vulcanized, 634. 



Indian Company, founded, 161, n. 

Indian Territory, formed, 406. 

Indiana, settled, 165; admitted, 399. 

Indians, first location of, 20; river 
tribes, 21; village Indians, 22; tribal 
divisions, 23; the Iroquois, 24; 
clans and sachems, 25 ; religion, 26 ; 
customs, 27, 28; appearance and 
character, 29; how named, 34; en- 
slaved, 38, 40, 103, 163; attack Vir- 
ginians, 64; attack New Engend- 
ers, 94, 102; converted, 101, 173; 
attack Dutch, 111; form a treaty 
with Penn, 120 ; attack French, 163 : 
Schnectady, 168; Albemarle and 
Pamlico settlements, 172 ; Ohio set- 
tlers, 183, 326 ; massacre at Ft. Wm. 
Henry, 184; Pontiac's conspiracy, 
194 ; employed by British, 244 ; rav- 
age Mohawk Valley, 264, N.; mas- 
sacre at Wyoming, 274; at Cherrj 
Valley, 275; treaties of 1784-90,311, 
312 ; Jefferson's policy towards, 355 ; 
at Tippecanoe, 368: at Ft. Dear- 
horn, 370; in the War of 1812. 375, 
376,383; attack Ft. Mimms, 384 ; re- 
moved west of Mississippi, 406; 
troubles in Illinois and Wisconsin. 
418; in Florida, 419, 420 ; employed 
in Civil War, 508; Grant's policy 
towards, 605; outbreak in Oregon, 
606; in Dakota, Montana, and Wy- 
oming, 614. 

Interior basin of Cordilleras, 15. 

Inventions, cotton-gin, spinning- 
jenny, steam-engine, 348: vulcan- 
ized India rubber, 634; sewing- 
machine, 635; agricultural imple- 
ments, printing-press, etc., 636. 

Iowa, admitted, 461. 

Iron-clad Oath, the, 591. 

Iroquois, see Six Nations. 

Isabella, Queen, 31, 34. 

Island No. 10, surrendered, 507. 

Iuka, battle of, 512. 



Jackson, Andrew, defeats Creeks, 
384; wins battle of New Orleans, 
394, 395; governor of Florida, 403; 
Pres., 414; introduces "system of 
rotation," 415, n. 

Jackson, "Stonewall,'' at Bull Run, 
193; in the Shenandoah Valley, 
522; seizes Harper's Ferry, 525; at 
< !hancellorsville, 532, n. 

James I, charters London and Ply- 
mouth Companies, 55, n.; makes 
Virginia a royal province, 65; re- 
ligious intolerance of, 74 ; conflict- 
ing grants of, 83. 

James II becomes king and liber- 
ates (Junkers, 123; sells "Mon- 
mouth's Rebels" to Virginia, 136; 
persecutes the Covenanters, 137; 
appoints Andros governor and 
takes away colonial charters, 138, 
139; deposed, no. 



(380) 



Jam 



INDEX. 



Lin 



James River, named, 57; shores rav- 
aged by British, 284. 

Jamestown, settled, 57; attacked 
by Indians, 04. 

Japan, treaty with. 170. 

Japanese, in America, 025. 

Jasper, Sergeant, at Ft. Moultrie 
249, N.: killed at Savannah, 285. 

Jay, John, American commissioner 
at Versailles, 307, N.; at Constituent 
Convention, 315, n.; chief-justice, 
321 ; makes treaty with Eng., 331. 

Jefferson, Ft., built, 279. 

Jefferson, Thomas, writes Declara- 
tion of Independence, 250 ; at < ion 
stituent Convention, 315 ; Sec'y of 
State, 321; leading Democrat, 333; 
Vice-pres., 340; Pres., 350-353, n.; 
lias Hamilton's records examined, 
354; greatest event in his term, 
356; re-elected Pres., 302; opinion 
on Embargo Act, 305 ; estimate of 
Madison, 30(5, x.; makes proposi- 
tion to restrict slavery, 402 ; death 
of, 413. 

Jesuit Fathers in America, 47, 48, N., 
155, N. 

Johnson, Andrew, Vice-pres., 561 ; 
Pres., 572; differences with Con- 
gress, 589, x.; impeachment of, 590. 

Johnson family, 27 5, x. 

Johnson, Genr William, builds Ft. 
Wm. Henry, 182; receives estate 
on Mohawk, 275. 

Johnson, Richard M., Vice-pres. ,420. 

Johnston, Gen. A. S., in Civil War, 
502, N.,506. 

Johnston, Gen. J. E., commander- 
in-chief of Confederacy, 522; at 
Fair Oaks, 523 ; chief command in 
Georgia, 550; opposes Sherman, 
555, x.; superseded by Hood, 556; re- 
instated and defeated at Averys- 
boro and Bentonville, N. C, 563 ; 
surrenders to Sherman, 507, x. 

Joint High ( !ommission, 599, 616. 

Jones, John Paul, 283, x. 



Kansas, difficulties in, 471, 175; ad- 
mitted, 482. 

Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 473. 

Karlsefne, Thorfinn, 9. 

Kaskaskia, Ills., founded, 156. 

Kearney, Gen., in Mexican War, 
117, 454. 

Kent, Isle of, 71. 

Kenton, Kentucky pioneer, 243. 

Kentucky, settled, 243, N.; ad mil led, 
335; refuses to secede, 490; urged 
to join Confederacy, 510, 511. 

Key, Francis S., writes "Star Span- 
gled Banner," 386. 

Kidd, Captain, 213, x. 

Kieft, gov. of New Netherlands, 111. 

King George's War, 107, 174, 175. 

King Philip's War, 102, 103, n. 

King William's War, 107-109. 



King's College, founded, 201. 
Kittanning, destroyed, 183. 
Know-Nothing party, 476. 
Knox, Henry, takes possession of 
New York, 308, x.; Sec'y of War, 321. 
Knoxville, battle of, 547. 
Kosciusko, in America, 261, x. 



Labrador, discovered, 37. 

La Fayette, comes to Amer., 201, x.; 
at Brandywine, 263, n.; at Andre's 
court-martial, 295; in French 
Rev., 328; revisits Amer., 405. 

Lake < hamplain, explored, 47. 

La Salle's explorations, 158, x., 159 ; 
basis of French claims, 176. 

Laud, Archbishop, persecutes the 
Puritans, 85, x.; 88,N.; 89, x.; 198, x. 

Laudonniere, 45, n. 

Law, John originates "Mississippi 
Scheme," 101, x.; settles Ark., 102. 

Lawrence, James, biography, 377, 
n.; captures the "Peacock," 378; 
lulled, 378. 

Lawrence, Kansas, burned, 475. 

League formed in New England, 97. 

Lecompton, Convention, 474. 

Lee, Arthur, Comm. to Paris, 270, x. 

Lee, Charles, at Charleston, 249, x.; 
taken prisoner and exchanged, 257, 
262, n.; at Monmouth, 272, x. 

Lee, Ft., captured, 250. 

Lee, Henry, captures Jersey City, 
2S2, x.; pronounces Washington's 
funeral oration, 319, x.; commands 
against "Whisky Rebellion," 327. 

Lee, Richard Henry, offers resolu- 
tion of independence, 250, x. 

Lee, Robert E., defeated in W. Va„ 
492; invades Maryland, 509, 525; 
commander-in-chief} 523, x.; at sec- 
ond Bull Run and Chantilly, 524 ; 
South Mountain, 525; Antietam, 
520; Gettysburg, 534, 535; the Wil- 
derness, 550; Spottsylvania, 551; 
force remaining Apr.J '05,503 ; capt- 
ures Ft. Steedman, 564; abandons 
Richmond, 565 ; surrenders, 567. 

Leif, in New England, 7. 

Leisler, death of, 143. 

Lenni Denape, make treaty with 
Penn. 120. 

Leopard and Chesapeake, 364. 

Lewis and Clarke's Expedition, 
358, x. 

Lexington, battle of, 232, 233, x. 

Liberty Bell, 250, x. 

Lieber, Dr. Francis, 631. 

Lightning-rod, invented by Frank- 
lin, 205. 

Lincoln, Abraham, Pres.. 480; pol- 
icy of, 4S0, 4S7, x.; calls for volun- 
teers, 491 ; refuses at first to molest 
slavery, 529; issues emancipation 
proclamation, 530, 531; re-elected, 
501 ; second inaugural address, 569; 
death of, 570, 571, N. 



,3S1 



Lin 



INDEX. 



Mis 



Lincoln, Gen., sent to aid Schuyler, 
263; commands in South, 281, N.; 
attempts capture of Savannah, 285; 
surrenders Charleston, 2X5 ; re- 
ceives Cornwallis's sword, 304. 

Literary progress of the colonies, 
149; in U. S., 642. 

Livingston, Robert 11., administers 
oath of office to Washington, 320, 
N.; aids Fulton, 320, N., 303; U.S. 
agent in purchasing Louisiana, 
356, 357. 

Livingston, William, at Constitu- 
ent Convention, 315, x. 

Locke, John, draws model of gov- 
ernment for Carolinas, 130, x. 

London Company, chartered, 55; 
laws of, 61 • dissolved, 65. 

Long Island, battle of, 253. 

Long Island Sound, settlements, 89. 

Long Parliament, 126. 

Longstreet, Gen. James, at Knox- 
ville, 517, x. 

Lookout Mountain, battle of, 545. 

Louis XIV, attempts to settle Lou- 
isiana, 159, x. 

Louis XV, attempts to found an 
empire in America, 161, x., 102. 

Louisburg, capt. by Eng. colonists, 
175, n.; colonists and regulars, 189. 

Louisiana, named, 158; founder of, 
160, x.; ceded to Spain, 193; ceded 
to France and purchased by U. S., 
356, 357; terms of purchase, 359; 
state admitted, 383; secedes, 481. 

Lowell, Francis, inventor, 632. 

Lundy's Lane, battle of, 388, n. 

Lynn, founded, 86. 



McClellan, Gen. Geo. B., victorious 
in \V. Va., 492; commander-in- 
chief, 495, x.; at Williamsburg, 521 ; 
Fair Oaks, 523; South Mountain, 
525; Antietam, 526; relieved of 
command, 526. 

McCulloch, Gen., at Pea Ridge, 508. 

McDonough, Commodore, at Piatt s- 
burgh, 391, n. 

McDbugall, Gen., at Peekskill, 
X. Y., 262, n. 

McDowell, Gen., at Bull Run, 493; 
checked by Jackson, 522. 

McHenry, Ft., bombarded, 386. 

Macomb, Gen., at Plattsb'gh, 391, x. 

Madeiras, discovered, 30. 

Madison, James, leading Democrat, 
333 ; Sec'y of State, 353 ; Pres., 366, n. 

Magellan, 38, x. 

Mail service, extended, 146; organ- 
ized, 2(15; present state, 637. 

Maine, coast explored, 54; colo- 
nized, 82; how named, 82, x.; east- 
ern part surrendered to Great 
Britain, 193; admitted, 402. 

Manhattan Island, settled, 106. 

Manufactures, colonial, 212; of 
U. S., 348, 632-636. 



Marietta, founded, 325, n. 

Marion, Gem, harasses the British, 
286, sr.; as a host, 287. 

Marquette, 156, N. 

Marshall, John, envoy to France, 
344, n. 

Maryland, colony formed, 70; royal 
province, 73 : agrees to Union, 298 ; 
cedes land for a national capital, 
323; ravaged by British, 385, 386; 
refuses to secede, 490 ; invaded by 
Lee, 509, 525 ; by Early, 553. 

Mason, John, grant to, 82. 

Mason anil Slidell difficulty, 499, 500. 

Massachusetts Bay Colony, coast 
explored, 54; extended, si, 82,140; 
royal charter, 85 ; laws of, 86 ; t< >wns 
of , 86 ; religions intolerance in, 90, 
91, 99; new laws adopted, 96; one 
of " United Colonies of New En- 
gland," 97; state cedes N.W. Ter- 
ritory to U. S v 298. 

Massacre by Indians at Ft. Win. 
Henry, 184'; at Wyoming, 271; at 
Cherry Valley, N. Y., 275; at Ft. 
Mimms, 384; wahoo Swamp, 420. 

Massasoit, treaty with, 79. 

Matamoras, captured, 4 Hi. 

Mather, Cotton, 141, N., 198. 

Mather, Increase, 198, x. 

Maximilian, in Mexico, 58s. 

Mayflower, the, 77. 

Meade, (Jen., at Gettysburg, 534, N. 

Mecklenburg Resolutions, 242. 

Meigs, Col., at Sag Harbor, 202. v. 
I Meigs, Ft., besieged, 376. 

Memphis, ft. established, 165; capt- 
ured by U. S., 508. 

Menendez, Pedro, 46. 

Mercantile system adopted, 147. 

Mercer, Ft., evacuated, 263, n. 

Meridian Raid, the, 5 is. 

Merrimac and Monitor, 516-519, N. 

Mexico, city of, captured, 453. 

Mexico, conquest of, 40 ; recognized 
by U. S., 404 ; wages war with U.S., 
440-157; Maximilian in, 588. 

Michigan, settled, 156; organized as 
territory, 399 ; admitted, 426; forest 
tires in, 602. 

Michillimackinac, founded, 158. 

Miller, Col. James, at Lundy's Lane, 
388, x. 

Mimms, Ft., massacre of, 384. 

Ministers of early New Eng., 198, x. 

Mint, established, 323. 

Minuit, Peter, 110, x. 

Minute-men, organized, 231, n. 

Mission Indians, 48. 

Missionary Ridge, battle of, 546. 

Mississippi, settled by French, 160; 
admitted, 402; secedes, 481. 

Mississippi River, disc, by De Soto, 
41; by Marquette, 156 ; navigation 
secured to Americans, 334 ; strug- 
gle for possession of , 502-515 ; nav- 
igation of, opened, 539. 

Mississippi Scheme, 161, x., 162. 



(382 



Mis 



INDEX. 



New 



Mississippi Valley, described, 17; 
explored by French, 155-158. 

Missouri, admitted, 402; refuses to 
secede, 490; Held of Civil War, 492. 

Missouri Compromise, 402; disre- 
garded, 463, 473. 

Mitchell, < !ol., at Oswego. 387. 

Mobile, Alabama, settled, 160. 

Mohawk Valley, ravaged, 264, n. 

Monmouth's rebels, in Virginia, 136. 

Monroe, Fortress, held by Union 
forces, 485; headquarters Army of 
Potomac, 520; prison of Jefferson 
Davis, 568. 

Monroe, James, leading Democrat, 
333; agent of U. S. in purchasing 
Louisiana, 356 ; Pres., 400, N.; re- 
elected, 404. 

Monroe Doctrine, the, 404. 

Montana, organized territory, 57:;. 

Montcalm, captures Ft. Oswego, 183 ; 
destroys Ft. William Henry, 184; 
defeats Abercrombie, 187; killed at 
Quebec, 190-192, x. 

Monterey, captured, 448. 

Montezumas, 453, n. 

Montgomery, Ala., Confederate 
Convention at, 483. 

Montgomery, Gen., captures Mon- 
treal, 246, N.; killed at Quebec, 247. 

Montreal, founded. 165; conquest 
l>y American colonists planned, 
169; captured by English, 193; by 
Montgomery, 240; abandoned, 247. 

Moore, Cow, attacks Spanish set- 
tlements, 171. 

Morgan. Gen. Daniel, aids Schuy- 
ler, 263 ; wins battle of the Cow- 
pens, 289, n.; pursued by Corn- 
wallis, 290. 

Morgan's raid, 540. 

Mormons, 438, 439, n. 

Morris, Com. Charles, 360, n. 

Morris, Lieut., 516, N. 

Morris, Itobt., at Const.* !onv., 315, N. 

Morristown, winter at, 284. 

Moultrie, Col. William, defends 
Charleston, 249, x.; recaptures Port 
Royal, S. C, 281. 

Moultrie, Ft., named, 249, x.; evac- 
uated by Anderson, 482. 

Mound Builders, 2-5. 

Murfreesborough, battle of, 513. 

Mutiny during Revolution, 297. 



Napoleon Bonaparte, friendly to 
U. 8., 345; orders mourning for 
Washington, 34t>; prophecy con- 
cerning 1". S., 357. 

Napoleon III, designs on Mex., 588. 

Narragansett Indians, threaten 
war. 80; receive Roger Williams, 
92; refuse to make war, 91, 95. 

Narvaez, 41. 

Natchez, Miss., set t led, 1(10, 16.5 ; capt- 
ured by Union forces, 515. 

Natchez Indians, exterminated, 163. 



National Bank Bill, vetoed, 435. 

National debt, 577 ; reduction of, 626. 

Naval battles: the Bon Homme 
Richard and Serapis,283 ; bet. Eng. 
and French at Yorktown, 302; 
Ouerriere and Constitution, 372; 
\Vas]> and frolic, 373 ; Hornet and 
Peacock, 378; Chesapeake and 
Shannon, 378; Argus and Pelican, 
379; Essex and British ships, 379; 
of Lake Erie, 380-382 ; United States 
and Macedonian, 397, x.; Alabama 
and Kearsarge, 498 ; ontheMissis- 
sippi,508; Monitor and Merrimac, 
516-519; in Mobile Bay, 560. 

Navigation Acts, embarass Ameri- 
can trade, 128; renewed, 147. 

Navy of U. S. in the Rev., 283, n.; in 
the Civil War, 496, n. 

Nebraska, admitted, 594. 

Necessity, Ft., built, 177. 

Negroes, introduced in America as 
slaves, 62, b",5, x.; confiscated by 
Butler. 529 ; take part in the Civil 
War, 531 ; civil rights estab., 589. 

Nevada, ceded to U. S., 157; be- 
comes a state, 573. 

New Amsterdam, founded, 106; 
seized by Eng. and name changed 
to New York, 115; recaptured by 
Dutch, 117; ceded to England, 117. 

New Brunswick, ceded to Great 
Britain, 193. 

N ew E ngland , su tiers in War of 1812, 
3.S7; oppose the war. .mo. 392. 

New France, named, 43; fat her (if, 47. 

New Hampshire, settled, 82, x.; part 
of Massachusetts, 140 ; claims Ver- 
mont, 23,7, x. 

New Haven, founded, 89. x.; laws 
of, 89; one of "United Coloniesof 
New England," 97; site of Yale 
College, 200. 

New Jersey, named, llti; purchased 
bj Quakers, 118; receives the Cov- 
enanters, 137. 

N ew Mexico, settled. 48, N.; ceded to 
C.S.,457. 

New Netherlands, named, 105; char- 
acter of inhabitants, 107; discon- 
tent in, 114 ; seized by Eng., 115 ; re- 
captured, 117; ceded to Eng., 117. 

New Orleans, founded, 161, N., 162; 
growth of, hit; American depot, 
334; battle of, 394, 395; captured by 
Union forces, 514, 515. 

New Sweden, rounded, 110, x.; con- 
quered by the Dutch, 113. 

New York, harbor entered, 43 : city 
named, 115; captured by Dutch, 
117; ceded to Eng., 117; colony 
loses its charter, 138; claims Ver- 
mont, 237, x.; city seized by Brit., 
255; state cedes N. W. Terr., 298; 
city evacuated by Brit. ,308; Wash- 
ington inaugurated as Pres.. 320; 
riots in, 533. 

Newcastle, Duke of, 214. 



(383) 



New 



INDEX. 



Pin 



Newfoundland, disc, 37; trans- 
ferred to England, 173, N. 

Newport, Christopher, 50. 

Newport, harbor disc, 43 ; settle- 
ment founded, 93; attack upon, 273. 

Newspapers, colonial, 201, x. 

Niagara, ft. estab., 165 ; English at- 
tempt to capture, 182. 

Nicolls, Richard, gov. of N. Y., 117. 

Norfolk, navy-yard seized by Con- 
federates, 490; surrendered to 
U. S., 519. 

Norridgewock, settlement of, 173. 

North Carolina, settled, 132 ; discon- 
tent in, 223; state cedes western 
lands to U. S., 298; pays for use of 
cotton-gin, 348, N.; coasts ravaged 
by British, 385 ; secedes, 490. 

Northern Pacific R. R., begun, 008. 

Northmen, in Iceland and Green- 
land, 0; in New England, 7. 

North-west passage attempted, 88, 
50, x., 104, n. 

North-west Territory, see Terri- 
tory, etc. 

Nova Scotia, ceded to Alexander, 
83; to Temple, 12!>; ceded to Great 
Britain by France, 193; sec Acadi t. 



Officials, English, in colonies, 214. 

Oglethorpe, receives Georgia, 150, 
x.; lays out Savannah, 151 ; forbids 
slavery and rum, 152; besieuesst. 
Augustine and repels Spanish in- 
vasion, 153, 174 ; returns to Eng., 154. 

Ohio, settled, 325, ST.; admitted, 349. 

Ohio Company, 325, n. 

Ohio River, diseovereil, 158, x. 

Ohio University, established, 324. 

Ohio Valley, possession disputed, 
170; Indian troubles in, 183. 

Omnibus Bill, 403, x.; excitement 
over, 467. 

Orange, Ft., changed to Albany, 1 15. 

Ordinance of 1787 passed, 324; in- 
fringed, 477, x. 

Oregon, explored, 358, x.; settled and 
northern boundary fixed, 443, 444 ; 
territory formed and state ad- 
mitted, 444. 

Oriskany, battle of, 204, x. 

Orleans, Territory of, organized, 359; 
included in Louisiana, 383. 

Osceola, 419, 420. 

Ostend Manifesto, 472. 

Oswego, Ft., capt. by Montcalm, 
183; town capt. by British, 387. 

Oxenstiern, sends emigrants t o 
America, 10!). 



Pacific coast, explored, -50. 
Pacific Ocean, discovered, 39. 
Pacific Railroad, explorations for, 

471 ; completed, 597. 
Pakenham, Gen., at New Orleans, 

394, 395. 



Palo Alto, battle of, 446. 

Pamlico Sound, attacked, 172. 

Pamphlets, colonial, 208. 

Panic, of Van Buren's term, 127- 
429 ; of 1873, 008. 

Paoli, Penn., attack upon, 203, x. 

Paper-making, 633. 

Paper money, issued during Rev., 
290; in Civil War, 511, 577, 579; 
effects of latter, 607, 008. 

Paris, treaty of, 193. 

Parliament, oppresses the colonies, 
144, 147, 148. 

Patrons of Husbandry, 019. 

Patroons, 107, x. 

Pea Ridge, battle of, 508. 

Peabody, Geo., endowments bv,640. 

Peekskill, N.Y., Brit, raid on, 202, n. 

Pemberton, < Jen., at Yieksburg,538. 

Penn, Win., helps purchase New 
Jersey, 118, x.; obtains grant of 
Pennsylvania, 119; purchases land 
from Swedes and founds Philadel- 
phia, 120; makes treaty with In- 
dians, 120; grants liberal constitu- 
tion, 121; receives Delaware, 122; 
releases Quaker prisoners, 123 ; in- 
gratitude towards, 124; draws plan 
of union for the colonies, 140. 

Pennsylvania, granted to Penn, 119 ; 
just lawsof, 121; includes Delaware, 
122; recharters Bank of r.S.,42i); 
invaded by Lee, 534 ; by Early, 553. 

Pepperell, Col. William, 175, x. 

Pequod War, 94, 95. 

Perry, Capt. O. H., wins battle of 
Lake Erie, 3*0-3X2, x. 

Perry, Com. M. <'., in Japan, 470. 

Perryville, battle of, 512. 

Personal Liberty Laws, 468. 

Peru, conquered, 40. 

Petersburg, Va., besieged, -554. 

Petition sent to George III, 231. 

Philadelphia, Swedish settlements 
near, 110; founded, 120; second 
( Continental < Jong, meets, 234; capt. 
by Howe, 263, N.; evacuated by 
Brit., 272; Constituent Conv. meet, 
311 ; site of Bank of U.S., national 
mint, and national capital, 323; of 
( Vntennial Exposition, 612. 

Philadelphia, the ship, burned by 
Decatur, 300. 

Physical divisions of the U. S., IP. 

Pickens, Ft., 485. 

Pickens, Gen., 286, x. 

Picture-writing, 27. 

Pierce, Franklin, in Mexican War, 
453 ; Pres., 408 ; biography of, 473, X. 

Pilgrims, selected to found colony, 
70; sail from Eng., 70, 77, x.; found 
Plymouth, 78, x.; hardships of, 79- 
81 ; religious tolerance, 90. 

Pillow, Ft., abandoned, 508. 

Pillow, (Jen., at Contreras and 
( 'hurubusco, 452. 

Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, en- 
voy anil minister to France, 344, x. 



(384) 



Pir 



INDEX. 



Ric 



Pirates, in colonial times, 213; of 
Barbary States, 329, 335, 300, 397. 

Pitcher, Molly, 272, n. 

Pitt, Win., premier of Eng., 185; se- 
lects Wolfe to attack Quel , L92, 

N.; biography, 219, n.; takes part of 
colonists, 229: opinion of Second 
Continental Congress, 230. 

Pittsburgh, site of fort, 176 ; named, 
188 ; riot at, 621. 

Plains of Abraham, 190. N., 191. 

Plattsburgh, battle of, 391. 

Plots, against Washington. 265, n., 
268, n.; to make Washington 
king, 310. 

Plymouth Colony founded, 78 ; part 
of Mass., 81, 140; becomes one of 
" United Colonies of New Eng.," 97. 

Plymouth Company, 55. 

Pocahontas, 64, n. 

Point Comfort, named, 57. 

Polk, James K., Pres., 441; biogra- 
phy of, 443, N. 

Ponce de Leon, 39. 

Pontiae, conspiracy of, 194. 

Pope, Gen., at Cedar Mountain, sec- 
ond Bull Run, and Chantilly, 524. 

Population of U. S. in 1880, 627. 

Port Hudson, held by Confederates, 
528; surren. to Union forces, 539. 

Port Royal, Nova Scotia, twice capt- 
ured by Massachusetts volunteers 
and named Annapolis, 169. 

Port Royal, S. C, named, 44; capt- 
ured by British and recaptured, 281 ; 
fort captured hy IT. S., 501, N. 

Porter, ('apt. David, com. Essex, 379. 

Porter, Com. D. D., assists at Ft. 
Fisher, 559, N. 

Postal service, see Mail service. 

Potomac River, banks ravaged by 
British, 284. 

Powhatan, 64. 

Praying Indians, 101; persecuted 
by whites, 102. 

Preble, Com. Edward, blockades 
Tripoli, 360, N. 

Prescott, Col., at Bunker Hill, 238, n. 

Prescott, Gen. (British), 257,262, n. 

Price, Gen., in Missouri, 508. 

Prince Edward Island, capt., 189. 

Princeton, battle of, 260, n. 

Princeton College, founded, 201. 

Pring, 54. 

Printing-press, type-revolving, 630. 

Printz, gov. of New Sweden, 110, n. 

Privateers, in the Rev., 283, 315, N.; 
in the War of 1812, 373 ; of the Con- 
federate States, 498. 

Proctor, Gen., brutality to prison- 
ers, 375 ; defeated at Fts. Meigs and 
Stephenson, 376; at battle of the 
Thames, 383. 

Providence, founded, 92, N. 

Public education in N.W. Terr., 324. 

Public improvements, disputes on, 
411 ; during Jackson's term, 123. 

Public schools in the U. S., 641. 



Pueblo, captured, 451. 

Pueblos, 22, 42, n. 

Pulaski, aids America, 261, NT.; killed 
at Savannah, 285. 

Pulaski, Ft., recovered by Union 
forces, 528. 

Puritans, origin of, 74, 75, N.; in Hol- 
land, 75, 76; sail for America, Tii ; 
their patent invalid, 76; found 
New Haven, 89; obtain control in 
England, 125; see Pilgrims. 

Quaker guns, 520, n. 

Quakers, see Friends. 

Quebec, settled, 47; conquest of 
planned, 169, n.; description of, 
190, N.; capt. by Wolfe, 190-192, N.; 
French attempt recapture, 193 ; be- 
sieged by Montgomery, 247. 

Queen Anne's War, 107, 170-172. 



Railroads, 412; Pacific R. R. ex- 
plorations, 471 ; growth of, 629. 

Railway riots, 620. 

Raleigh, N. C, captured by Sher- 
man, 563. 

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 51, n., 54. 

Rail, Colonel, 259. 

Randolph, Edmund, Attorney-gen- 
eral, 321, N. 

Randolph, John, fights duel with 
Henry Clay, 402, n. 

Rasles, Father, killed, 173. 

Reconstruction of the Southern 
States, 591, 598. 

Red Jacket, 276, N. 

Regulators, in North Carolina, 223. 

Reign of Terror, effect in Amer., 319. 

Religion of Indians, 26. 

Religious differences in Eng., 74. 

Religious intolerance in Massachu- 
setts, 90, 91. 

Republican or Dem. party, 333. 

Republican party, org., 476, 590, n. 

Resaca de la Palma, battle of, 446. 

Resolutions, the Mecklenburg, 242. 

Restrictions on colonial industry, 
128, 147, 148, 224, 244. 

Resumption of specie provided for, 
611 ; effected, 626. 

Revenue Laws, evaded in R. I., 225. 

Revere, Paul, 232, n. 

Revolution, French, effect in Amer- 
ica, 328, 329. 

Revolution in England, 140; settles 
three great principles, 144. 

Rhode Island, settled, 92, 93, n.; 
charter of, 98; charter lost, 139; 
smuggling in, 225; sends no dele- 
gates to Constituent Convention, 
314 ; rebellion in, 437, n. 

Rhode Island, island of, purch'd,93. 

Riall, Gen., defeated at Chippewa, 
387; capt. at Lundy's Lane, 388. 

Ribault, 44, N. 

Richmond, Ky., battle of, 510. 



U. S. H.— 25. 



(385) 



Ric 



INDEX. 



She 



Richmond, Va., settled, 66 ; Demo- 
cratic convention at, 479 ; capital 
of Southern Confed., 493; threat- 
ened by Union troops, 520, 521 ; re- 
lieved, 522, 523 ; Grant's advance on 
begun, 550; outer defenses capt., 
552 ; besieged by Grant and cut off 
from South, 554 ; capt. by Grant, 
505,566; burned, 566. 

Riedesel, Hessian general, 266. 

Eight of search, claimed, 364, 367, 
368 ; abandoned, 396. 

Ring robberies, 610. 

Rio Grande, explored, 48; claimed 
by Texas as boundary, 445. 

Riots, in New York, 533; railway, 620. 

Roads, in colonial times, 211. 

Roanoke Island, first settlement, 
52; second settlement, 53, n.; re- 
covered by Union forces, 528. 

Robertson) James, pioneer, 223, N. 

Rochambeau, Count de, 302, n. 

Rolfe, John, 64. 

Rosalie, Fort, 160. 

Rosecrans, Gen., at Murfreeshor- 
ough, 513; at Ohickamauga River, 
543 ; relieved of command, 543. 

Ross, Gen., burns Washington, 385, 
n\; attacks Baltimore, 386. 

Rotation in office introduced, 415. 

Roxbury, founded, 86. 

Royal officials in the colonies, 214. 

Russian America purchased, 594. 



Sachems, 25. 

Sacs and Foxes, moved west, 418. 

Sag Harbor, British vessels and 
stores destroyed, 262, n. 

St. Augustine, founded, 46; he- 
sieged by Oglethorpe, 153, 174. 

St. Clair, Gen. Arthur, at Hubbard- 
ton, 264, n.; governor of N. W. Ter- 
ritory, 325, N., 326. 

St. Eustatius, captured by British 
and restored, 300. 

St. Ignace, Mich., established, 156. 

St. John's, Canada, captured by 
Montgomery, 246; abandoned, 247. 

St. John's River, settlement, 45. 

St. Joseph's, Mich., founded, 158. 

St. Leger, Col., 264, n. 

St. Mary, Mich., established, 156. 

Salem Colony, founded, 84, n.; city 
offers wharves to Boston mer- 
chants, 228. 

Salem witchcraft, 111, n., 142. 

Salt Lake City, founded, 439. 

Samoset r 79. 

San Antonio, captured, 452. 

San Francisco, becomes city, 459. 

San Jacinto, battle of, 440, n. 

San Salvador, discovered, 33. 

Sandys, Geo., translates Ovid, 197. 

Sanitary Commissions during Civil 
War, 585, 586. 

Santa Anna, Gen., in Mexican War, 
449-453, N. 



Santa F6, founded, 48, n.; captured 
by U. S. forces, 454. 

Saratoga, first battle of, 265, n.; sec- 
ond battle of, 266, n.; effect of vic- 
tories, 270. 

Savannah, founded, 151; capt. by 
British, 280; attempt at recapture, 
285 ; evacuated by British, 307 ; oc- 
cupied by Sherman, 559. 

Say, Lord, establishes settlement in 
America, 89. 

Saybrook, Conn., founded, 89; col- 
lent- at, 200. 

Schenectady, attacked by Ind., 168. 

Schofield, Gen., pursues Hood, 558. 

Sehurz, Carl, 631. 

Schuyler, Gen., 246, n.; 265, N. 

Science, in the colonies. 206; in the 
U. S., 643. 

Scott, Winfield, prisoner by British, 
371, n.; at Lundy's Lane, 388; in 
South Carolina, 417; in Seminole 
War, 420; on Canadian frontier. 431; 
in Mexican War, 447, n., 450-453; 
candidate for Pres., 473, N.; retires 
from active service, 495. 

Secession, right claimed, 416; of the 
South, 481, 490; inadmissable, 581. 

Second Continental Congress, 234- 
236; abolish "colonial system, "250; 
commissions La Fayette, 261, n.; 
removes to Lancaster, 263 ; refuses 
to receive British envoys, 271 ; re- 
turns thanks for result of Rev., 
305; pass "Ordinance of 1787," 324. 

Sedition Law, 342. 

Semi-centennial, celebrated, 413. 

Seminole War, 419, 420. 

Semmes, Raphael, 498. n. 

Separatists, 75, 76. 

Serapis, captured by Jones, 283. 

Seven Cities of Cibola, 42, n. 

Sewall, Justice, 142. 

Seward, Wm. H., on duration of 
Civil War, 488, r;.; attack on, 570. 

Sewing-machine, invented, 635. 

Shaftesbury, Lord, 130. 

Sharpsburg, battle at, 526. 

Shenandoah Valley, operations in, 
522, 532, N., 552, 553. 

Sheridan, Gen. Philip, at Murfrees- 
borough, 513 ; at Missionary Ridge, 
516; raid in Virginia, 552, n.; de- 
feats Early, 553; at Five Forks, 552, 
N., 564 ; pursues Lee, 567. 

Sherman, Gen.W. T.. at Shiloh, 506 ; 
at Chattanooga, 544-546; relieves 
Burnside, 547 ; conducts Meridian 
raid, 548 ; chief command in West, 
549; advances into Georgia, 555; 
defeats Hood, 556; compels de- 
struction of Atlanta, 557; march to 
the sea, .558, n.; captures Savannah, 
559; Columbia, S. C, 562; defeats 
Johnston at Averysboro and Ben- 
tonville, 563; captures Raleigh, 
N. C, 563 ; receives Johnston's sur- 
render, 567, n. 



(386) 



Shi 



INDEX. 



Tel 



Shields, Gen., in Mexican War, 453. 

Shiloh, battle of, 506, 507. 

Sigel, Gen., in Shenandoah Valley, 

Sioux War, 014. 

Sitka, described, 594. 

Six Nations, 24, n.; receive the Tus- 
caroras, 172; allies of British, 275; 
overpowered by Americans, 270 ; 
treaty with U. S., 311. 

Sixth Mass. in Baltimore, 491. 

Slater, Samuel, 348, 032. 

Slavery, introduced, 62; in Carolina, 
1*5, N'.; trade increased, 148, n\; im- 
portation stopped in Virginia, 251 ; 
prohibited in North-west Ter., 324, 
402; subject reviewed, 401; lines 
drawn by Missouri Comp., 402 ; Gt. 
Britain and U. S. unite to suppress 
trade, 436 ; compromise of 1850, 463 • 
fugitive slave law, 467 : personal 
liberty laws, 468, n.; Dred Scott 
case, 477, n.; unmolested during 
first of Civil War, 529; Emancipa- 
tion Proclamation, 530, 531 ; aban- 
doned by the South, 582. 

Sloughter, Gov., authorizes Leis- 
ler's death, 143. 

Smith, ('apt. John, unjustly impris- 
oned, 56, n.; leader at Jamestown, 
58; returns to Eng.,59; writes first 
book in America, 196; sends map 
and report to London Comp., 196. 

Smith, Joseph, founds Mormon 
sect, 438, n.; killed, 439. 

Smith, Kirby, at Bull Run, 494; in- 
vades Kentucky, 510, 511. 

Smith College, 639. 

Smithson, James, founds Smith- 
sonian Institution, 043. 

Snorri, 9. 

Somerset Court-house, N. J., battle 
at, 262, N. 

Sons of Liberty, organized, 230. 

South American states, recognized 
by U. S., 404. 

South Carolina, visited by De 
Ayllon,40 ; settled and abandoned, 
44; permanently settled, 133, N.; 
character of people, 134, n., 135; 
slavery introduced, 135, N.; sends 
relief to Boston, 228 ; cedes western 
lands to U. S., 298 ; pays for use of 
cotton-gin, 348, N.; coasts ravaged 
by British, 385; threatens seces- 
sion, 417 ; secedes, 481. 

Southern Confed., planned, 417; 
formed, 483; see Confed. States. 

South-west passage, discov., 38, n. 

Spain, explorers of, 30, 31, .v., 39-42, N.; 
settlements of, 40, 48, N.;at war with 
Eng., 153, 174 ; cedes Floridaand re- 
ceives Louisiana, 193; opposes col- 
onists in the Rev., 299; makes 
treaty with U. S., 334 ; cedes Lou- 
isiana to France, 356 ; cedes Florida 
to U.S., 403; loses American pos- 
sessions, 404. 



Specie Circular, Jackson's, 424. 

Specie Resumption, act passed, 611 ; 
effected, 626. 

Speculations in Jackson's time, 422. 

Spinning-jenny invented, 348. 

Spottsylvania Court-house, 551. 

Springfield, Mass., founded, 88. 

Springfield, N. J., battle at, 262, n. 

Squatter sovereignty, 402, N., 473, n. 

Stamp Act, opposed by Pitt, 219, N.; 
passed, 220; repealed, 222. 

Standish, Capt, Miles, 78, N. 

Stanton, Edwin M., 590, N. 

Stanwix, Ft., treaty at, 311. 

Star of the West, fired upon, 482. 

Star Spangled Banner, written, 386. 

Stark, Gen., at Bennington, 264, N. 

Starving Time, the, 59. 

State Rights, argued, 409, n., 416. 

Steam-engine, invented, 348. 

Steam navigat'n, introduced, 363, N. 

Steedman, Ft., capt. by Lee, 564. 

Stephens, Alex. IL, 483, n. 

Stephenson, Ft., attacked, 376. 

Steuben, Baron, enters the Amer- 
ican service, 029, N.; at Andrews 
court-martial, 295. 

Stillwater, battle of, 265, n. 

Stirling, Major-general, 253, n. 

Stockton, Com., in Mex. War, 456. 

Stony Point, recapture of, 282, N. 

Stuyvesant, Peter, appointed gov., 
Ill, n.; makes treaties with English 
and Indians, 112; conquers New 
Sweden, 113; surrenders New Am- 
sterdam to English, 115. 

Submarine Telegraph between Eu- 
rope and America, 592,593. 

Sub-treasury Law, 430. 

Sullivan, Gen. John, 253, n. 

Sumter, Ft., seized by Anderson, 
482, 485; surren. to Confed., 489; 
stars and stripes raised over, 570, n. 

Sumter, Gen., 286, n. 

Swedes, in America, 109 ; buy lands 
from Indians, 110, n.; overpowered 
by the Dutch, 113. 



Tampa Bay, discovered, 41. 

Taney, Roger Brooke, 477, N. 

Tariff, imposed, 398; violent discus- 
sions on, 410; increased, 417. 

Taxing colonies, 216, 217, 220, 222, 227. 

Taylor, Richard, 402, N. 

Taylor, Zachary, in Seminole War, 
420; in the Mexican War, 445-449; 
Pies., 462, N.; death of, 464. 

Tea, taxed, 227; sent home by New 
York and by Philadelphia, 227; 
thrown into Boston harbor, 227. 

Tecumseh, defeated at Tippecanoe, 
368, n.; protects prisoners, 375; at- 
tacks forts Meigs and Stephenson, 
376 ; killed, 383. 

Telegraph, introduced, 442; growth 
of, 629. 

Telephone, introduced, 629. 



(387) 



Ten 



INDEX. 



War 



Tennessee, settled, 165, 223, n.; ad- 
mitted, 335 ; secedes, 490. 

Tennessee, the Confederate rain, in 
Mobile Bay, 560. 

Tenney, Matthew, 516, N. 

Tenure of Office Bill, passed, 589; 
infringed, 590. 

Territory North-west of Ohio River 
ceded to U. S., 298, n.; organized, 
324 ; states formed from, 325, n. 

Territory of Louisiana, purchased, 
356, 357 ; divided, 359. 

Territory of Orleans, organized, 
359; included in Louisiana, 383. 

Texas, attempted settlement by 
French, 158, n., 159; independent, 
440, n.; admitted, 441 ; secedes, 481 ; 
last of seceded states to resume 
seats in Congress, 598. 

Thames, battle of the, 383. 

Thanksgiving day appointed, 570. 

Thomas, Gen. Geo. H., saves battle 
of Ohickamauga, 544, n.; at Look- 
out Mountain, 545, 546; destroys 
Hood's army, 558. 

Thompson, Gen., killed, 420. 

Thorfinn, Karlsefne, 9. 

Ticonderoga, Ft., attacked byAber- 
crombie, 186 ; surprised by Ethan 
Allen, 237; surrendered to Bur- 
goyne, 264. 

Tilden, Samuel J., 616. 

Tinicum Island, 110, n. 

Tippecanoe, battle of, 368. 

Tobacco culture introduced, 60. 

Topeka, Kansas, convention at, 474. 

Tories, defined, 248, n.; in Mohawk 
Valley, 264, n.; plunder South, 306. 

Trade, Board of, 145. 

Treaty, of Utrecht, 173, n.; of Paris, 
193 ; of Versailles, 307, n.; at Fon- 
tainebleau, 308, n.; Jay's, 331 ■ with 
Spain, 334; with Algiers, 335, 360; 
of Ghent, 393 ; with Spain, 403 ; 
Webster and Ashburton,436 ; with 
Gt. Britain, 443 ; of Guadalupe Hi- 
dalgo, 457; with Japan, 470; with 
China, 595. 

Trent Affair, 499, 500. 

Trenton, battle of, 259. 

Tripoli, declares war on U. S., 360 ; 
attacks American commerce, 397. 

True Relation of Virginia, first 
book written in America, 196. 

Tryon, gov. of North Carolina, 223; 
attacks Danbury, Conn., 262, N. 

Twiggs, Gen., in Mexico, 452. 

Tybee Island, captured, 501. 

Tyler, John, Vice-pres., 433 ; Pres., 
434, N. 



Union of colonies planned, 146,178. 
Union of states, movement toward, 

313 ; effected, 319. 
United Colonies of New Eng., 97. 
United States of America, first 

named, 250; recognized as a nation 



by France, 270 ; weak government 
of, 296 ; articles of closer confeder- 
ation signed, 298; condition after 
Rev., 309, 310; movements toward 
Union, 313; assumes war debts of 
the states, 322; capital of, 323; 
foreign opinions of, 377; unpre- 
pared for Civil War, 484 ; condition 
at end of 1861, 501 ; condition and 
population 1880, 627 ; progress of, 
628-644. 

University of Pennsylvania, 201. 

Utah, organized as a* territory, 439 ; 
ceded to U. S., 457. 

Utrecht, treaty of, 173, n. 



Valley Forge, 267, 268. 315, n. 

Van Buren, Martin, Pres., 426; biog- 
raphy, 427, n. 

Van Dorn, Gen., captures Holly 
Springs, 528. 

Van Rensselaer, in Canada, 371. 

Vasquez de Ayllon, 40. 

Vassar College, 639. 

Venango, Fort, 176, n. 

Vera Cruz, captured, 450. 

Vermont, possession disputed, 237, 
N.; admitted, 335. 

Verrazzano, 43. 

Versailles, treaty of, 307, n., 309. 

Vespucci, Amerigo, 36, N. 

Vicksburg, held by Confederates, 
528 ; siege and surrender of, 536-538. 

Vincennes, fort established, 165. 

Virginia, named, 52; first settled, 56, 
57; condition in 1625, 66; ceded to 
Culpepper and Arlington, 67; re- 
ceives "Monmouth's rebels," 136; 
attempts to repress slave trade, 
148; stops importation of slaves, 
251 ; most powerful colony in 1776, 
277; publicly thanks Col. (lark 
and organizes "County of Illinois," 
278 ; cedes N. W. Terr, to U. S., 298, 
n.; calls convention of states, 313; 
pays Washington for his service, 
319, n • cedes land for national cap- 
ital, 323 ; secedes, 490 ; field of Civil 
War in East, 492. 

Virginia City, 573. 

Volunteers called for Civil War, 491. 



Wadsworth, Capt., 139, n. 

Wahoo Swamp massacre, 420. 

"Walker, Fort, captured, 501, N. 

Walpole, Sir Robert, 214. 

War, bet. French and Spanish in 
America, 45, 46; bet. Algonquins 
and Iroquois, 47 ; Indian, in Va., 04 ; 
Bacon's Rebellion, 68, 69- Clay- 
borne's Rebellion, 71, 72; Pequod, 
94, 95, King Philip's, 102, 103, N.; 
Indian, in New Netherlands, 111; 
Dutch and Swedes, 113; Dutch ana 
Eng., 115, 117 ; Civil, in Eng., 126, 127 ; 
Monmouth's Rebellion, 136; bet. 



(388) 



War 



INDEX. 



Yun 



Eng. and Spain, 153, 174; French 
and Natchez, 163 ; King William's, 
167-109 ; queen Anne's, 167, 170-172 ; 
French and Eng. in Maine, 173 ; 
King George's, 174, 175 ; French and 
Indian, 179-194 ; Revolution, 215-308: 
with Algiers, 360 ; bet. France and 
Eng., 364: of 1812, 368-396; Creek 
Indians, 384: with Barbary States, 
397; Seminole, 419, 420; with Mex- 
ico, 446-457 ; Civil, 489-567 ; results of, 
574-588; with the Modocs, 606; with 
the Sioux, 614. 

"Ward, Gen., at Boston, 238, N. 

Warner, Seth, captures Crown 
Point, 237, N.; at Bennington, 264. 

Warren, Samuel, spreads alarm of 
Brit, expedition to Lex., 232, n.; 
order to arrest, 233, N.; killed, 240, n. 

"Washington, city of, site selected, 
323 ; seat of Gov., 347 ; burned by 
Brit., 385, n.; headquarters of seces- 
sion, 484 ; threatened by Confeder- 
ates, 524, 525, 553. 

Washington, Fort, captured, 256. 

Washington, Geo., sent toVenango, 
176, n.; at Ft. Necessity, 177 ; aid to 
Braddock, 180 ; capt. Ft. Du Quesne, 
188; commander-in-chief, 235; at 
Boston, 241 ; compels Brit, to evac- 
uate Boston, 248 ; at New York, 248 ; 
Long Island, 253, 254 ; White Plains, 
255; Trenton, 259; made dictator, 
260; at Princeton, 260, n.; Brandy- 
wine and Germantown, 263, N.;Val- 
ley Forge, 268, K.; Monmouth, 272, 
n.; Morristown. 284; reprimands 
Arnold, 293; at Yorktown, 302-304 ; 
disbands army, 307; farewell to 
comrades, 308, n.; proposed as king, 
310; pres. of Constituent Conv.,315; 
elected Pres., 319; biography, 319, N.; 
inaugurated, 320 ; cabinet of, 321 ; 
selects site of capital, 323; threat- 
ened with impeachment, 331, n.; 
opposes war against England, 332 ; 
leader of Federalists, 333 ; declines 
third term, 336; result of adminis- 
tration, 336, 339 ; plea for union, 337 ; 
life as Pres., 338 ; death, 319, N., 346. 

Washington, William A., 289, n. 

Washington and Lee Univ., 319, n. 

Washington Territory, formed, 444. 

Watertown, founded, 86. 

Watt, James, inv. steam engine, 348. 

Way to Wealth, by Franklin, 204. 

Wayne, Gen. Anthony, at Paoli, 
Penn., 263, N.; at Germantown, 263, 
N.; recaptures Stony Point, 282, N.; 
defeats savages in Ohio, 32C. 

Weather Department, 638. 

Webster, Daniel, on " Liberty and 
Union," 416, N.; effects treaty with 
Eng., 436 ; on " Omnibus Bill," 463 ; 
Sec'y of State, 464 ; death of, 466. 

Webster and Ashburton treaty, 436. 

Weldon Railroad, seized, 554. 

Wellesley College, 639. 



Wesleys, John and Charles, 152, n. 

West India Company, the Dutch, 
formed, 106, > T .; make settlements 
in America, 107, 108. 

West Virginia, separate state, 492. 

Western Reserve, 129, 298. 

Wetnersfleld, Conn., founded, 88; 
unites with Windsor and Hart- 
ford, 96; college at, 200. 

Weymouth, 54. 

Whig party, established, 432 ; oppose 
annexation of Texas, 440. 

Whiskv Rebellion, 327. 

White Plains, battle of, 255. 

Whitefield, visits Amei-ica, 152, n. 

White-man's land, 8. 

Whitney, Eli, inv. cotton-gin, 348, N. 

"Wilderness, battles of, 550. 

Wilkes, Capt., seizes Mason and 
Slidell, 499, 500. 

Wilkinson, Gen. James, defeats 
Burr's plans, 362, n. 

"Willamette Valley, settled, 444. 

William and Mary grant new char- 
ter to New Eng. colonies, 140, N.; 
recognized as rulers by col., 143. 

William and Mary College, 149, 201. 

William Henry, Fort, built, 182 ; de- 
molished, 184. 

Williams, Roger, hist., 92, n.; exiled 
and founds Providence, 92; pacifies 
Narragansetts, 94; obtains charter 
for Rhode Island, 9S. 

Williamsburg, Va., founded, 66 ; site 
of college, 201; battle of , 521. 

Wilmington, N. G, captured, 559. 

Wilmot, David, " Proviso " of, 460, n. 

Windsor, Conn., founded, 88; joins 
Hartford and Wethersfleld, 96. 

Wingfield, 56, 58. 

Winnebagoes, moved west, 41*. 

Winthrop, John, gov. of Massachu- 
setts Bay, 85; journal of, 199. 

Winthrop, Jr., John, establishes 
Saybrook, 89, 199. 

Wisconsin, included in "Territory 
of Illinois," 399; admitted, 461; 
forest fires in, 602. 

Witchcraft, in Pennsylvania, 121 ; 
in Massachusetts, 141, N., 142. 

Wolfe, Gen., at Quebec, 190-192, n. 

Wonders of the Invisible World, by 
Cotton Mather, 14 ] , > r. 

Woolman, John, 207. 

Worth, Gen., at San Antonio, 452. 

"Wyoming, Pa., massacre at, 274. 

"Wyoming Territory, organized, 594. 



Yale, Elihu, 200. 

Yale College, 149, 200, 639. 

York, Duke of, becomes James II, 

123, 136. 
Yorktown, besieged by Wash., 302- 

304; abandoned by Confed., 520. 
Young, Brigham, 439, n. 
Yukon River, described, 591. 
Yung Wing, Chinese minister, 625. 



(389) 



PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. 



Key to Vowels. — a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, e, I, 6, u, y, short ; a, §, 
i, o, obscure; far, last, fall, what; there, veil, term; for, food, 
foot ; furl, rude ; e nearly as e in met, hit more prolonged ; ee, as i 
before r m spirit ; u, French u, combining sounds of oo awe? e. 

Consonants. — c as s ; g as j ; g as m get ; n as in linger, link ; 
n combines sounds of n and y ; th as in thine. 

Small Capitals. — d, as th in this; g and k as German ch ; h, 
similar to the preceding, but more resembling a strongly aspirated h ; 
N, nasal, resembling ng in long; R, strongly trilled r; u, repre- 
sents the French eu, nearly like u in fur. 



Abercrombie, ab/er-krum-bi. 
Agassiz, ag'a-see or a/ga/se'. 
Algiers, al-gerz'. 
Amerige, a-mer'i-ge. 
Andre, an'dra. 
Antietam, an-te'tam. 
Augsburg, owos'bobRG. 
Azores, a-zorz'. 
Balboa, Vasco Nunez, de, 

vas'ko noon'yeth da bal-bo'a. 
Barbadoes, bar-ba'doz. 
Baton Kouge, bat'un roozh. 
Beauregard, bo'reh-gard'. 
Bienville, be'aN'vel'. 
Biloxi, be-loks'I. 
Boleyn, bobbin. 
Bon Homme Richard, bo nom 

re'shar'. 
Borgne, born. 
Boulogne, boo-lfm' 
Bowdoin, bo'den. 
Breton, brit't'n. 
Brouage, broo'azh'. 
Buena Vista, bwa'na vis'ta. 
Burgoyne, bur-goin'. 
Burling ame, bur'ling-gam. 
Cabot, kab'ot. 
Cabral, ka-bra V. 
Canonchet, ka-non'shet. 
Canonicus, ka-non'I-kus. 
Caribbean, kar'ib-be'an. 



Carillon, ka'rel'yoN'. 
Carteret, kar'ter-et. 
Carthagena, kar'ta-je'na. 
Cartier, Jacques, zhak kaR'- 

tya'. 
Castile, kas-teel'. 
Cayuga, ka-yoo'ga- 
Cerro Gordo, sSr'ro goR'do. 
Champlain, sham-plan'. 
Chantilly, shan-til'lee. 
Chapultepec, cha-pool-ta-peV. 
Chatham, chat'am. 
Chihuahua, che-wa'wa. 
Choiseul, shwa'zul'. 
Chopart, sho'paR'. 
Churubusco, choo-roo-boos / ko. 
Cibola, se'bo-la. 
Cincinnati (the society), sin- 

sin-na'ti. 
Cockburn, ko'burn. 

COLIGNY, GrASPARD DE, gas'par 

deb ko-leen'ye. 
Columbia Rediviva, ko-lum'- 

bl-a re-di-vi'va. 
Conant, ko'nant. 
Contreras, kon-tra'ras. 
Cordilleras, kor-dirier-^s. 
Coronado, ko-ro-na'Do. 
Cortereal, koR-ta-ra-aF. 
Cortez, kor'tgz. 
Crevecceur, kraVkuR'. 



(390) 



PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. 



Dahlgren, daFgren. 

Darien, da-re-en'. 

De Ayllon, Vasquez, vas'keth 

da Il-yon'. 
DeEspejo, Antonio, an-to'ne-o 

da es-pa'HO. 
De Gourgues, Dominique, do'- 

me'nek' deh gooRg. 
De Monts, deh moN'. 
De Soto, Hernando, eR-niin'- 

do da so'to. 
D'Estaing, deYtaN'. 
Diaz, dee'ath. 
Diego, de-a'go. 
Dieskau, dees'kow. 
Dubuque, du-book'. 
Duluth, du-looth'. 
Du Quesne, du kan'. 
Edinburgh, ed'in-bur-ruh. 
Effingham, effing-ham. 
Eric, er'ik. 
Ericsson, eVik-son. 
Esquimaux,, es'ki-moz. 
E8TREMADURA,es-tra-ma-Doo / ra. 
Faneuil, fan'el or fur/el. 
FlNlSTERRE, fin-is-ter'. 
Fontainebleau, foN'tiln 'bio'. 
Frederica, fred-er-ik'a. 
Frobisher, frob'ish-er. 
Frontenac, fron'te-nak. 
Gallatin, gaFa-tln. 
Gaspee, gas'pa'. 
Genet, zheh-na / . 
Genoa, gen'o-a. 
Gerry, ger'I. 
Ghent, gent. 
Gila, He'la. 
Gorges, gor'jez. 
Grand Pre, groN pra. 
Grasse, de, deb gras. 
Guadalupe Hidalgo, gwa-da- 

loo'pa he-daFgo. 
Guatemala, gaw'te-ma'la. 
Guernsey, gern'ze. 
Guerriere, gaR're'slr'. 
Haverhill, ha'ver-il. 
Hayti, ha'ti. 

Heidelberg, hi'del-beRG'. 
Hingham, hing'am. 



Hispaniola, his-pan-I-o'la. 
Hous atonic, hoo'sa-ton'ik. 
Houston, hu'ston. 
Huguenots, hu'ge-nots. 
Iberville, Lemoine d', leh- 

mwaiF de'-beR'veel'. 
Iroquois, Ir-o-kwoy'. 
Joliet, Louis, looV zhole-a'. 
Jumel, zhii'mel'. 
Karlsefne, Thorfinn, tor'fin 

karFsef-ne. 
Kearney, kar'ni. 
Kearsarge, ker'sarg. 
Kieft, keft. 
Kircheim, keeRK'hlm. 
Kittanning, kit-tan'ning. 
Kosciusko, kos-si-us'ko. 
KuNNERSDORF, koo'ners-doRf . 
La Fayette, de, deh la'fa'yet/. 
Lancashire, lank'a-shir. 
La Salle, la'saP. 
Laudonniere, lo'do'ne-eR'. 
Leif, lif. 
Leisler, lis'ler. 

Lenni Lenape, len'ni len'ape. 
Linnaeus, lin-nee'us. 
Louis le Grand,1ooV leh gRoN 
Loyola, Ignatius, de, Ig-na'- 

shi-us da loi-o'la or lo-yo'la. 
MACiEJO\viCE,mat,s-ya-o-veet'sa. 
Macomb, ma-koonF. 
Magnusson, Finn, fin mag f - 

ndos'on. 
Marquette, maR'keF. 
MASSASOIT, mas'sys-soit. 
Mather, math'gr. 
Maurepas, moR'pa'. 
Maximilian, maks-I-mlFyan. 
Meigs, megz. 
Menendez, Pedro, pee'dro or 

pa'dro ma-nen'deth. 
Michillimackinac, mish'il-e- 

mak'in-aw. 
Minnitarees, niin'ni-ta'rez. 
Minuit, min'u-it. 
Montcalm de Saint-Veran, 

Louis Joseph de, looV zho'- 

zeF deh inoN'kalrn' deh sax'- 

va'roN'. 



(39D 



PR ONO UNCING VO CAB ULAR Y. 



Monterey, mon-ta-ra'. 
Montezumas, mon'te-zu'maz. 
Moultrie, moo'tn. 
Muscovy, mus'ko-vy. 
Narvaez, naR-va'eth. 
Naumkeag, nowm-ke-ag'. 
Niza, Marco di, maR'ko de 

ned'za. 
Nueces, nwa'ses. 
Oglethorpe, o'g'l-thorp. 
Ojeda, Alonzo DE,a-lon / tho da 

o-Ha'Da. 
Onate, Juan de, Hoo-an / da 

on-ya'ta. 
Onondaga, on'un-daw'ga. . 
Oriskany, o-ris'ka-ny. 
Ossawatomie, oss'a-wat/o-me. 
Ovid, ov'id. 

Oxenstiern, oks'en-steern'. 
Palo Alto, pa'lo aFto. 
Palos, pa'loce. 
Paria, pa/re-a. 
Pascua Florida, paVcn-a 

flo'rl-da. 
Pasha, pa-sha' or pa/sha. 
PAVIA, pa-vee'a. 
Philippine, fiPip-pin. 
Phoenician, fe-nish'an. 
PlZARRO, pe-zaVo or pe-thiir'o. 
Ponce de Leon, pon'tha da 

la on'. 

POUTRINCOURT, p00 / t Hi N'koOR'. 
POWHATTAN, pott'-hat-tatl'. 

Prague, prag. 

Presque Isle, presk eel. 

Pueblo, pwer/lo. 

Pulaski, pudas'kee. 

Quinnipiac, quin'ni-pi-ak'. 

Raphoe, ra-fo'. 

Rasles, rahl. 

Eesaca de la Palm a, ra-sa/ka 

da la paPma. 
Ribault, re'bo'. 
RlEDESEL, ree'deh-zel. 
Rio Chaco, ree'o cha/ko. 
Rio Grande, ri'o grand. 

ROCHAMBEAU, DE, dejl ro'- 
sllON'bo'. 

Rochefoucauld, rosb/foo'ko'. 



Rosecrans, ro'ze-kranss. 
Rouen, roo'en or rwoN. 
Saco, saw'ko. 
St. Augustine, sent aw'gus- 

teen / . 
St. Croix, sent kroi. 
St. Ignace, saNt een'yass'. 
San Felipe, san fa-lee'pa. 
San Joaquin, san Ho-a-keen' 
San Juan de Ulloa, san ju'an 

or san hwiin da oo-lo'il. 
San Miguel, san me-geP. 
Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez 

DE, an-to'ne-o lo'petb da 

sSn'ta an'na. 
Santa Fe, san'ta fa. 
Schurz, shobrts. 
Sew ALL, su'al. 
Shoshones, sho-sho'nez. 
Sierra Leone, se-eR'Ra la-o'na. 
Sierra Nevada, se-eR'Ra nil- 

va/Da. 
Sigel, see'gej. 
Sioux, soo or se-oo r . 
Sloughter, slo'tgr. 
Stetefeldt, stat'felt. 
Steuben, stu'ben or stoi'ben. 
Strachey, stra'ke. 
Thibodeaux, tibVdo'. 
Thorwaldsen, tor^wawld-sgn 

or toP/val-zen. 
Ticondekoga, tl-kon'der-o'ga. 
Vaca, Cabeza de, ka-ba'tha 

da va'ka. 
Van Rennsalaer, van ren / 

s§l-er. 
Vera Cruz, va'ra kroos. 
Vergennes, v&R'zhen'. 
Vermel and, verm'land. 
Verrazzano, ver-a-za'no. 
Versailles, ver-salz'. 
Vespucci, Amerigo, a-ma-ree'- 

go ves-poot'chee. 
Vinland, vin'land. 
Wahoo, wah-hcx/. 
Whitefield, hwit'feeld. 
Wyoming, wy-o'ming. 
Yeardley, yeerd'll. 
Zuni, zoon'yee. 



(392) 



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